Pseudotumour of the maxillary antrum

Riedel Thyroiditis

CONTEXT

Riedel thyroiditis (RT) is a rare inflammatory autoimmune disease that is often a clinically diagnostic dilemma because of its insidious presentation and nonspecific symptoms.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to clarify the presentation, management, and outcomes of RT.

STUDY SELECTION

A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant reports published up to September 2019.

DATA EXTRACTION

First author, country, patient sex, ethnicity, presentation, biochemical status, duration of symptoms, histology, treatment, follow-up duration, and short- and long-term outcomes.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Data from 212 RT patients were retrieved. The mean age was 47 years with a predominantly female population (81%). Neck swelling (89%), dyspnea (50%), and neck pain (41%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Inflammatory markers were elevated in 70% to 97% and thyroid antibody positivity was present in less than 50%. Up to 82% underwent surgical intervention, with the most common being total thyroidectomy in 34% of individuals. Glucocorticoids were used in 70% of individuals with median duration 3 months. Prognosis was reasonable with 90% having resolution or improvement of symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis is the largest and most comprehensive to date of RT and provides clinicians with vital information on the common presentation features that may alert to the diagnosis and highlight management options.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the nose and paranasal sinuses masquerading as a malignancy

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of the nose and paranasal sinuses is a rare entity that exhibits a diverse histologic pattern that can mimic malignant tumors clinically and radiologically. We present a case of IMT in an 88-year-old man who presented with an aggressive tumor-like lesion in the nose and paranasal sinuses that had a malignant appearance on radiology. We discuss this tumor's clinicoradiologic resemblance to a malignancy, and we review the treatment options following careful histologic and immunohistochemical analysis.

Transcatheter arterial embolisation for paediatric inflammatory pseudotumour of the maxillary sinus

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory pseudotumours are mostly seen in the lung, and occasionally in the head and neck region including the sinonasal area. Reported treatment modalities comprise corticosteroid treatment, surgical excision and radiotherapy. The latter option is required because wide surgical resection may be difficult for head and neck lesions, especially in children. However, clinicians should be aware of the risk of late-onset side effects of radiotherapy in children.

CASE REPORT

We present a two-year-old girl with a massive inflammatory pseudotumour of the maxillary sinus. Transcatheter arterial embolisation was performed, and the lesion was successfully managed without additional therapy. There was no evidence of recurrence over the next five years.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report presenting the utility of arterial embolisation for inflammatory pseudotumour.

Differential diagnosis of proptosis: report of 2 cases

We rarely encounter patients with proptosis, however, it is known that inflammation and extension of paranasal sinus tumors may cause this condition. We should consider the diseases that may cause proptosis to facilitate the diagnosis. Recently, we treated proptosis in 2 cases, one with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) and the other with malignant lymphoma. As these 2 diseases show various clinical features and these features frequently overlap, it is difficult to differentiate between IMT and malignant lymphoma without pathological examinations. In this study, we review the relevant literature reports and discuss the difficulties in establishing a clinicopathological diagnosis and present a slight distinction in magnetic resonance imaging.

Intradural cervical inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking epidural hematoma in a pregnant woman: case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory pseudotumors usually affect the lung and the orbit. They occur extremely rarely in the spine. We encountered a case of intradural extramedullary IPT of the cervical spine in a pregnant woman that initially presented as an epidural hematoma in MRI.

CASE DESCRIPTION

This is a case of a 30-year-old, HIV-negative, full-term pregnant lady presenting with 2-month history of progressive quadriparesis with rapid worsening of power in all 4 limbs for 3 days. Magnetic resonance imaging scanning revealed cervical extramedullary compressive lesion likely to be epidural bleed from its imaging characteristics. Intraoperatively, intradural extramedullary granulomatous lesion was found with dural thickening. Gross total excision was accomplished; histopathologic study assessed an IPT. The patient improved after surgery excision and is doing well at 6-month follow-up with remarkable neurological recovery.

CONCLUSION

Cervical intradural IPT is a very rare issue in the spine. Diagnosis can be confused with a neoplastic lesion like an "en plaque meningioma" or as epidural bleed like in the present case.

Facial pseudotumours A case report and review of their management

The term inflammatory pseudotumour is given to a group of benign lesions, which are comprised of spindle myofibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells. They rarely present out with the orbit in the head and neck and can appear sinister in their clinical and radiological presentation. Local resection is curative, whilst steroids and radiotherapy can be helpful adjuncts. Accurate histological diagnosis is essential to avoid radical and disfiguring resections being undertaken.

Plasma cell granuloma of the maxillary sinus: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Plasma cell granulomas are rare and heterogeneous tumor-like lesions of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates of unknown etiology. Although they have the potential to occur in sites throughout the body, their occurrence in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity is uncommon and often associated with unique clinical characteristics and natural history.

METHODS

We present a case of an aggressive plasma cell granuloma of the maxillary sinus and a review of the literature (28 cases).

RESULTS

The patient was treated with definitive radiotherapy (45 Gy in 25 fractions) and experienced a local recurrence 2 years later. The lesion initially responded to corticosteroids and then progressed. Resection was performed and was followed by another recurrence. The patient was treated with radiosurgery and is disease free 8 years after initial treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Review of the literature indicates that the optimal first line of treatment is high-dose corticosteroids. Surgery is indicated if the lesion fails to respond. Radiotherapy is indicated if complete resection is not feasible.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor) of the maxillary sinus mimicking malignancy: a case report of an unusual location (is that a true neoplasm?)

The inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a space-occupying lesion of unknown etiology and a distinctive but controversial lesion. This type of tumor is recently considered neoplastic rather than inflammatory. It is usually occurring during childhood, composed of fascicles of bland myofibroblastic cells admixed with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. IMT of the maxilla is very rare. The diagnosis of IMT can be made on the basis of histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Herein, we presented a patient who had IMT of the maxillary sinus that was initially misinterpreted as a malignant neoplasm upon clinical and radiographic examinations. We discussed the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and may consider it a true neoplasm.

Multifocal fibrosclerosis: a case of thyroiditis and bilateral lacrimal gland involvement

A patient with invasive fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel's thyroiditis), dysphagia, and bilateral lacrimal gland involvement is described. Resolution of the thyroid mass and orbital swellings followed corticosteroid therapy. The unusual ocular features of this case are briefly discussed and the use of corticosteroid and other immunosuppressant therapy in multifocal fibrosclerosis is reviewed.

Riedel's thyroiditis associated with high titers of antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies and hypothyroidism

Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare, chronic inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland. The aggressive fibrosis with extension beyond the thyroid into adjacent tissues contrasts with the diffuse, but intracapsular fibrosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Most current studies refute the possibility of progression from a highly fibrosing form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis to a Riedel's thyroiditis based on the distinct clinical and laboratory data, although an unknown immunological basis is suggested for both diseases. The authors describe a patient with Riedel's thyroiditis, probably associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, sent to surgery because her cytological examination suggested thyroid malignancy. This patient had clinical and laboratory features of hypothyroidism and very high titers of antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies, which decreased after surgery. Pathology studies disclosed Riedel's thyroiditis with intense lymphocytic infiltration suggestive of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Quantitative immunohistochemical studies were not able to distinguish between both diseases.

Tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesions of the head and neck

The term 'tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesion' has been used to describe a fibrosclerosing disorder which has a locally destructive nature but is characterized by a benign histological appearance. We report five patients, over a five year period, with such a lesion. The clinical behaviour and surgical findings suggest the lesion to be an invasive malignancy. However, the histological appearance of an admixture of chronic inflammatory cells and fibrosis is consistent with a benign condition. We recommend surgical excision of the lesion as the mainstay of treatment; other studies report the use of steroids and radiotherapy.