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Eslahi AV, Pirestani M, Aligolzadeh A, Nowak O, Hajialilo E, Fathollahzadeh P, Hajiaghaee F, Badri M, de Carvalho LMM. First molecular insights into gastrointestinal helminths of domestic birds in the Caspian Sea Littoral of Iran with an emphasis on the One Health concern. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 51:101035. [PMID: 38772641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out during the period from July 2022 to March 2023, aiming to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in domestic birds collected from traditional markets in Guilan province. One hundred forty-eight domestic birds, including chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), greylag geese (Anser anser), and domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus) were examined. Totally, 42.56% of the investigated birds were positive for helminthic parasites. Morphological analysis revealed varying infection rates among birds: Echinostoma revolutum (5.40%), Hypoderaeum conoideum (2.02%), Cloacotaenia megalops (0.67%), Hymenolepididae family (4.05%), Ascaridia galli (16.89%), and Heterakis gallinarum (4.72%). The investigation involved molecular analysis of the 18S and ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 rRNA gene regions. The findings indicated that the 18S region of nematode isolates exhibited a similarity of 92 to 100% with sequences in the GenBank, whereas trematode and cestode isolates showed a gene similarity ranging from 88 to 99%. The ITS regions of nematode, trematode, and cestode isolates exhibited genetic similarities ranging from 87 to 100%, 73-99%, and 75-99%, respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis confirmed the categorization of the identified species within the Ascaridiidae, Heterakidae, Hymenolepididae, and Echinostomatidae families, indicating their close affinity with previously documented species. Implementing precise control measures such as consistent monitoring, adequate sanitation protocols, and administering anthelmintic treatments is crucial for effectively managing parasitic infections in free-range and backyard poultry farms. Additionally, conducting further surveys is advisable to assess the impact of these parasites on the health and productivity of poultry in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Aligolzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Oskar Nowak
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Pourya Fathollahzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; USERN Office, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hajiaghaee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
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Shohana NN, Rony SA, Ali MH, Hossain MS, Labony SS, Dey AR, Farjana T, Alam MZ, Alim MA, Anisuzzaman. Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1001. [PMID: 37773698 PMCID: PMC10540146 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaridia galli is the largest gut-dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology. AIMS Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. RESULTS The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13), goblet cells (mucin), gut-associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF-β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short-lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Haydar Ali
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal ScienceHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU)DinajpurBangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Thahsin Farjana
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Md. Abdul Alim
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Anisuzzaman
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
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Shifaw A, Ruhnke I, Elliott T, Sharpe B, Feyera T, Walkden-Brown SW. Ascaridia galli eggs obtained from fresh excreta, worm uteri or worms cultured in artificial media differ in embryonation capacity and infectivity. Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109792. [PMID: 36054967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ascaridia galli infection models use eggs isolated from chicken excreta, worm uteri and worms cultured in artificial media. The aim of this study was to compare the infectivity of A. galli eggs isolated from these sources under two infection regimens. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed to test the infectivity of A. galli eggs from the three sources and two modes of infection (single or trickle infection). One hundred and fifty-six Isa-Brown one day-old cockerels randomly assigned to the six treatment groups (n = 26) were orally infected with embryonated A. galli eggs obtained from the three A. galli egg sources (worm uteri, excreta or eggs shed in vitro) administered either as single dose of 300 eggs at one day-old or trickle infected with 3 doses of 100 eggs over the first week of life. Twenty-two negative control birds remained uninfected. Eggs obtained from cultured worms or excreta exhibited a higher embryonation capacity (P = 0.003) than eggs obtained from worm uteri. There were higher worm establishment (infectivity) rates from embryonated eggs originating from cultured worms and worm uteri compared with eggs obtained from fresh excreta (P < 0.0001). Trickle infection resulted in a significantly higher total worm burden (P = 0.002), establishment rate (P = 0.002) and excreta egg counts (EEC, P = 0.025) than single infection. Worm length was greater in birds infected with embryonated eggs from excreta than from uteri or cultured worms (P < 0.0001). However, mode of infection did not affect worm length (P = 0.719) and weight (P = 0.945). A strong significant positive linear correlation was observed between EECs and female worm counts at 12 weeks of post infection sampling (r = 0.75; P < 0.0001). Body weight of birds was negatively correlated with both worm burden (r = - 0.21; P < 0.01) and EEC (r = - 0.20; P < 0.05) at 12 weeks post infection. In conclusion, our results show that eggs shed by cultured worms or isolated from worm uteri had greater infective capacity than eggs harvested from excreta and that trickle rather than bolus infection resulted in higher worm establishment. These factors should be taken into account when considering artificial infection protocols for A. galli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shifaw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Timothy Elliott
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Teka Feyera
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P. O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Feyera T, Sharpe B, Elliott T, Shifaw AY, Ruhnke I, Walkden-Brown SW. Anthelmintic efficacy evaluation against different developmental stages of Ascaridia galli following individual or group administration in artificially trickle-infected chickens. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109636. [PMID: 34896731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of commercially available anthelmintics against mature and immature stages (including ovicidal effects) of two Australian field isolates of Ascaridia galli was evaluated in two separate experiments. The anthelmintics tested were levamisole (LEV), piperazine (PIP) and flubendazole (FBZ) plus LEV-PIP. A total of 192 artificially trickle-infected young cockerels (96 birds per isolate) were randomized into sixteen experimental groups of 12 cockerels each (7 treatments and 1 untreated control per isolate). Chickens received label-recommended doses of LEV (28 mg/kg), PIP (100 mg/kg) or LEV-PIP co-administered at their full individual doses as a single oral dose or in group drinking water at recommended concentrations of 0.8 mg/ml or 2.5 mg/ml over eight hours for 1 and 2 days respectively and FLBZ (30 ppm) in the feed over 7 days. Anthelmintic efficacies were assessed by worm count reduction (WCR%) and excreta egg count reduction (EECR%) estimated by two methods. Ten days post treatment, all untreated control birds harboured mixed worm population of 10.1 and 12.3/bird for each isolate respectively which was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than counts in all treatment groups. Luminal or histotrophic larvae comprised 50-57 % of the total worm count. For LEV, PIP and LEV-PIP, individual oral administration provided a somewhat higher efficacy than group medication in drinking water. EECR% values were inconsistent with WCR% and found to be only an indicator of efficacy against adult worms. All developmental stages of the two A. galli isolates were highly susceptible to FLBZ (100 %) followed by LEV-PIP (92.4-100 %) and LEV (87.7-100 %). PIP exhibited good efficacy against adult worms (92-97 %) but reduced efficacy against luminal (79-84 %) and histotrophic (61-72 %) larvae. Embryonation capacity of eggs recovered from worms expelled after treatment with LEV (47-54 %), PIP (44-54 %) or LEV-PIP (45-48 %) did not differ from those from untreated birds (50-51 %) whereas eggs from FLBZ treated worms had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) capacity to embryonate (≤ 2 %). Put together, our results demonstrate no evidence of resistance of the test A. galli isolates to the tested anthelmintics but a significant advantage of FLBZ, followed by LEV-PIP and LEV over PIP in the control of A. galli, specifically with regard to immature stages. A. galli worms expelled after treatment with LEV, PIP or their combination, but not FLBZ contain viable eggs. This has epidemiological implications and may also provide an option for isolating eggs from mature worms for A. galli propagation experiments without having to sacrifice birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teka Feyera
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, P. O. Box 1020, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Timothy Elliott
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Anwar Yesuf Shifaw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Zloch A, Kuchling S, Hess M, Hess C. In addition to birds' age and outdoor access, the detection method is of high importance to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in laying hens kept in alternative husbandry systems. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109559. [PMID: 34507201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was investigated in sixty-six commercial non-caged layer flocks. Twenty-nine flocks were housed indoors in aviaries or floor systems, nineteen flocks were kept in conventional free-range systems with outdoor access, and eighteen flocks in organic free-range systems. Flocks were investigated at end of rearing (mean age 17 weeks), peak of egg production (mean age 38 weeks) and before slaughter (mean age 74 weeks). Four different methods were applied to determine worm infestation. During necropsies, worm infestations were recorded and mucosal scrapings were evaluated for the presence of worm eggs. Faecal samples from each flock were investigated by simple flotation method and McMaster counting technique. No gastrointestinal helminths were found in pullets. During production, 87.9 % of the layer flocks were infected with at least one nematode species at the peak of production. The prevalence further increased significantly up to 98.5 % at the end of production (p=0.05). This increase could be ascribed mainly to infections with Ascaridia (A.) galli and/or Heterakis (H.) gallinarum which were most prevalent in all husbandry systems. Furthermore, their prevalence increased significantly with the age of birds (p=0.023; p < 0.001). With regard to the husbandry system, the prevalence of Capillaria spp. was significantly higher in flocks from outdoor systems compared to flocks that were kept indoors. Cestodes were only detected at the end of production with a prevalence of 15.2 % and significantly more flocks with access to outdoor run were found positive. Interestingly, H. gallinarum was found with a high prevalence indoor and in outdoor systems. Anthelminthic treatment did not impact the prevalence of nematode infections. Comparing four different methods for the detection of helminths it was revealed that their efficiencies varied depending on the worm species. Overall, the simple flotation method was superior to detect A. galli and Capillaria spp. This method proved also very efficient for the detection of H. gallinarum but the additional evaluation of the worm infestation during necropsy increased the level of prevalence. Cestodes were mainly found during necropsies when the worm infestation was evaluated. The detection of parasite eggs in mucosal scrapings from the intestines was the least effective method for all helminths. These findings lead to the recommendation to combine faecal investigations with an evaluation of the worm infestation during necropsy of at least five birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Zloch
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria; Tierarzt GmbH Dr. Mitsch, Haufgasse 24, 1110, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabrina Kuchling
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Yazwinski TA, Tucker C, Wray E, Cauble R. Distribution of Four Parasitic Helminth Species in One Pen-Free, Egg-Laying Housing Facility, and the Corresponding Efficacy of Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Administrations. Avian Dis 2020; 64:556-560. [DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.4.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - C. Tucker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - E. Wray
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - R. Cauble
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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Bolfa P, Callanan JJ, Ketzis J, Marchi S, Cheng T, Huynh H, Lavinder T, Boey K, Hamilton C, Kelly P. Infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on St. Kitts, West Indies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:343-349. [PMID: 30973088 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming chickens on Caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the Americas. We studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on St. Kitts, an eastern Caribbean island. Using commercial ELISAs, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, or Salmonella Enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronchitis virus (84%), Mycoplasma (37%), and avian avulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus, 31%). Examination of small and large intestinal contents revealed cestodes in 79% and nematodes in 75% of the chickens. Although ectoparasites and endoparasites were common (74% and 79%, respectively), only a few chickens had lesions at postmortem examination, mainly intestinal serosal nodules (12%) and feather loss (6%). Histologic examination of 18 organs from each bird revealed lesions in high percentages of organs, mainly the liver (86%), lung (75%), spleen (60%), small intestine (56%), skin (42%), and kidney (40%). Lesions included degenerative, reactive, inflammatory, and neoplastic, and were not correlated with the serologic status of the chickens except in one case of infectious bursal disease. Microscopically, Paratanaisia bragai was seen in the kidneys of 3 chickens and intestinal coccidiasis in 1 chicken. Pulmonary silicate aggregates were common, were present in intestinal serosal nodules, and were suggestive of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pompei Bolfa
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - John J Callanan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Jenifer Ketzis
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Silvia Marchi
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Trista Cheng
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Hieuhanh Huynh
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Tiffany Lavinder
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Kenneth Boey
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Clare Hamilton
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
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Thapa S, Thamsborg SM, Wang R, Meyling NV, Dalgaard TS, Petersen HH, Mejer H. Effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on soil content of ascarid eggs and infection levels in exposed hens. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:319. [PMID: 29843784 PMCID: PMC5975387 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia can degrade ascarid (e.g. Ascaridia galli) eggs in agar and soil in vitro. However, it has not been investigated how this translates to reduced infection levels in naturally exposed chickens. We thus tested the infectivity of soil artificially contaminated with A. galli (and a few Heterakis gallinarum) eggs and treated with P. chlamydosporia. Sterilised and non-sterilised soils were used to examine any influence of natural soil biota. METHODS Unembryonated eggs were mixed with sterilised (S)/non-sterilised (N) soil, either treated with the fungus (F) or left as untreated controls (C) and incubated (22 °C, 35 days) to allow eggs to embryonate and fungus to grow. Egg number in soil was estimated on days 0 and 35 post-incubation. Hens were exposed to the soil (SC/SF/NC/NF) four times over 12 days by mixing soil into the feed. On day 42 post-first-exposure (p.f.e.), the hens were euthanized and parasites were recovered. Serum A. galli IgY level and ascarid eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) were examined on days -1 and 36 (IgY) or 40 p.f.e. (EPG). RESULTS Egg recovery in SF soil was substantially lower than in SC soil, but recovery was not significantly different between NF and NC soils. SF hens had a mean worm count of 76 whereas the other groups had means of 355-453. Early mature/mature A. galli were recovered from SF hens whereas hens in the other groups harboured mainly immature A. galli. Heterakis gallinarum counts were low overall, especially in SF. The SF post-exposure IgY response was significantly lower while EPG was significantly higher compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Pochonia chlamydosporia was very effective in reducing ascarid egg numbers in sterilised soil and thus worm burdens in the exposed hens. However, reduced exposure of hens shifted A. galli populations toward a higher proportion of mature worms and resulted in a higher faecal egg excretion within the study period. This highlights a fundamental problem in ascarid control: if not all eggs in the farm environment are inactivated, the resulting low level infections may result in higher contamination levels with associated negative long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Thapa
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stig M. Thamsborg
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicolai V. Meyling
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina S. Dalgaard
- Section for Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Building P25, 3334, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Heidi H. Petersen
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helena Mejer
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tarbiat B, Jansson D, Tydén E, Höglund J. Comparison between anthelmintic treatment strategies against Ascaridia galli in commercial laying hens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The efficacy of flubendazole against different developmental stages of the poultry roundworm Ascaridia galli in laying hens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ferdushy T, Luna-Olivares LA, Nejsum P, Thamsborg SM, Kyvsgaard NC. The use of genetically marked infection cohorts to study changes in establishment rates during the time course of a repeated Ascaridia galli infection in chickens. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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