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Maurizio A, Perrucci S, Tamponi C, Scala A, Cassini R, Rinaldi L, Bosco A. Control of gastrointestinal helminths in small ruminants to prevent anthelmintic resistance: the Italian experience. Parasitology 2023; 150:1105-1118. [PMID: 37039466 PMCID: PMC10801368 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections are ubiquitous in grazing ruminants and cause significant costs due to production losses. Moreover, anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasites is now widespread throughout Europe and poses a major threat to the sustainability of modern ruminant livestock farming. Epidemiological data on the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes, cestodes and liver- and rumen-flukes in Italian small ruminants are outdated and fragmentary. However, anthelmintics are commonly used to control these infections and often without prior diagnosis. Compared to other European countries, few reports of AR in small ruminants against levamisole, ivermectin and benzimidazoles have been published in Italy, but recent studies suggest that this phenomenon is spreading. Increased and integrated research efforts in developing innovative approaches to control helminth infections and AR are needed and must be tailored to the peculiarities of each context in order to be effectively implemented. This manuscript provides an overview on helminth prevalence and distribution, sustainable treatment strategies and integrated control approaches in small ruminants in Italy. The implementation of targeted treatments and targeted selective treatments is discussed based on different parameters, such as fecal egg count, degree of anaemia (FAMACHA© method), milk production and body condition score. In addition, several Italian studies have also investigated the implementation of alternative strategies such as the use of different natural bioactive compounds or genetic selection for resistance and resilience to helminth infections. These concrete solutions for helminth management in small ruminant farms in the country are reported and discussed, representing a valid example for other Mediterranean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maurizio
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Vanalli C, Mari L, Casagrandi R, Boag B, Gatto M, Cattadori IM. Modeling the contribution of antibody attack rates to single and dual helminth infections in a natural system. Math Biosci 2023; 360:109010. [PMID: 37088125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Within-host models of infection can provide important insights into the processes that affect parasite spread and persistence in host populations. However, modeling can be limited by the availability of empirical data, a problem commonly encountered in natural systems. Here, we used six years of immune-infection observations of two gastrointestinal helminths (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum) from a population of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to develop an age-dependent, mathematical model that explicitly included species-specific and cross-reacting antibody (IgA and IgG) responses to each helminth in hosts with single or dual infections. Different models of single infection were formally compared to test alternative mechanisms of parasite regulation. The two models that best described single infections of each helminth species were then coupled through antibody cross-immunity to examine how the presence of one species could alter the host immune response to, and the within-host dynamics of, the other species. For both single infections, model selection suggested that either IgA or IgG responses could equally explain the observed parasite intensities by host age. However, the antibody attack rate and affinity level changed between the two helminths, it was stronger against T. retortaeformis than against G. strigosum and caused contrasting age-intensity profiles. When the two helminths coinfect the same host, we found variation of the species-specific antibody response to both species together with an asymmetric cross-immune response driven by IgG. Lower attack rate and affinity of antibodies in dual than single infections contributed to the significant increase of both helminth intensities. By combining mathematical modeling with immuno-infection data, our work provides a tractable model framework for disentangling some of the complexities generated by host-parasite and parasite-parasite interactions in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vanalli
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802 PA, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute, DD2 5DA Invergowrie, UK
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802 PA, USA
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Ghafar A, Abbas G, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes EJA, Jacobson C, McConnell E, El-Hage C, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Tennent-Brown B, Hurley J, Nielsen MK, Gauci CG, Beveridge I, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Molecular diagnostics for gastrointestinal helminths in equids: Past, present and future. Vet Parasitol 2023; 313:109851. [PMID: 36521296 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed to (i) appraise the literature on the use of molecular techniques for the detection, quantification and differentiation of gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) of equids, (ii) identify the knowledge gaps and, (iii) discuss diagnostic prospects in equine parasitology. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we retrieved 54 studies (horses: 50/54; donkeys and zebras: 4/54) from four databases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in all of the studies whereas PCR amplicons were sequenced in only 18 of them. Other techniques used (including modifications of PCR) were reverse line blot, quantitative (q)PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, nested-PCR, PCR-directed next-generation sequencing, Southern blotting, single strand conformation polymorphism, PCR-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Most of the studies (53/54) used nuclear ribosomal RNA (including the internal transcribed spacers, intergenic spacer, 5.8 S, 18 S, 28 S and 12 S) as target loci while cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and random genomic regions were targeted in only three and one studies, respectively. Overall, to date, the majority of molecular studies have focused on the diagnosis and identification of GIHs of equids (i.e. species of Anoplocephala, Craterostomum, cyathostomins, Oesophagodontus, Parascaris, Strongylus, Strongyloides and Triodontophorus), with a recent shift towards investigations on anthelmintic resistance and the use of high-throughput nemabiome metabarcoding. With the increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance in equid GIHs, it is crucial to develop and apply techniques such as advanced metabarcoding for surveillance of parasite populations in order to gain detailed insights into their diversity and sustainable control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates molecular investigations published on the diagnosis and quantification of equid GIHs and provides useful insights into important knowledge gaps and future research directions in equid molecular parasitology.
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Nguyen TTM, Dorny P, Dinh TD, Nguyen VT, Nguyen HN, Nguyen TGT, Dao HT, Dermauw V. Helminth infections in dogs in Phu Tho Province, northern Vietnam. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2022; 2:100091. [PMID: 35676919 PMCID: PMC9167857 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are among the most-commonly encountered disease-causing agents in dogs all over the world, including Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was carried out between March and December 2019 in four dog slaughter-slabs in Yen Lap District, Phu Tho Province, northern Vietnam, aiming to reveal the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs. Worms were collected from 350 dog samples and identified by morphological techniques followed by molecular methods for tapeworms and hookworms. Nine species, including Taenia hydatigena, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, Dipylidium caninum, Spirocerca lupi, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Trichuris vulpis, were found to occur in this area. Infection with at least one worm species was found in 272 dogs (77.7%; 95% Wilson score CI: 73.1-81.8%). The most common species was A. ceylanicum, with a prevalence of 45.1% (95% Wilson score CI: 40.0-50.4%) while T. hydatigena had a very low prevalence of 0.3% (95% Exact CI: 0.0-1.6%). Co-infection with hookworms and D. caninum was common. Five of the recovered helminth species have a zoonotic potential. Control of these parasites is necessary in order to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Man Nguyen
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hien Ninh, Soc Son, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - The Dung Dinh
- Vietnamese-Russian Tropical Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Toan Nguyen
- National University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tran Quy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Nhan Nguyen
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hien Ninh, Soc Son, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ha Thanh Dao
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Jajere SM, Lawal JR, Shittu A, Waziri I, Goni DM, Fasina FO. Epidemiological study of gastrointestinal helminths among dogs from Northeastern Nigeria: a potential public health concern. Parasitol Res 2022. [PMID: 35543746 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the epidemiology of canine parasitic infections, gastrointestinal helminthic infections in particular, is crucial for designing an efficient control programs targeted at minimizing the risks of zoonotic transmission. A total of 470 dogs attending veterinary clinics in Northeastern Nigeria were screened for gastrointestinal helminths using standard parasitological techniques. Epidemiological risk factors associated with the canine parasitic infections were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. In total, 77.9% (366/470) of dogs had harboured one or more species of the gastrointestinal helminths: Ancylostoma caninum (40.2%), Toxocara canis (35.1%) Trichuris vulpis (26.6%), Spirocerca lupi (5.7%), Taenia/Echinococcus (12.3%), Dipylidium caninum (10.9%) and Diphyllobothriid ova (2.8%). Female dogs (OR=2.1; p=0.02), local breeds (OR=2.3; p<0.01), younger dogs (OR=3.2; p<0.001), dogs adopted as security guards (OR=1.8; p<0.01) and poor body condition score (OR=3.1; p<0.001) were strongly associated with A. caninum infection. For T. canis and T. vulpis, younger dogs (OR=2.5; p=0.02 and OR=2.3; p<0.01) and poor body condition score (OR=4.2; p<0.001 and OR=2.2; p<0.01) were the strong predictors for infection, whereas female dogs (OR=2.8; p=0.02), younger dogs (OR=4.1; p<0.001) and poor body condition score (OR=4.0; p<0.001) were strongly associated with D. caninum infection in dogs. The results revealed high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths-some of which have zoonotic potential-among dogs underlying huge public health risk.
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Darabi E, Kia EB, Mohebali M, Mobedi I, Zahabiun F, Zarei Z, Khodabakhsh M, Khanaliha K. Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites of Stray Cats ( Felis catus) in Northwest Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2021; 16:418-425. [PMID: 34630587 PMCID: PMC8476725 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stray cats are considered an important source of various human and animal diseases, particularly diseases of parasitic helminths. We aimed to investigate the distribution of zoonotic species of gastrointestinal helminths in stray cats in Meshkin-Shahr district in Ardabil Province in the northwest of Iran. METHODS The gastrointestinal tract of 104 stray cats from villages of Meshkin-Shahr district were provided during 2014-2015. Each gastrointestinal tract was cut into distinct sections, including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and each section was examined separately for detection of helminths. Helminths were collected and then identified at the species level after clearing and staining. RESULTS Overall, 88 out of 104 cats (84.6%) were found to be infected with at least one gastrointestinal helminth. The rate of infection for each species was as follows: Toxocara mystax (syn. cati) (49%), Taenia taeniaeformis (44.2%), Joyexiella pasqualei (32.7%), Dipylidium caninum (23.1%), Rictularia cahirensis (4.8%), and Physaloptera praeputialis (4.8%). Among these parasites, only Ph. praeputialis was collected from the stomach, all other helminths were collected from the small intestine. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate a high infection rate of stray cats with zoonotic helminths. The presence of zoonotic species in stray cats, particularly T. mystax, has public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Darabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Zahabiun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabiholla Zarei
- Meshkin-Shahr Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Spickett A, van der Mescht L, Junker K, Krasnov BR, Haukisalmi V, Matthee S. Beta diversity of gastrointestinal helminths in two closely related South African rodents: species and site contributions. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2863-2875. [PMID: 31399870 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental aim of parasite ecology is to understand the mechanisms behind spatial variation in diversity and structure of parasite assemblages. To understand the contribution of individual parasite species and their assemblages to spatial variation in parasite communities, we examined species contributions to beta diversity (SCBD) and local contributions to beta diversity (LCBD) of parasitic gastrointestinal helminths (nematodes and cestodes) in two closely related rodents, Rhabdomys dilectus and Rhabdomys pumilio, from 20 localities across South Africa. Although the two Rhabdomys spp. are morphologically similar, they differ substantially in body size, habitat preference, and sociality. We asked whether the variation in life history traits and infection parameters are associated with SCBD of helminths and whether variation in environmental factors, host population density, and species richness of host communities are associated with LCBD of component assemblages of helminths. We also considered spatial factors to test whether LCBD of helminth assemblages demonstrate geographic structure. We found that the contribution of helminth species parasitic in both hosts to beta diversity significantly increased with characteristic prevalence of these species, whereas mean abundance, type of life cycle, and location in the host's gut had no effect on SCBD. The LCBD of helminth assemblages showed a significant positive correlation with environmental factors in both host species. Our results suggest that predictors of variation in SCBD and LCBD may substantially differ between parasites with different infection parameters and/or parasite communities at different hierarchical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spickett
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Department of Conservation ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Luther van der Mescht
- Department of Conservation ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990, Beersheba, Israel
| | | | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Bushra M, Shahardar RA, Allaie IM, Wani ZA. Efficacy of closantel, fenbendazole and ivermectin against GI helminths of cattle in central Kashmir. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:289-293. [PMID: 31263335 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three trials were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of closantel (@ 7.5 mg/kg body weight, orally), fenbendazole (@ 7.5 mg/kg body weight, orally) and ivermectin bolus (@ 0.2 mg/kg body weight, orally) against gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites of cattle in central zone of Kashmir valley. Twenty cattle suffering from GI helminth infection were randomly selected and divided into two groups in each trial. In each trial, one group comprising of fifteen animals were treated with anthelmintic and second group comprising of five animals were kept as infected untreated control. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of different anthelmintic drugs against GI helminths, faecal samples were directly collected from rectum before treatment and on 7th, 14th and 28th day post treatment and eggs per gram of faeces was determined by using Stoll's method. Then the efficacy of different anthelmintics was calculated by employing Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test. On 14th day post treatment closantel was found to be 100 and 94.44% effective against Fasciola spp. and strongyle worms, respectively, however, it was not found effective against Trichuris spp. The efficacy of fenbendazole was 100% against Fasciola spp., paramphistomes, Moniezia spp., Trichuris spp. and strongyle worms on 14th day post treatment. Ivermectin was found to be 100% effective against Trichuris spp. and strongyle worms on 14th day post treatment, however, it was not effective against Fasciola spp. and paramphistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bushra
- Sheep Husbandry Department, Srinagar, Kashmir India
| | - R A Shahardar
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Kashmir 190006 India
| | - I M Allaie
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Z A Wani
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Kashmir 190006 India
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Sarba EJ, Bayu MD, Gebremedhin EZ, Motuma K, Leta S, Abdisa K, Kebebew G, Borena BM. Gastrointestinal helminths of backyard chickens in selected areas of West Shoa Zone Central, Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 15:100265. [PMID: 30929942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites of chickens are prevalent in many parts of the world including Ethiopia. This study was conducted with backyard chickens in Ambo, Holeta and, Dire Inchini in the West Shoa zone with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections, identifying the species present and determining associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 252 chickens purchased from local markets. Chickens were killed humanely and gastrointestinal tracts were examined for adult helminths. Identification of the helminths was performed using morphology and microscopy. The overall prevalence of helminth parasites in chickens was 92.1% (232/252) [95% confidence interval (CI): 88.0% - 95.1%]. 80.2% (204/252) [95% CI: 75.3% - 86.9%] and 77.8% (196/252) [95% CI: 72.1% - 82.8%] of chickens were infected with diverse nematode and cestode species, respectively. Parasitological examination revealed the presence of three nematode and five cestode species. Ascaridia galli (69.8%) and Heterakis gallinarum (13.5%) were the dominant nematode species and Railletina tetragona (54.0%) and Railletina echinobothrida (46.8%) were the most prevalent species of cestodes identified. A significant difference (p < .05) was observed between the prevalence of nematode parasites and sex, age, and origin of the chicken. Similarly, sex and origin of the chickens were significantly different with the prevalence of cestode infections. Higher prevalence was observed in male versus female chickens, in young versus adult chickens and in chickens from Holeta and Direinchin compared to Ambo. In contrast, weight, health status, diarrhea status, and age (for cestodes) were not significantly associated with nematode and cestode infection. In conclusion, the present study detected a high prevalence of diverse types of gastrointestinal helminths in backyard chickens, which could result in poor health and reduce productivity. Therefore, the present study strongly suggests appropriate and strategic control of helminthiasis to improve the health and output of backyard chickens in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilu Jorga Sarba
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
| | - Morka Dandecha Bayu
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ketema Motuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar University, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar University, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Abdisa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Kebebew
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Kaewpitoon SJ, Sangwalee W, Kujapun J, Norkaew J, Chuatanam J, Ponphimai S, Chavengkun W, Padchasuwan N, Meererksom T, Tongtawee T, Matrakool L, Panpimanmas S, Wakkhuwatapong P, Kaewpitoon N. Active screening of gastrointestinal helminth infection in migrant workers in Thailand. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4560-4568. [PMID: 30084317 PMCID: PMC6259399 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518786911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to detect gastrointestinal helminth infection in migrant workers in Thailand. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in 403 migrant workers in the factories of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand during October 2016 to June 2017. Gastrointestinal helminth infections were detected by the formalin ether acetate concentration technique and microscopy. The data were analyzed using the χ2-test and logistic regression. Results The rate of gastrointestinal helminth infection was 24.07%. The most common species involved in infection was Opisthorchis viverrini (11.91%), followed by hookworm (5.46%), Trichuris trichiura (5.21%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.5%), and Taenia spp. (0.5%). The majority of infections were found in men aged ≥40 years, married participants, uneducated participants, laborers, those who worked for 1 year, and those who had an income of 9000 to 12,000 THB. Conclusions Gastrointestinal helminth infection is still found in migrant workers. Therefore, active surveillance is required in this large group for investigating and eradicating this type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya J Kaewpitoon
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,2 Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wararat Sangwalee
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jirawoot Kujapun
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,4 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Roi-Et Rajabhat University, Roi-Et, Thailand
| | - Jun Norkaew
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Chuatanam
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Ponphimai
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wasugree Chavengkun
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Natnapa Padchasuwan
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,5 Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thirayu Meererksom
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Taweesak Tongtawee
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Likit Matrakool
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sukij Panpimanmas
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Parichart Wakkhuwatapong
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Natthawut Kaewpitoon
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Squire SA, Yang R, Robertson I, Ayi I, Squire DS, Ryan U. Gastrointestinal helminths in farmers and their ruminant livestock from the Coastal Savannah zone of Ghana. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3183-3194. [PMID: 30030626 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify the gastrointestinal helminths of veterinary, zoonotic and public health importance in farmers and their ruminant livestock in Ghana, faecal samples were collected from 95 farmers and their livestock (cattle = 328, sheep = 285 and goats = 217) and examined by microscopy and/or molecular techniques. Overall, 21 farmers tested positive for at least one gastrointestinal helminth, 80.9% of which were single infections and 19.0% co-infections. The parasites identified in the farmers consisted of hookworms (n = 13) (9 were Necator americanus and the other 4 could not be amplified by PCR), Trichostrongylus spp. (n = 9), Schistosoma mansoni (n = 1), Schistosoma haematobium (n = 1) and Diphyllobothrium latum (n = 1). In livestock, strongylid nematodes were dominant (56.6%), followed by Paramphistomum spp. (16.9%), Dicrocoelium spp. (7.1%), Thysaniezia spp. (5.8%), Trichuris spp. (3.3%), Moniezia spp. (3.1%), Fasciola spp. (2.8%), Toxocara spp. (1.1%) and Schistosoma spp. (0.2%). Genotyping of Trichostrongylus spp. in the farmer's stools identified six T. colubriformis similar to T. colubriformis detected in cattle, sheep and goats in the study, two Trichostrongylus spp. with 98.3% and 99.2% genetic similarity to T. probolurus respectively and one Trichostrongylus spp. which showed 96.6% similarity to both T. probolurus and T. rugatus. Trichostrongylus axei was also identified in cattle, sheep and goats. This is the first molecular characterisation of Trichostrongylus spp. in Ghana and the species identified in the present study suggests zoonotic transmission from cattle, sheep and goats. Further studies involving larger numbers of farmers and their household members are essential to understand the transmission dynamics and impact of these parasites on farming communities in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Afriyie Squire
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia. .,Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Animal Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Irene Ayi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Sai Squire
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Usher Polyclinic, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box GP 2105, Accra, Ghana
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Al-Sabi MNS, Rääf L, Osterman-Lind E, Uhlhorn H, Kapel CMO. Gastrointestinal helminths of gray wolves (Canis lupus lupus) from Sweden. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1891-8. [PMID: 29696393 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As the Scandinavian wolf population is limited in size, it is only rarely subject to systematic studies on its disease biology, especially gastrointestinal parasites. Therefore, this study aims to describe the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of gray wolves hunted on a limited license as a part of a wildlife management program. Helminths of 20 wolves were examined post mortem by macroscopy and coprology. Intestinal worms of five species were recovered from 18 wolves (90%): Uncinaria stenocephala (90%), Taenia spp. (45%), Alaria alata (25%), and Mesocestoides spp. (5%). Of the taeniid specimens typed by multiplex PCR and sequencing of the cox1 gene, 25% belonged to Taenia hydatigena and 25% to Taenia krabbei. The overall species diversity was low compared to findings from wolves of the northern hemisphere. Fecal eggs of Eucoleus boehmi were detected in 12 wolves (60%). Fecal metastrongylid larvae were found in seven individuals (39%), but PCR analyses specific for Angiostrongylus vasorum were negative. The wolves were in good body condition suggesting that the parasite infestation had no negative impact on the general health of the examined wolves. Although some of the recovered parasite species have zoonotic or veterinary impact, it is not likely that the spare wolf population pose substantial threat to human or veterinary health.
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Roesel K, Dohoo I, Baumann M, Dione M, Grace D, Clausen PH. Prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in small-scale pig enterprises in Central and Eastern Uganda. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:335-345. [PMID: 27785599 PMCID: PMC5167772 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate additional household income. Infections of pigs with gastrointestinal helminths can limit production output, increase production costs, and pose zoonotic risks. A cross-sectional, community-based study in three districts in Eastern and Central Uganda examined the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors in 932 randomly sampled pigs. Using the combined sedimentation-flotation method, 61.4 % (58.2-64.5 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely, strongyles (57.1 %, 95 % CI), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6 %, 95 % CI), Ascaris suum (5.9 %, 95 % CI), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2 %, 95 % CI), and Trichuris suis (3.4 %, 95 % CI). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7 % of all pigs sampled (37.5-44.0 %, 95 % CI). Significant differences across the three districts were observed for the presence of A. suum (p < 0.001), Metastrongylus spp. (p = 0.001), S. ransomi (p = 0.002), and coccidia oocysts (p = 0.05). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. Thirty-five variables were included in univariable analyses with helminth infection as the outcome of interest. A causal model was generated to identify relationships among the potential predictors, and consequently, seven variables with p ≤ 0.15 were included in a multivariable analysis for helminth infection. The final regression models showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular, preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Factors that negatively correlated with gastrointestinal infection were the routine removal of manure and litter from pig pens (p ≤ 0.05, odds ratio [OR] = 0.667) and the routine use of disinfectants (p ≤ 0.05, OR = 0.548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Roesel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30907, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Ian Dohoo
- University of Prince Edward Islands, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Maximilian Baumann
- Freie Universität Berlin, FAO Reference Centre for Veterinary Public Health, Koenigsweg 67, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30907, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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Tomás A, Rebelo MT, da Fonseca IP. Occurrence of helminth parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of wild birds from Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre of Ria Formosa in southern Portugal. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2016; 8:13-20. [PMID: 31014630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out in southern Portugal to determine the prevalence of parasitic helminths infecting wild birds. Between September and December of 2013, adult parasites were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of 22 bird specimens (belonging to 12 species) that died in Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre of the Ria Formosa. Identified gastrointestinal parasites include the nematodes (Contracaecum sp., Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Desportesius invaginatus, Dispharynx nasuta, Porrocaecum angusticolle and Synhimantus laticeps) and cestodes (Diplophallus sp., Neyraia intricata and Tetrabothrius sp.). The overall level of infection was 54.5% (12/22) and the most frequent helminths present were nematodes (40.9% - 9/22), followed by cestodes (13.6% - 3/22). Helminthic richness was similar in all birds (one species or genera per bird) and the helminth species, except Dispharynx nasuta, exhibited a clear relationship with host diet. Five helminth species (Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Desportesius invaginatus, Dispharynx nasuta, Porrocaecum angusticolle and Neyraia intricata) and two genera (Contracaecum sp. and Diplophallus sp.) were reported for the first time in Portugal and the presence of P. angusticolle in Bonelli's eagle was recorded for the first time across all researched literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tomás
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies/Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies/Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research on Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Diagne C, Ribas A, Charbonnel N, Dalecky A, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Haukisalmi V, Fossati-Gaschignard O, Bâ K, Kane M, Niang Y, Diallo M, Sow A, Piry S, Sembène M, Brouat C. Parasites and invasions: changes in gastrointestinal helminth assemblages in invasive and native rodents in Senegal. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:857-869. [PMID: 27670366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why some exotic species become widespread and abundant in their colonised range is a fundamental issue that still needs to be addressed. Among many hypotheses, newly established host populations may benefit from a parasite loss ("enemy release" hypothesis) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities or reduced infection levels. Moreover, the fitness of competing native hosts may be negatively affected by the acquisition of exotic taxa from invaders ("parasite spillover") and/or by an increased transmission risk of native parasites due to their amplification by invaders ("parasite spillback"). We focused on gastrointestinal helminth communities to determine whether these predictions could explain the ongoing invasion success of the commensal house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and black rat (Rattus rattus), as well as the associated decrease in native Mastomys spp., in Senegal. For both invasive species, our results were consistent with the predictions of the enemy release hypothesis. A decrease in overall gastrointestinal helminth prevalence and infracommunity species richness was observed along the invasion gradients as well as lower specific prevalence/abundance (Aspiculuris tetraptera in Mus musculus domesticus, Hymenolepis diminuta in Rattus rattus) on the invasion fronts. Conversely, we did not find strong evidence of GIH spillover or spillback in invasion fronts, where native and invasive rodents co-occurred. Further experimental research is needed to determine whether and how the loss of gastrointestinal helminths and reduced infection levels along invasion routes may result in any advantageous effects on invader fitness and competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Diagne
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal; Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5005 Fann, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- Inra, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Ambroise Dalecky
- IRD, LPED (UMR AMU / IRD), 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- Inra, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Voitto Haukisalmi
- Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, P. Rau-tatiekatu 13, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Odile Fossati-Gaschignard
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Khalilou Bâ
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Kane
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamoudou Diallo
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aliou Sow
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sylvain Piry
- Inra, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Mbacké Sembène
- IRD, CBGP (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal; Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5005 Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Carine Brouat
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) (UMR INRA / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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16
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Johnson SAM, Gakuya DW, Mbuthia PG, Mande JD, Maingi N. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and management practices for dogs in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00023. [PMID: 27441216 PMCID: PMC4939810 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariosis and ancylostomosis remain the most important parasitic infections affecting companion animals worldwide and pose a risk to animal and human health. Information on these infections in dogs in Ghana is inadequate. A cross sectional study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths infections and management practices of dogs in the Greater Accra Region (GAR) of Ghana. Faecal samples were obtained from 380 dogs from communities in 11 out of 16 districts in the GAR. Coprological examination of the samples was performed using the modified McMaster technique. Management practices for control of helminths in dogs were assessed through questionnaire interviews of the dog owners. Most dogs (70.7%) were kept for security reasons and were not housed (61.8%). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was 62.6%. Hookworm eggs were found in 178 (46.8%) dogs, Toxocara canis eggs in 22 (5.8%) and mixed infections of hookworms and T. canis in 38 (10.0%). Dipylidium caninum was found in 51 (13.4%) dogs, while Isospora species was in 33 (8.5%) dogs. Most households (68%; 133/194) of the sampled dogs had at least a child below the age of 5 years. Hookworm, T. canis and D. caninum were the zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths prevalent in dogs in the study area. Lack of housing for dogs creates ideal conditions for infection and spread of the zoonotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Ama Mawuko Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, CBAS, P.O. Box LG1195, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Waweru Gakuya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Gichohi Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kenya
| | - John Demesi Mande
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kenya
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Sharma D, Joshi S, Vatsya S, Yadav CL. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in rodents of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. J Parasit Dis 2012; 37:181-4. [PMID: 24431566 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was aimed to investigate helminth biodiversity among rodents in order to evaluate the threat for helminth transmission to humans since they act as a potential source of parasitic zoonoses. In this study, faeces of 43 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 35 house mice (Mus musculus) were collected from various habitats viz. domestic places and agricultural fields of different parts of tarai region of Uttarakhand. These faecal samples were examined for the presence of parasitic eggs, adult and segments of the worms. The study revealed that the rodents were infected with 5 genera of helminth parasites, i.e. Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Syphacia muris, Capillaria hepatica, Trichuris muris and other strongyle eggs (2 species of cestodes and 4 species of nematodes). Adult Syphacia muris and segments of Hymenolepis nana were also recovered from faecal droppings. Of the 43 samples of black rat, all (100 %) and of the 35 samples of mice 9 (25.71 %) were found positive for one or more than one species of parasitic infections. Greater infection of H. diminuta 19 (44.18 %) followed by H. nana 17 (39.53 %) was seen in rat whereas mice were mostly infected with H. nana. The diversity and prevalence of various parasites reported here within domestic habitats may suggest that these can pose a high risk of helminth transmission to human population and are thus of considerable public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145 Uttarakhand India
| | - Sumit Joshi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (MBGE), College of Basic Science and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145 Uttarakhand India
| | - Stuti Vatsya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145 Uttarakhand India
| | - C L Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (CAU), Selesih, 496 014 Aizawl, Mizoram India
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