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Fouad AM, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Negm EA, Abdelhaseib M, Alian A, Abdelsater N, Said REM, Anwar FAS, Assar DH, Mohamed SAA. Impact of Polyonchobothrium magnum on health and gut microbial ecology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Insights from morphological, molecular, and microbiological analyses. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e14013. [PMID: 39239791 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Parasites pose significant challenges to aquaculture and fisheries industries. Our study focuses on the Polyonchobothrium magnum and African catfish to address a potential health issue in aquaculture, explore host-parasite interactions that can help develop effective management practices to ensure fish health and industry sustainability. P. magnum was isolated from the stomach of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as the primary site of infection, with a prevalence of 10%. Most affected fish were heavily infected (8 out of 10). Infection was confirmed by sequencing the PCR-targeted region of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene, along with light and scanning electron microscopes. The parasite had an elongated scolex with deep bothria, a prominent apical disc wider than the scolex itself, and a four-lobed appearance. The scolex contained a central rostellum divided into two semicircles, bearing 26-30 hooks, with an average of 28. The apical disc had large hooks arranged in four quadrants, with 6-8 hooks each, averaging 7 per quadrant. No neck was observed. Phylogenetic analysis of our sequence showed a 100% match with isolates from Guangzhou, China. In infected fish, the anterior kidney showed increased expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B and lysozyme, but decreased levels of in major histocompatibility complex antigen II. Plasma analysis revealed a significant drop in superoxide dismutase, a rise in interleukin-1 beta, and lower IgM levels compared to non-infected controls. Non-infected fish displayed greater gut microbiota diversity, with dominant families including Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, and Caulobacteraceae, and prevalent genera such as Acinetobacter, Cetobacterium, and Brevundimonas. In contrast, infected fish exhibited very low diversity, with significantly higher proportions of Enterobacteriaceae (45.99%) and Aeromonadaceae (41.79%) compared to non-infected fish, which had 13.76% and 3.64% respectively. Cetobacterium somerae was prevalent in non-infected fish, while infected fish harboured Aeromonas fluvialis, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Gallaecimonas xiamenensis. Overall, P. magnum disrupted the immune status and gut microbiota of the host, thereby impacting its health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamira Marzouk Fouad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Negm
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdelhaseib
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Alian
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Naser Abdelsater
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rashad E M Said
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A S Anwar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Dos Santos GG, Riofrio LVP, Sousa AP, Santos PC, Silva AV, Lopes EM, Costa DS, Pereira Júnior JDA, Ferreira GB, Silva GVGDM, Tedesco M, Nogueira DJ, Jerônimo GT, Martins ML. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic effects of copper nanoparticles against Koi carp parasites and their toxicity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e14003. [PMID: 39075836 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, the monogeneans Dactylogyrus minutus, Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus cyprini, and the cestode Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, as well as their toxicity to Cyprinus carpio Koi. In the antimicrobial in vitro test, the inhibition zone method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed. In order to determine the time and efficacy of monogenean parasite mortality, the parasites were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg L-1, and a control group with tank water and one with copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) at a concentration of 0.3 mg L-1, performed in triplicate. The parasites were observed every 10 min for 300 min, and mortality was recorded. For the cestodes, parasites were immersed in CuNP concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg L-1. At the end of the in vitro tests, the anthelmintic efficacy of each treatment was calculated. To assess the tolerance and toxicity in fish, they were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L-1 for 12 h. The MIC demonstrated that CuNPs effectively inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila up to a dilution of 12,500 mg L-1 and showed an inhibition zone of 14.0 ± 1.6 mm for CuNPs. The results of anthelmintic activity showed a dose-dependent effect of concentration for both groups of parasites, with the most effective concentration being 300 mg L-1 in 120 min. In the toxicity test, the carps showed tolerance to lower concentrations. The study indicated that CuNPs were effective against the studied pathogens. However, it proved to be toxic to fish at high concentrations. The use of low concentrations is recommended still requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Sousa
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paola Capistrano Santos
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vaz Silva
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilly Monteiro Lopes
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Domickson Silva Costa
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Beatrice Ferreira
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Marilia Tedesco
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- LABCAI- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Tomas Jerônimo
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Laterça Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Maraganga JM, Rindoria NM, Rindoria GNJ, Morara GN, Rono CK, Luus-Powell WJ. Endohelminth diversity in the invasive Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from two freshwater lakes: Naivasha and Ol'Bolossat, Kenya. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:284. [PMID: 39046515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Fish parasitology contributes to our understanding of the potential risks posed by diverse groups of parasitic organisms on fish stocks in either wild and culture systems. This study was conducted in May 2023 and aimed at assessing the diversity of endohelminths in the invasive North African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) obtained from two freshwater lakes, Naivasha and Ol'Bolossat, in Kenya. Parasitological examination of 66 and 35 fish samples collected from the two lakes respectively was achieved using light and scanning electron microscopy methods. Results revealed endohelminth diversity broadly classified as four digeneans, two nematodes, and one cestode. Seven taxa of endohelminths were found in C. gariepinus samples, but only four of these taxa could be identified up to the species level. Six of the taxa (Diplostomum sp., Tylodelphys mashonense, Plagiorchioidea sp., Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, Contracaecum sp., and Tetracampos ciliotheca) were common in samples from the two lakes. Glossidium pedatum only occurred in samples from Lake Ol'Bolossat. Parasite prevalence ranged from 8.6 (T. mashonense) to 100% (Diplostomum sp., T. ciliotheca, and Contracaecum sp.) and mean intensity from 1.4 (T. mashonense) to 16.9 (Diplostomum sp.). The diversity and richness indices were comparatively higher in fish samples from Lake Ol'Bolossat and attributed to the occurrence of G. pedatum in the Ol'Bolossat. However, parasitic infestation of fish samples from the two lakes depicted close similarity, both in diversity and prevalence. These findings form an important baseline data for further follow-up studies, and they suggest the need for further molecular analyses to fully describe three of the taxa only identified up to the genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Maraganga
- Department of Environment, School of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, P.O Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya
| | - Nehemiah M Rindoria
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya.
- Department of Biodiversity, DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health), University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
| | - Gladys N J Rindoria
- Department of Environment, School of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, P.O Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya
| | - George N Morara
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 837, Naivasha, 20117, Kenya
| | - Charles K Rono
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya
| | - Wilmien J Luus-Powell
- Department of Biodiversity, DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health), University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
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Poulin R, Salloum PM, Bennett J. Evolution of parasites in the Anthropocene: new pressures, new adaptive directions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38984760 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth's ecosystems. The fast-changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human-induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human-induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two-step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life-history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real-time monitoring of rapid, human-induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state-of-the-art genomic tools. The implications of fast-evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Priscila M Salloum
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Tammas I, Bitchava K, Gelasakis AI. Transforming Aquaculture through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:732. [PMID: 39066370 PMCID: PMC11281524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has rapidly emerged as one of the fastest growing industries, expanding both on global and on national fronts. With the ever-increasing demand for proteins with a high biological value, the aquaculture industry has established itself as one of the most efficient forms of animal production, proving to be a vital component of global food production by supplying nearly half of aquatic food products intended for human consumption. As in classic animal production, the prevention of diseases constitutes an enduring challenge associated with severe economic and environmental repercussions. Nevertheless, remarkable strides in the development of aquaculture vaccines have been recently witnessed, offering sustainable solutions to persistent health-related issues challenging resilient aquaculture production. These advancements are characterized by breakthroughs in increased species-specific precision, improved vaccine-delivery systems, and innovations in vaccine development, following the recent advent of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence in the -omics era. The objective of this paper was to assess recent developments and milestones revolving around aquaculture vaccinology and provide an updated overview of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the sector, by incorporating and comparatively discussing various diffuse advances that span across a wide range of topics, including emerging vaccine technologies, innovative delivery methods, insights on novel adjuvants, and parasite vaccine development for the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Tammas
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Jawaji A, Goldberg IK, Zilberg D. Exploring the use of fatty acid ethyl esters as a potential natural solution for the treatment of fish parasitic diseases. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13991. [PMID: 38943443 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional chemical treatments for parasitic diseases in fish are needed. Microalgal-sourced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) have shown an antiparasitic effect against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in guppies. Here, we tested a range of commercial FAEEs of various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation levels against two fish parasites. Guppies and barramundi infected with G. turnbulli and Trichodina sp., respectively, were used. The most effective FAEE, after excluding those toxic to fish, was ethyl laurate (12:0). For both parasites, the LD50 was 18.75 μM within 250 min of incubation. Ethyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) was the next most effective FAEE against G. turnbulli, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester (20:3n6) and ethyl α-linolenate (18:3n3) were the next most effective against Trichodina sp. In addition, FAEEs prepared from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum residue, after fucoxanthin extraction, were examined against Trichodina sp. infection in barramundi for the first time. LD85 and LD100 was achieved at 2.5 and 5 μL mL-1 of the FAEE preparation, respectively. In vivo, immersion of infected barramundi in 1.25 μL mL-1 of this preparation for 24 h reduced infection prevalence from 100% to 53% and was non-toxic to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunjyothi Jawaji
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin Goldberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Madsen H, Stauffer JR. Aquaculture of Animal Species: Their Eukaryotic Parasites and the Control of Parasitic Infections. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:41. [PMID: 38248472 PMCID: PMC10813438 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Parasites are very diverse and common in both natural populations and in stocks kept in aquacultural facilities. For most cultured species, there are important bacteria and viruses causing diseases, but eukaryotic parasites are also very important. We review the various combinations of aquacultured species and eukaryotic parasitic groups and discuss other problems associated with aquaculture such as eutrophication, zoonotic species, and invasive species, and we conclude that further development of aquaculture in a sustainable manner must include a holistic approach (One Health) where many factors (e.g., human health, food safety, animal health and welfare, environmental and biodiversity protection and marketability mechanisms, etc.) are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Madsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jay Richard Stauffer
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Bobrovskikh AV, Zubairova US, Doroshkov AV. Fishing Innate Immune System Properties through the Transcriptomic Single-Cell Data of Teleostei. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1516. [PMID: 38132342 PMCID: PMC10740722 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense in multicellular organisms. Danio rerio is widely considered a promising model for IIS-related research, with the most amount of scRNAseq data available among Teleostei. We summarized the scRNAseq and spatial transcriptomics experiments related to the IIS for zebrafish and other Teleostei from the GEO NCBI and the Single-Cell Expression Atlas. We found a considerable number of scRNAseq experiments at different stages of zebrafish development in organs such as the kidney, liver, stomach, heart, and brain. These datasets could be further used to conduct large-scale meta-analyses and to compare the IIS of zebrafish with the mammalian one. However, only a small number of scRNAseq datasets are available for other fish (turbot, salmon, cavefish, and dark sleeper). Since fish biology is very diverse, it would be a major mistake to use zebrafish alone in fish immunology studies. In particular, there is a special need for new scRNAseq experiments involving nonmodel Teleostei, e.g., long-lived species, cancer-resistant fish, and various fish ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Bobrovskikh
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (U.S.Z.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Ulyana S. Zubairova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (U.S.Z.); (A.V.D.)
- Department of Information Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Doroshkov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (U.S.Z.); (A.V.D.)
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Hao K, Wang Y, Xu JH, Nie C, Song S, Yu F, Zhao Z. Kaempferol is a novel antiviral agent against channel catfish virus infection through blocking viral attachment and penetration in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1323646. [PMID: 38111732 PMCID: PMC10725991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1323646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish virus (CCV, Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) is the causative pathogen of channel catfish virus disease, which has caused high mortality and substantial economic losses in the catfish aquaculture industry. Due to the lack of licensed prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic drugs, the prevention and control of CCV infection seem to remain stagnant. Active compounds from medicinal plants offer eligible sources of pharmaceuticals and lead drugs to fight against endemic and pandemic diseases and exhibit excellent effect against viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral ability of 12 natural compounds against CCV with cell models in vitro and found kaempferol exhibited the strongest inhibitory compound against CCV infection among all the tested compounds. Correspondingly, kaempferol decreased transcription levels of viral genes and the synthesis of viral proteins, as well as reduced proliferation and release of viral progeny, the severity of the CPE induced by CCV in a dose-dependent manner, based on quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), western blotting, viral cytopathic effects (CPE) and viral titer assessment. Moreover, time-of-drug-addition assays, virus attachment, and penetration assays revealed that kaempferol exerted anti-CCV activity probably by blocking attachment and internalization of the viral entry process. Altogether, the present results indicated that kaempferol may be a promising candidate antiviral agent against CCV infection, which shed light on the development of a novel and potent treatment for fish herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Woo WS, Shim SH, Kang G, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Lee S, Kim J, Seo JS, Kwon MG, Kim DH, Park CI. Assessment of Salinomycin's Potential to Treat Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3233. [PMID: 37893959 PMCID: PMC10603687 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, a crucial sector of the global food industry, faces a myriad of issues due to parasitic invasions. One such parasite, Microcotyle sebastis, which afflicts Korean rockfish in South Korea, has a significant economic impact. The impending danger of resistance to traditional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of new antiparasitic candidates. Although the efficacy of salinomycin against aquatic parasites such as ciliates and sporozoans is known, its influence on monogeneans has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy and safety of salinomycin for the treatment of M. sebastis infections, presenting the first exploration of salinomycin's therapeutic potential against monogeneans. In vitro examinations revealed a minimum effective concentration of salinomycin of 5 mg/kg, which led to necrosis of the haptor upon dislodging from the gill filaments. The one-time oral administration of the drug at concentrations of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in parasite counts, with no apparent behavioral side effects in Korean rockfish. Biochemical analyses monitored the liver, heart, and kidney enzymes, specifically aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). At both 20 °C and 13 °C, no significant differences were observed in the levels of AST and ALT. However, at 20 °C, alterations in BUN levels were evident on Day 14, a deviation not observed at 13 °C. The CK-MB analysis revealed elevated enzyme levels at both temperatures when compared to the control group, reflecting the similar changes observed in terrestrial animals administered salinomycin. The biochemical data suggest that the oral administration of salinomycin is potentially more favorable at 13 °C than at 20 °C. Although our findings warrant further comprehensive studies, including on the long-term and potential effects on nontarget species and water quality, they also suggest that salinomycin could be considered as an alternative or adjunctive treatment if resistance to the currently used praziquantel against M. sebastis is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyeong Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lymbery AJ, Smit NJ. Conservation of parasites: A primer. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:255-263. [PMID: 37483309 PMCID: PMC10359719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Although parasites make up a substantial proportion of the biotic component of ecosystems, in terms of both biomass and number of species, they are rarely considered in conservation planning, except where they are thought to pose a threat to the conservation of their hosts. In this review, we address a number of unresolved questions concerning parasite conservation. Arguments for conserving parasite species refer to the intrinsic value conferred by their evolutionary heritage and potential, their functional role in the provision of ecosystem services, and their value as indicators of ecosystem quality. We propose that proper consideration of these arguments mean that it is not logically defensible to automatically exclude parasite species from conservation decisions; rather, endangered hosts and parasites should be considered together as a threatened ecological community. The extent to which parasites are threatened with extinction is difficult to estimate with any degree of confidence, because so many parasite species have yet to be identified and, even for those which have been formally described, we have limited information on the factors affecting their distribution and abundance. This lack of ecological information may partially explain the under-representation of parasites on threatened species lists. Effective conservation of parasites requires maintaining access to suitable hosts and the ecological conditions that permit successful transmission between hosts. When implementing recovery plans for threatened host species, this may be best achieved by attempting to restore the ecological conditions that maintain the host and its parasite fauna in dynamic equilibrium. Ecosystem-centred conservation may be a more effective strategy than species-centred (or host-parasite community-centred) approaches for preventing extinction of parasites, but the criteria which are typically used to identify protected areas do not provide information on the ecological conditions required for effective transmission. We propose a simple decision tree to aid the identification of appropriate conservation actions for threatened parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Scholz T. Fish parasites (special issue). Parasitology 2022; 149:1811-1814. [PMID: 36226653 PMCID: PMC11010524 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fish (Elasmobranchia and Actinopterygii) inhabit the majority of aquatic habitats globally. They are crucial for human nutrition but they may be negatively affected by parasitic protists and metazoan parasites. Fish parasites are also an extraordinary group of animals because of their ecological and evolutionary importance and unique adaptations to parasitism. They also play a key role in ecosystem functioning. In the present special issue, 13 review and research articles on major groups of fish parasites are provided to document the current advancement in our understanding of different aspects of their biology, ecology and associations with their fish hosts. The existing gaps in our knowledge of these peculiar animals are mapped and future trends in their research outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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