Overlapping and disease specific trait, response, and reflection impulsivity in adolescents with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cross-sectional associations between adaptive functioning and social cognitive and neurocognitive functions in adolescents with first-episode, early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders

BACKGROUND

Few studies have explored associations between adaptive functioning and cognition in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS).

METHODS

Adaptive functioning, cognition, positive, negative, and general symptoms were characterized in adolescents with EOS and healthy controls. A modified scale of negative, respectively, general symptoms was used. Bivariate analyses identified correlates of adaptive functioning to be included in multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

Adolescents with EOS showed significant impairments of social- and neurocognitive functions (-0.86 < Cohen´s ds < -0.58) and adaptive functioning (Cohen´s d = -2.23). Visual memory, verbal working memory, processing speed, reaction time, social cognition, and modified negative and general symptoms correlated significantly with adaptive functioning. The multiple regression analysis revealed only verbal working memory as uniquely associated with adaptive functioning (explaining 22.7 % of its variance). Verbal working memory also associated significantly with adaptive functioning in the context of the nonsignificant modified negative and the significant modified general symptoms dimension.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with first-episode EOS had large impairments in adaptive functioning and moderate to large cognitive deficits. Verbal working memory was an important associate to concurrent adaptive functioning and may be a treatment target for trials to improve cognitive and adaptive functioning in adolescents with EOS.

Automatic diagnosis of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in rs-fMRI modality using convolutional autoencoder model and interval type-2 fuzzy regression

Nowadays, many people worldwide suffer from brain disorders, and their health is in danger. So far, numerous methods have been proposed for the diagnosis of Schizophrenia (SZ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modalities are known as a popular method among physicians. This paper presents an SZ and ADHD intelligent detection method of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) modality using a new deep learning method. The University of California Los Angeles dataset, which contains the rs-fMRI modalities of SZ and ADHD patients, has been used for experiments. The FMRIB software library toolbox first performed preprocessing on rs-fMRI data. Then, a convolutional Autoencoder model with the proposed number of layers is used to extract features from rs-fMRI data. In the classification step, a new fuzzy method called interval type-2 fuzzy regression (IT2FR) is introduced and then optimized by genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and gray wolf optimization (GWO) techniques. Also, the results of IT2FR methods are compared with multilayer perceptron, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, and decision tree, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system methods. The experiment results show that the IT2FR method with the GWO optimization algorithm has achieved satisfactory results compared to other classifier methods. Finally, the proposed classification technique was able to provide 72.71% accuracy.

Testing the validity and reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test-2021: An updated behavioral measure of reflection–impulsivity

The Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) is a well-known and extensively used behavioral measure of reflection-impulsivity. However, the instrument has several deficiencies, including images designed for school-age children in the United States during the 1960s. Most importantly, an adult version of the instrument is currently unavailable and the lack of a single repository for the images raises questions regarding the MFFT’s validity and reliability. We developed a 21st century version of the MFFT using images that are familiar to adults and reside in a freely accessible repository. We conducted two studies examining validity and reliability issues. In Study 1, participants interacting with the MFFT-2021, versus those interacting with the original MFFT20, spent more time on the task, took more time in making their first response, and were more likely to complete the task without errors, even though the average number of errors was higher than the comparison group. The coherence of these results is evidence of convergent validity. Regarding predictive validity, the MFFT-2021 remained a reliable predictor of rational thinking, such that participants who demonstrated more reflection (less impulsivity) tended to avoid rational thinking errors. Also, performance on the MFFT-2021 predicted higher quality judgments in processing job characteristic cues with embedded interactions, a form of configural information processing. We also found evidence of concurrent validity: performance on the MFFT-2021 differed in a predictable manner for participants grouped by their performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test. In Study 2, we tested discriminant validity by comparing participant performance on the MFFT-2021 to their performance on the Information Sampling Task (IST), another behavioral measure of reflection-impulsivity used in studies of psychopharmacological and addiction behaviors. For our participants (undergraduate business students), we found that the MFFT was a stronger predictor of performance on rational thinking tasks, and, contrary to prior studies, our exploratory factor analysis identified separate factors for the MFFT-2021 and the IST, supporting discriminant validity, indicating that these two instruments measure different subtypes of reflection-impulsivity.

Altered Effective Connectivity within an Oculomotor Control Network in Unaffected Relatives of Individuals with Schizophrenia

The ability to rapidly stop or change a planned action is a critical cognitive process that is impaired in schizophrenia. The current study aimed to examine whether this impairment reflects familial vulnerability to schizophrenia across two experiments comparing unaffected first-degree relatives to healthy controls. First, we examined performance on a saccadic stop-signal task that required rapid inhibition of an eye movement. Then, in a different sample, we investigated behavioral and neural responses (using fMRI) during a stop-signal task variant that required rapid modification of a prepared eye movement. Here, we examined differences between relatives and healthy controls in terms of activation and effective connectivity within an oculomotor control network during task performance. Like individuals with schizophrenia, the unaffected relatives showed behavioral evidence for more inefficient inhibitory processes. Unlike previous findings in individuals with schizophrenia, however, the relatives showed evidence for a compensatory waiting strategy. Behavioral differences were accompanied by more activation among the relatives in task-relevant regions across conditions and group differences in effective connectivity across the task that were modulated differently by the instruction to exert control over a planned saccade. Effective connectivity parameters were related to behavioral measures of inhibition efficiency. The results suggest that individuals at familial risk for schizophrenia were engaging an oculomotor control network differently than controls and in a way that compromises inhibition efficiency.

Children perform extensive information gathering when it is not costly

Humans often face decisions where little is known about the choice options. Gathering information prior to making a choice is an important strategy to improve decision making under uncertainty. This is of particular importance during childhood and adolescence, when knowledge about the world is still limited. To examine how much information youths gather, we asked 107 children (8-9 years, N = 30), early (12-13 years, N = 41) and late adolescents (16-17 years, N = 36) to perform an information sampling task. We find that children gather significantly more information before making a decision compared to adolescents, but only if it does not come with explicit costs. Using computational modelling, we find that this is because children have reduced subjective costs for gathering information. Our findings thus demonstrate how children overcome their limited knowledge and neurocognitive constraints by deploying excessive information gathering, a developmental feature that could inform aberrant information gathering in psychiatric disorders.

Trait impulsivity in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Objective

Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that can predispose to psychopathology. Meta‐analysis demonstrates an association between response impulsivity and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), a common genetic generalized epilepsy. Here, we test the hypotheses that trait impulsivity is (i) elevated in JME compared to controls; (ii) moderated by specific seizure characteristics; and (iii) associated with psychiatric adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Methods

322 participants with JME and 126 age and gender‐matched controls completed the Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐brief) alongside information on seizure history and AED use. We compared group BIS‐brief scores and assessed associations of JME BIS‐brief scores with seizure characteristics and AED adverse effects.

Results

The mean BIS‐brief score in JME was 18.1 ± 4.4 compared with 16.2 ± 4.1 in controls (P = 0.0007). Elevated impulsivity was associated with male gender (P = 0.027), frequent absence seizures (P = 0.0004) and lack of morning predominance of myoclonus (P = 0.008). High impulsivity significantly increased the odds of a psychiatric adverse event on levetiracetam (P = 0.036), but not any other psychiatric or somatic adverse effects.

Interpretation

Trait impulsivity is elevated in JME and comparable to scores in personality and neurotic disorders. Increased seizure frequency and absence of circadian seizure pattern moderate BIS score, suggesting disruption of both cortico‐striatal and thalamocortical networks as a shared mechanism between seizures and impulsivity in JME. These findings warrant consideration of impulsivity as a distinct target of intervention, and as a stratifying factor for AED treatment in JME, and perhaps other types of epilepsy. The role of impulsivity in treatment adherence and psychosocial outcome requires further investigation.

Disentangling the effects of cannabis and cigarette smoking on impulsivity

BACKGROUND

Cannabis smoking and cigarette smoking often co-occur, yet limited research has investigated the potentially different role impulsivity may play when these behaviours occur in isolation, compared with in combination.

AIMS

This study examined trait and behavioural impulsivity as a function of both cigarette and cannabis smoking.

METHODS

Trait impulsivity (BIS-11) was compared between 44 non-smokers, 76 cigarette only, 47 cannabis only and 58 cannabis plus cigarette smokers. The effects of cigarette and cannabis smoking on behavioural impulsivity (stop-signal and information sampling tasks) were then assessed in 87 of these participants during a laboratory session.

RESULTS

Trait impulsivity was significantly higher in cigarette smokers than non-smokers, irrespective of cannabis use, except for motor impulsivity, where cigarette smoking was only associated with elevated trait impulsivity in non-smokers of cannabis. Dimensions of trait impulsivity were significantly positively related to cigarette smoking frequency and nicotine dependence, but not to cannabis smoking frequency or dependence. Smoking cigarettes or cannabis was associated with significantly impaired reflection impulsivity relative to not smoking either substance. However, no additional increases in reflection impulsivity were observed in those who smoked both cigarettes and cannabis. No group differences in response inhibition were detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Heightened trait impulsivity appears to be uniquely related to cigarette smoking, whilst the smoking of cigarettes or cannabis is associated with impairments in reflection impulsivity. Improved outcomes for treating cannabis dependence may result from encouraging concomitant cigarette smokers to cease using both drugs simultaneously in order to reduce heightened impulsivity and risk of relapse.

Do young adolescents with first-episode psychosis or ADHD show sensorimotor gating deficits?

BACKGROUND

Early identification is important for patients with early-onset schizophrenia (SZ). Assessment of (candidate) endophenotypic markers for SZ, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), may help distinguish between the early-onset SZ and other psychiatric disorders. We explored whether PPI deficits usually seen in adult-onset SZ are present in young adolescents with either early-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

METHODS

Twenty-five adolescents with first-episode, non-affective psychosis (FEP), 28 adolescents with ADHD and 43 healthy controls (HC), aged 12-17 years, were assessed with an auditory PPI paradigm.

RESULTS

No significant group differences were found in PPI. However, when the FEP group was divided into those already diagnosed with SZ (n = 13) and those without (N-SZ) (n = 12), and all four groups (SZ, N-SZ, ADHD and HC) were compared on percentage PPI in the 85/60 trials, significantly less PPI was found in patients with SZ than in the HC as well as the ADHD group. No significant group differences were found in explorative analyses on the other trial types. Additionally, startle magnitude was significantly higher in SZ than in N-SZ patients.

CONCLUSION

Young adolescents with SZ showed sensorimotor gating deficits similar to those usually found in adults with SZ and had larger startle magnitude than patients with other types of non-affective early-onset psychosis. No sensorimotor gating deficits were found in adolescents with ADHD. Our findings support the theory that deficient PPI is endophenotypic for SZ.

Genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlation between trait impulsivity and resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions

Trait impulsivity, a predisposition to respond to stimuli without regard for the potentially negative consequences, contributes to many maladaptive behaviors. Studies have shown that both genetic factors and interregional functional interactions underlie trait impulsivity. However, whether common genes contribute to both trait impulsivity and its neural basis is still unknown. This study investigated the phenotypic correlations between trait impulsivity and the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala as well as its subregions and the genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlations. By recruiting a sample of 292 twins in late adolescence and young adulthood, we found that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFC between the left full amygdala and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Further analyses on the subregions of the amygdala showed that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFCs between the left basolateral (BL) amygdala and both the right DLPFC and the right inferior frontal gyrus and with the rsFCs between the right superficial (SF) amygdala and both the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula. Bivariate genetic modelling analyses found genetic overlaps between trait impulsivity and the rsFC of the left full amygdala or the left BL amygdala with the right DLPFC. The proportions of phenotypic associations accounted for by overlapping genes were 82% and 60%, respectively. These results provide evidence for the genetic overlap between trait impulsivity and the intrinsic brain functional connectivity centered at the amygdala and especially at its BL subregion.

Genetic analysis of impulsive personality traits: Examination of a priori candidates and genome-wide variation

Impulsive personality traits are heritable risk factors and putative endophenotypes for addiction and other psychiatric disorders involving disinhibition. This study examined the genetic basis of impulsive personality traits, defined as scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P). In 983 healthy young adults of European ancestry, the study examined genetic variation in relation to a combined phenotype of seven subscales based on high phenotypic intercorrelations. The study first tested 14 a priori loci that have previously been associated impulsive personality traits or closely related constructs. Second, the study included an exploratory genome-wide scan (i.e., GWAS), acknowledging that only relatively large effects would be detectable in a sample size of ~ 1000. A priori SNP analyses revealed a significant association between the combined impulsivity phenotype and two SNPs within the 5-HT2a receptor gene (HTR2A; rs6313 and rs6311). Follow-up analyses suggested that the effects were specific to the Motor and Non-planning subscales on the BIS-11, and also that the two loci were in linkage disequilibrium. The GWAS yielded no statistically significant findings. This study further implicates loci within HTR2A with certain forms of self-reported impulsivity and identifies candidates for future investigation from the genome-wide analyses.

Symptom Overlap and Screening for Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychosis Risk in Help-Seeking Psychiatric Patients

Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychosis risk share features which might represent an early vulnerability marker for schizophrenia. Early detection of individuals with this symptomatic overlap is relevant and may assist clinicians in their decision making for diagnosis and treatment. This study sought to analyze the capability of different instruments in the screening of patients for ADHD symptoms or at psychosis risk, assess their classification accuracy, and describe the extent of symptoms overlap between them. 243 adult patients completed one instrument screening for ADHD and two instruments screening for psychosis risk symptoms [Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Symptom Checklist (ASRS-v1.1); Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Version (PQ-16); Self-Screen Prodrome (SPro)]. The ability of these instruments to distinguish between the symptomaticity of these patients appears modest. The most satisfactory scale to identify subjects at psychosis risk was SPro with its subscale psychosis risk. ASRS-v1.1 showed good reliability in assessing individuals as not having ADHD symptoms and had higher probability to achieve its own and the cut-off of another questionnaire. Subjects having symptoms of psychosis risk and ADHD showed elevated symptomatology. Reliable instruments capable of separating ADHD symptoms from those of psychosis risk are needed to better identify the symptomatic overlap of this two conditions.