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Petti T, Gupta M, Fradkin Y, Gupta N. Management of sleep disorders in autism spectrum disorder with co-occurring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians. BJPsych Open 2023; 10:e11. [PMID: 38088185 PMCID: PMC10755553 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To update and examine available literature germane to the recognition, assessment and treatment of comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disruption, with a predominant focus on children, adolescents and emerging adults. BACKGROUND Considerable overlaps exist among ASD, ADHD and sleep disruption. Literature and guidance for clinicians, administrators, policy makers and families have been limited, as such deliberations were rarely considered until 2013. METHOD This narrative review of the literature addressing sleep disruption issues among those with ASD, ADHD and comorbid ASD and ADHD involved searching multiple databases and use of reverse citations up to the end of September 2022. Emphasis is placed on secondary sources and relevant data for clinical practice. RESULTS Complex clinical presentations of ASD/ADHD/sleep disruption are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Prior to 2013, prevalence, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, prognosis, other sleep-related factors and interventions were determined separately for each disorder, often with overlapping objective and subjective methods employed in the process. High percentages of ADHD and ASD patients have both disorders and sleep disruption. Here, the extant literature is integrated to provide a multidimensional understanding of the relevant issues and insights, allowing enhanced awareness and better care of this complex clinical population. Database limitations are considered. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of ASD symptomatology in youth with ADHD, and the reverse, in cases with disrupted sleep is critical to address the special challenges for case formulation and treatment. Evidence-based approaches to treatment planning and multi-treatment modalities should consider combining psychosocial and biological interventions to address the complexities of each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Petti
- Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuli Fradkin
- Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Sarabin E, Harkness K, Murias K. The Relationship Between Cortical Thickness and Executive Function Measures in Children With and Without ADHD. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1263-1271. [PMID: 37183911 PMCID: PMC10466945 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231174036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; however, other executive function dysregulation is common, including inhibition and working memory. This study aims to identify CT differences based on executive function performance in individuals with and without ADHD. METHODS Data for this study was acquired from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) database (61 ADHD, and 61 age and sex matched controls). General linear models were used to assess relationships between measures, CT, and diagnosis. RESULTS We found a significant relation between CT and working memory scores in the right precentral area. Additionally, we found significant interactions between CT, diagnosis, and measure outcome in the Flanker assessment (in the left fusiform area) and the attention score of the CBCL (in the right precentral region). CONCLUSION This suggests that there may be different relationships that exist between CT and executive function in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Harkness
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kara Murias
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Vandewouw MM, Brian J, Crosbie J, Schachar RJ, Iaboni A, Georgiades S, Nicolson R, Kelley E, Ayub M, Jones J, Taylor MJ, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Kushki A. Identifying Replicable Subgroups in Neurodevelopmental Conditions Using Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e232066. [PMID: 36912839 PMCID: PMC10011941 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have highly heterogeneous and overlapping phenotypes and neurobiology. Data-driven approaches are beginning to identify homogeneous transdiagnostic subgroups of children; however, findings have yet to be replicated in independently collected data sets, a necessity for translation into clinical settings. Objective To identify subgroups of children with and without neurodevelopmental conditions with shared functional brain characteristics using data from 2 large, independent data sets. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study used data from the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental (POND) network (study recruitment began June 2012 and is ongoing; data were extracted April 2021) and the Healthy Brain Network (HBN; study recruitment began May 2015 and is ongoing; data were extracted November 2020). POND and HBN data are collected from institutions across Ontario and New York, respectively. Participants who had diagnoses of ASD, ADHD, and OCD or were typically developing (TD); were aged between 5 and 19 years; and successfully completed the resting-state and anatomical neuroimaging protocol were included in the current study. Main Outcomes and Measures The analyses consisted of a data-driven clustering procedure on measures derived from each participant's resting-state functional connectome, performed independently on each data set. Differences between each pair of leaves in the resulting clustering decision trees in the demographic and clinical characteristics were tested. Results Overall, 551 children and adolescents were included from each data set. POND included 164 participants with ADHD; 217 with ASD; 60 with OCD; and 110 with TD (median [IQR] age, 11.87 [9.51-14.76] years; 393 [71.2%] male participants; 20 [3.6%] Black, 28 [5.1%] Latino, and 299 [54.2%] White participants) and HBN included 374 participants with ADHD; 66 with ASD; 11 with OCD; and 100 with TD (median [IQR] age, 11.50 [9.22-14.20] years; 390 [70.8%] male participants; 82 [14.9%] Black, 57 [10.3%] Hispanic, and 257 [46.6%] White participants). In both data sets, subgroups with similar biology that differed significantly in intelligence as well as hyperactivity and impulsivity problems were identified, yet these groups showed no consistent alignment with current diagnostic categories. For example, there was a significant difference in Strengths and Weaknesses ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale (SWAN-HI) between 2 subgroups in the POND data (C and D), with subgroup D having increased hyperactivity and impulsivity traits compared with subgroup C (median [IQR], 2.50 [0.00-7.00] vs 1.00 [0.00-5.00]; U = 1.19 × 104; P = .01; η2 = 0.02). A significant difference in SWAN-HI scores between subgroups g and d in the HBN data was also observed (median [IQR], 1.00 [0.00-4.00] vs 0.00 [0.00-2.00]; corrected P = .02). There were no differences in the proportion of each diagnosis between the subgroups in either data set. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that homogeneity in the neurobiology of neurodevelopmental conditions transcends diagnostic boundaries and is instead associated with behavioral characteristics. This work takes an important step toward translating neurobiological subgroups into clinical settings by being the first to replicate our findings in independently collected data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M. Vandewouw
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Brian
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J. Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alana Iaboni
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stelios Georgiades
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Nicolson
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Jones
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margot J. Taylor
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azadeh Kushki
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vandewouw MM, Safar K, Mossad SI, Lu J, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Do shapes have feelings? Social attribution in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:493. [PMID: 34564704 PMCID: PMC8464598 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) deficits are common in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which contribute to their social and cognitive difficulties. The social attribution task (SAT) involves geometrical shapes moving in patterns that depict social interactions and is known to recruit brain regions from the classic ToM network. To better understand ToM in ASD and ADHD children, we examined the neural correlates using the SAT and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a cohort of 200 children: ASD (N = 76), ADHD (N = 74) and typically developing (TD; N = 50) (4-19 years). In the scanner, participants were presented with SAT videos corresponding to social help, social threat, and random conditions. Contrasting social vs. random, the ASD compared with TD children showed atypical activation in ToM brain areas-the middle temporal and anterior cingulate gyri. In the social help vs. social threat condition, atypical activation of the bilateral middle cingulate and right supramarginal and superior temporal gyri was shared across the NDD children, with between-diagnosis differences only being observed in the right fusiform. Data-driven subgrouping identified two distinct subgroups spanning all groups that differed in both their clinical characteristics and brain-behaviour relations with ToM ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Vandewouw
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Autism Research Center, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kristina Safar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah I Mossad
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Lu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Autism Research Center, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bogari NM, Al-Allaf FA, Aljohani A, Taher MM, Qutub NA, Alhelfawi S, Alobaidi A, Alqudah DM, Banni H, Dairi G, Amin AA. The Co-existence of ADHD With Autism in Saudi Children: An Analysis Using Next-Generation DNA Sequencing. Front Genet 2020; 11:548559. [PMID: 33384710 PMCID: PMC7770135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.548559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Several studies have confirmed the co-existence of other neuropsychiatric disorders with ADHD. Out of 106 individuals suspected to have ADHD, eight Saudi Arabian pediatric patients were diagnosed with ADHD using a dual assessment procedure based on highly significant scores from the international criteria for diagnosis; (full form DMS) DSM-5. Then, these patients were examined for the co-existence of autism and ADHD using different international diagnostic protocols. Four patients with combined ADHD and autism and four ADHD patients without autism were examined for the presence of genetic variants. Six variants (chr1:98165091, chr6:32029183, chr6:32035603, chr6:32064098, chr8:2909992, chr16:84213434) were identified in 75% of the patients with ADHD and autism, indicating that these genes may have a possible role in causing autism. Five variants (The chr2:116525960, chr15:68624396, chr15:91452595, chr15:92647645, and chr16:82673047) may increase to the severity of ADHD. This study recommends screening these eleven variants in ADHD cases and their relevant controls to confirm the prevalence in the Saudi population. It is recommended that future studies examine the 11 variants in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda M. Bogari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. Al-Allaf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Aljohani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin M. Taher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nermeen A. Qutub
- Special Need Department, School of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhair Alhelfawi
- Special Need Department, School of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Education, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Alobaidi
- Sinad City for Special Education, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derar M. Alqudah
- Special Need Department, School of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Banni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghida Dairi
- Medicine and Medical Sciences Research Center, Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr A. Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Vandewouw MM, Choi E, Hammill C, Arnold P, Schachar R, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Emotional face processing across neurodevelopmental disorders: a dynamic faces study in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:375. [PMID: 33139709 PMCID: PMC7608673 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is classically associated with poor face processing skills, yet evidence suggests that those with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also have difficulties understanding emotions. We determined the neural underpinnings of dynamic emotional face processing across these three clinical paediatric groups, including developmental trajectories, compared with typically developing (TD) controls. We studied 279 children, 5-19 years of age but 57 were excluded due to excessive motion in fMRI, leaving 222: 87 ASD, 44 ADHD, 42 OCD and 49 TD. Groups were sex- and age-matched. Dynamic faces (happy, angry) and dynamic flowers were presented in 18 pseudo-randomized blocks while fMRI data were collected with a 3T MRI. Group-by-age interactions and group difference contrasts were analysed for the faces vs. flowers and between happy and angry faces. TD children demonstrated different activity patterns across the four contrasts; these patterns were more limited and distinct for the NDDs. Processing happy and angry faces compared to flowers yielded similar activation in occipital regions in the NDDs compared to TDs. Processing happy compared to angry faces showed an age by group interaction in the superior frontal gyrus, increasing with age for ASD and OCD, decreasing for TDs. Children with ASD, ADHD and OCD differentiated less between dynamic faces and dynamic flowers, with most of the effects seen in the occipital and temporal regions, suggesting that emotional difficulties shared in NDDs may be partly attributed to shared atypical visual information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Vandewouw
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - EunJung Choi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher Hammill
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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