1
|
Arnold M, Schmitt S, Collaud A, Rossano A, Hübschke E, Zeeh F, Nathues H, Perreten V. Distribution, genetic heterogeneity, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira pilosicoli in Swiss pig herds. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
2
|
Zeeh F, Nathues H, Frey J, Muellner P, Fellström C. A review of methods used for studying the molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:181-194. [PMID: 28757022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira (B.) spp. are intestinal spirochaetes isolated from pigs, other mammals, birds and humans. In pigs, seven Brachyspira spp. have been described, i.e. B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia, B. murdochii, B. innocens, B. suanatina and B. hampsonii. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is especially relevant in pigs as it causes swine dysentery and hence considerable economic losses to the pig industry. Furthermore, reduced susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae to antimicrobials is of increasing concern. The epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae infections is only partially understood, but different methods for detection, identification and typing have supported recent improvements in knowledge and understanding. In the last years, molecular methods have been increasingly used. Molecular epidemiology links molecular biology with epidemiology, offering unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases. This review is based on papers published in the field of epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae in pigs. Electronic databases were screened for potentially relevant papers using title and abstract and finally, Barcellos et al. papers were systemically selected and assessed. The review summarises briefly the current knowledge on B. hyodysenteriae epidemiology and elaborates on molecular typing techniques available. Results of the studies are compared and gaps in the knowledge are addressed. Finally, potential areas for future research are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zeeh
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PB 3350, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PB 3350, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, PB 3350, CH-3001 Bern 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-interactive, PO Box 15327, Miramar, Wellington, 6243, New Zealand.
| | - Claes Fellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Backhans A, Jansson D, Aspán A, Fellström C. Typing of Brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on Swedish farms. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
4
|
Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Johansson KE, Olofsson T, Aspán A. Identification and genetic fingerprinting of Brachyspira species. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 72:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Råsbäck T, Jansson DS, Johansson KE, Fellström C. A novel enteropathogenic, strongly haemolytic spirochaete isolated from pig and mallard, provisionally designated ?Brachyspira suanatina? sp. nov. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:983-91. [PMID: 17359270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atypical, strongly haemolytic porcine isolates of intestinal spirochaetes differing genetically from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae were identified and characterized. The isolates were subjected to culture and biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses. None of four species-specific polymerase chain reaction systems targeting genes of B. hyodysenteriae gave a positive reaction. All the atypical porcine isolates were identical in their partial 16S rRNA and nox gene sequences with a previously described isolate from a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and differed only slightly from another mallard isolate. All these isolates were distinctly different from all currently recognized Brachyspira species. A challenge study was carried out using recently weaned pigs. Clinical signs and macroscopic changes consistent with swine dysentery were seen both in pigs given the atypical porcine isolate and in control pigs given the reference strain of B. hyodysenteriae (B204(R)). Pigs given the genetically similar isolate from a mallard became colonized and diarrhoea was observed. This is the first study indicating that Brachyspira isolates from mallard can infect pigs and induce diarrhoea. We propose that this atypical spirochaete genotype should be regarded as a new species within the genus Brachyspira, and be provisionally designated 'Brachyspira suanatina' sp. nov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thérése Råsbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fossi M, Skrzypczak T. D-ribose utilisation differentiates porcine Brachyspira pilosicoli from other porcine Brachyspira species. Anaerobe 2006; 12:110-3. [PMID: 16701624 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
D-ribose utilisation was studied in 60 Brachyspira pilosicoli strains and 35 strains of other Brachyspira species, the majority of which were of porcine origin. Utilisation of D-ribose was demonstrated indirectly by measuring the reduction in pH of densely inoculated tryptone-peptone broth supplemented with 7% foetal calf serum and 1% D-ribose. Among B. pilosicoli strains, the mean reduction in pH units was 1.72 (range 0.95-2.28) in broth with D-ribose and 0.27 (range 0.10-0.40) in sugar-free control broth. For Brachyspira strains other than B. pilosicoli, the corresponding reductions in pH units were 0.37 (range 0.12-0.49) and 0.37 (range 0.15-0.58). In conclusion, porcine B. pilosicoli can be differentiated from other porcine Brachyspira species by a test for D-ribose utilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Fossi
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinäjoki Unit, P.O. Box 198, 60101 Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fossil M, Ahlsten K, Pohjanvirta T, Anttila M, Kokkonen T, Jensen TK, Boye M, Sukura A, Pelkola K, Pelkonen S. Neither hippurate-negative Brachyspira pilosicoli nor Brachyspira pilosicoli type strain caused diarrhoea in early-weaned pigs by experimental infection. Acta Vet Scand 2006; 46:257-67. [PMID: 16398337 PMCID: PMC1618965 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-46-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A hippurate-negative biovariant of Brachyspira pilosicoli (B. pilosicolihipp-) is occasionally isolated in diarrhoeic pigs in Finland, often concomitantly with hippurate-positive B. pilosicoli or Lawsonia intracellularis. We studied pathogenicity of B. pilosicolihipp- with special attention paid to avoiding co-infection with other enteric pathogens. Pigs were weaned and moved to barrier facilities at the age of 11 days. At 46 days, 8 pigs were inoculated with B. pilosicolihipp- strain Br1622, 8 pigs were inoculated with B. pilosicoli type strain P43/6/78 and 7 pigs were sham-inoculated. No signs of spirochaetal diarrhoea were detected; only one pig, inoculated with P43/6/78, had soft faeces from day 9 to 10 post inoculation. The pigs were necropsied between days 7 and 23 after inoculation. Live pigs were culture-negative for Brachyspira spp., but B. pilosicolihipp- was reisolated from necropsy samples of two pigs. The lesions on large colons were minor and did not significantly differ between the three trial groups. In silver-stained sections, invasive spirochaetes were detected in colonic mucosae of several pigs in all groups. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation for genus Brachyspira, B. pilosicoli and strain Br1622 was negative. However, in situ detection for members of the genus Leptospira was positive for spirochaete-like bacteria in the colonic epithelium of several pigs in both infected groups as well as in the control group. L. intracellularis, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp. and intestinal parasites were not detected. The failure of B. pilosicoli strains to cause diarrhoea is discussed with respect to infectivity of the challenge strains, absence of certain intestinal pathogens and feed and management factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fossil
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinajoki Unit, PB 198, 60101 Seiniijoki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pringle M, Landén A, Franklin A. Tiamulin resistance in porcine Brachyspira pilosicoli isolates. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:1-4. [PMID: 16253666 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies on antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira pilosicoli, therefore this study was performed to investigate the situation among isolates from pigs. The tiamulin and tylosin susceptibility was determined by broth dilution for 93 and 86 porcine B. pilosicoli isolates, respectively. The isolates came from clinical samples taken in Swedish pig herds during the years 2002 and 2003. The tylosin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was >16 microg/ml for 50% (n=43) of the isolates tested. A tiamulin MIC >2 microg/ml was obtained for 14% (n=13) of the isolates and these were also tested against doxycycline, salinomycin, valnemulin, lincomycin and aivlosin. For these isolates the susceptibility to salinomycin and doxycycline was high but the MICs for aivlosin varied. The relationship between the 13 tiamulin resistant isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among the 13 isolates 10 different PFGE patterns were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pringle
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karlsson M, Fellström C, Johansson KE, Franklin A. Antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira pilosicoli with special reference to point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with macrolide and lincosamide resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2005; 10:204-8. [PMID: 15383163 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2004.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A point mutation in the 23S rRNA gene causes macrolide and lincosamide resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The possible occurrence of a similar mutation in Brachyspira pilosicoli was studied and the MICs of six antimicrobial agents for Swedish field isolates of B. pilosicoli were determined. Of 10 isolates with high MICs of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics, six had a mutation in nucleotide position 2058 or 2059 in the 23S rRNA gene as compared to the wild type of Escherichia coli, whereas none of 10 tylosin-susceptible isolates were mutated in this region. The mutations found in position 2058 were A --> T transversions, and in position 2059 either A --> G transitions or A --> C transversions. The MICs at which 90% of the B. pilosicoli field isolates were inhibited by tylosin, erythromycin, clindamycin, virginiamycin, tiamulin, and carbadox, were >256, >256, >4, 4, 2, and 0.125 microg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, point mutations in positions 2058 and 2059 of the 23S rRNA gene can cause macrolide and lincosamide resistance in B. pilosicoli. Macrolide resistance is widespread among Swedish field isolates of B. pilosicoli. Notably also a few isolates with elevated MICs of tiamulin were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Karlsson
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fossi M, Pohjanvirta T, Sukura A, Heinikainen S, Lindecrona R, Pelkonen S. Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of porcine hippurate-negative Brachyspira pilosicoli. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3153-8. [PMID: 15243075 PMCID: PMC446235 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3153-3158.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira pilosicoli, the causative agent of porcine intestinal spirochetosis, usually has hippurate-cleaving capacity. We have regularly isolated hippurate-negative B. pilosicoli from cases of porcine diarrhea. In this study, we show that these biochemically atypical B. pilosicoli isolates can be classified as B. pilosicoli. 16S ribosomal DNA was partially sequenced from eight hippurate-negative and two hippurate-positive B. pilosicoli-like isolates from seven herds. The differences in nucleotide sequence with B. pilosicoli P43/6/78 type strain were not associated with hippurate cleavage. In 877 bp, the hippurate-negative isolates had a similarity of 98.63 to 100% to the type strain, with the corresponding figures for the two hippurate-positive isolates being 98.86 and 100%. The nucleotide sequences of hippurate-positive isolates were identical to the respective sequences of hippurate-negative isolates from one herd. The DNA macrorestriction patterns of a total of 20 hippurate-negative and -positive B. pilosicoli isolates were diverse, and no clustering in conjunction with the hippurate reaction was found. In two herds, hippurate-positive and -negative B. pilosicoli isolates had a common macrorestriction pattern. The ultrastructure of hippurate-negative isolates was similar to the type strain. In conclusion, B. pilosicoli can be either hippurate positive or negative and, thus, the scheme for biochemical differentiation of porcine Brachyspira should be revised to include identification of hippurate-negative B. pilosicoli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Fossi
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinäjoki Unit, PB 198, 60101 Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|