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Le TV, Nguyen VTT, Nguyen QH, Nguyen TTT, Duong TTN, Ly TTT, Pham TN, Nguyen VL, Vien CC. The evaluation of anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies in healthy population in Kon Tum, Vietnam: a population-based study. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:171-176. [PMID: 35755469 PMCID: PMC9216714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of diphtheria remains high in Kon Tum given the low seroprevalence. One third of community in Kon Tum have no protective antibodies to diphtheria. The antibodies from previous childhood vaccination gradually wane over time. A booster dose (5-7 years) is recommended for adolescents and adults in Vietnam.
Background Despite diphtheria immunization are to apply an effective primary immunization in childhood and to maintain immunity throughout life. Cases of diphtheria have been reported in Viet Nam in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to diphtheria toxoid among healthy person population in Kon Tum, Viet Nam. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 2225 healthy persons aged 2-98 years collected in 2019 and 2020. Samples were tested for diphtheria toxoid antibodies by commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results An antibody level of <0.01 IU/mL (susceptibility) was found in 802 (36.0%) of the 2225 subjects, 136 (6.1%) had antibody levels of 0.01–0.099 IU/mL (basic protection), and 1287 (57.8%) had antibody levels ≥0.1 IU/mL (full protection). The full protection level increased significantly in persons aged above 60 years with antibody levels of 70.6%. No significant difference in seroprotection prevalence was found according to gender, ethnicity, residence, education and occupation. The results also demonstrated that people with vaccination against diphtheria during past 10 years were found to have a high immunity (83.8%) compared to 54.8% (OR: 4.7; 95%CI: 3.8-6.5) and 60.7% (OR: 3.8; 95%CI: 2.6-5.7) in persons with no and unknown vaccination (p <0.0001). Conclusions The level of anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies among children and adults in Kon Tum was low. The high risk of diphtheria outbreaks may occur among individuals lacking basic immunity against diphtheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Van Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Van Thi Tuyet Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Quan Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Tram Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Ngoc Duong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Thuy Ly
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Ngoc Pham
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | | | - Chien Chinh Vien
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Tay Nguyen Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
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Borba RCN, Vidal VM, Moreira LO. The re-emergency and persistence of vaccine preventable diseases. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1311-22. [PMID: 26312431 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of vaccination worldwide dramatically reduced the incidence of pathogenic bacterial and viral diseases. Despite the highly successful vaccination strategies, the number of cases among vaccine preventable diseases has increased in the last decade and several of those diseases are still endemic in different countries. Here we discuss some epidemiological aspects and possible arguments that may explain why ancient diseases such as, measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria and tuberculosis are still with us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C N Borba
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Vinícius M Vidal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Lilian O Moreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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Eslamifar A, Ramezani A, Banifazl M, Sofian M, Mahdaviani FA, Yaghmaie F, Aghakhani A. Immunity to diphtheria and tetanus among blood donors in Arak, central province of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:190-3. [PMID: 25870753 PMCID: PMC4393496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tetanus and diphtheria are vaccine-preventable, infectious diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. Immunization by the diphtheria and tetanus toxoid (DT) has been applied in Iran for almost 50 years. However, there are very few data about the rate of immunity to these diseases in the adult population. the humoral immunity to tetanus and diphtheria among blood donors in Arak city, central provice of Iran were investigated. PATIENTS & METHODS A total of 530 consecutive blood donor samples were collected from Blood Transfusion Organization, Central province of Iran. All samples were tested for diphteria and tetanus IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS From 530 cases, 91.9% were male and 8.1% were female. 99.6% of cases had protective levels of diphtheria antibody. Protective levels of tetanus antibody were found in 96% of subjects. There was not any significant difference between diphtheria and tetanus antibodies levels and age and sex. CONCLUSION The obtained data showed that high proportion of the adult population in Arak have sufficient protection against diphtheria and tetanus. The high protective level of immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in Iran can be due to widespread use of booster vaccines in Iranian high schools and during the military services or for pregnant women in their 3(rd) trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eslamifar
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support Patients with Infectious Diseases, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Sofian
- TPIRC (Tuberculosis and Pediatric Infectious Research Center), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Fatemeh- Alsadat Mahdaviani
- Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Yaghmaie
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Aghakhani
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Arezoo Aghakhani MD., Address: Clinical Research Dept. Pasteur Institute of Iran; No 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran. Tel: +98- 21- 66968852,
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Dias AADSDO, Santos LS, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Silva Junior FC, Napoleão F, Nagao PE, Villas-Bôas MHS, Hirata Junior R, Guaraldi ALM. Corynebacterium ulcerans diphtheria: an emerging zoonosis in Brazil and worldwide. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 45:1176-91. [PMID: 22124745 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011000600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is a literature review on the emergence of human infections caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in many countries including Brazil. Articles in Medline/PubMed and SciELO databases published between 1926 and 2011 were reviewed, as well as articles and reports of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is presented a fast, cost-effective and easy to perform screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae infections in most Brazilian public and private laboratories. C. ulcerans spread in many countries and recent isolation of this pathogen in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, is a warning to clinicians, veterinarians, and microbiologists on the occurrence of zoonotic diphtheria and C. ulcerans dissemination in urban and rural areas of Brazil and/or Latin America.
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Speranza FAB, Ishii SK, Thuler LCS, Damasco PV, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Milagres LG. Diphtheria Antibodies and T lymphocyte Counts in Patients Infected With HIV-1. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:946-50. [PMID: 24031911 PMCID: PMC3768853 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120003000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the IgG levels anti-diphtheria (D-Ab) and T cell counts (CD4+ and CD8+) in HIV-1 infected subjects undergoing or not highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Approximately 70% of all HIV-1 patients were unprotected against diphtheria. There were no differences in D-Ab according to CD4 counts. Untreated patients had higher D-Ab (geometric mean of 0.62 IU/ml) than HAART-patients (geometric mean of 0.39 IU/ml). The data indicated the necessity of keeping all HIV-1 patients up-to-date with their vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A B Speranza
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brasil ; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brasil
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Speranza FAB, Ishii SK, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Milagres LG. Diphtheria toxin IgG levels in military and civilian blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 43:120-3. [PMID: 20027481 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009007500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic data on diseases that are preventable by vaccines are necessary to evaluate the success of immunization programs and to identify susceptible subgroups. In the present study, we determined serum IgG levels against diphtheria toxin of military and civilian blood donors (N = 75; 69.3% males and 30.7% females) aged 18-64 years, from the Brazilian Army Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro, using a commercial diphtheria kit (Diphtheria IgG ELISA; IBL, Germany). Most (63%) unprotected military donors were from the older age group of 41 to 64 years. In contrast, the majority (71%) of young military donors (18 to 30 years) were fully protected. About half of the military donors aged 31 to 40 years were protected against diphtheria. Among the civilians, about 50% of persons aged 18 to 30 years and 31 to 40 years had protective antibody levels against diphtheria as also did 64% of individuals aged 41 to 64 years. All civilians had a similar antibody response (geometric mean = 0.55 IU/mL) independent of age group. Military donors aged 18-30 years had higher IgG levels (geometric mean = 0.82 IU/mL) than military donors of 41-64 years (geometric mean = 0.51 IU/mL; P > 0.05). In conclusion, the existence of a considerable proportion of susceptible adults supports the position that reliable data on the immune status of the population should be maintained routinely and emphasizes the importance of adequate immunization during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A B Speranza
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Pimenta FP, Hirata R, Rosa ACP, Milagres LG, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. A multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and differentiation between non-toxigenic and toxigenic isolates. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1438-1439. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/000414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia P. Pimenta
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C. P. Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucimar G. Milagres
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Mattos-Guaraldi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Sampaio JLM, Santos CS, Pimenta FP, Pereira GA, Pacheco LGC, Miyoshi A, Azevedo V, Moreira LO, Gutierrez FL, Costa JLF, Costa-Filho R, Damasco PV, Camello TCF, Hirata Jr R. First detection of Corynebacterium ulcerans producing a diphtheria-like toxin in a case of human with pulmonary infection in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:396-400. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - JLM Sampaio
- Fleury Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, Brasil
| | - CS Santos
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - FP Pimenta
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - GA Pereira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - LGC Pacheco
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - A Miyoshi
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - V Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - LO Moreira
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - PV Damasco
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - TCF Camello
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - R Hirata Jr
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Pimenta FP, Damasco PV, Cerbino Neto J, Lopes GS, Hirata R, Milagres LG, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Diphtheria-neutralizing antibody levels in healthy adults from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:459-62. [PMID: 16951820 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, until 2004, the immunization policy against diphtheria involved childhood vaccination with no official routine booster dose administered after 15 years of age. This study assessed functional antibody levels against diphtheria among blood donors. A total of 140 blood samples were collected, and diphtheria antitoxin levels were evaluated by Vero cell neutralization test. The mean age of the population was 34 years old (range: 18-61 years); 37.8% females and 62.2% males. Overall, 30.7% (95%, CI: 23.4-38.7) individuals presented neutralizing antitoxin antibody titers < 0.01 IU/ml; 42.1% (95%, CI: 34.1-50.4) showed values between 0.01-0.09 IU/ml and, 27.1% (95%, CI: 20.2-34.9) had (3) 0.1 IU/ml. In the subgroup of individuals with history of diphtheria immunization during childhood (85%), a number of 28.5% showed unprotective levels of circulating neutralizing antibody (< 0.01 IU/ml). Despite the continuous progress of immunization programs directed to Brazilian population, currently healthy adults remain susceptible to diphtheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia Pires Pimenta
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brasil
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