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Park MN, Yeo SG, Park J, Jung Y, Hwang SM. Usefulness and Limitations of PFGE Diagnosis and Nucleotide Sequencing Method in the Analysis of Food Poisoning Pathogens Found in Cooking Employees. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4123. [PMID: 38612932 PMCID: PMC11012705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the case of a food poisoning outbreak, it is essential to understand the relationship between cooking workers and food poisoning. Many biological diagnostic methods have recently been developed to detect food poisoning pathogens. Among these diagnostic tools, this study presents PCR-based pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and nucleotide sequencing diagnostic analysis results for diagnosing food poisoning outbreaks associated with cooking employees in Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was useful in identifying the food poisoning outbreaks caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. In the case of Norovirus, nucleotide sequencing was used to identify the relationship between cooking workers and the food poisoning outbreak. However, it is difficult to determine whether cooking employees directly caused the food poisoning outbreaks based on these molecular biological diagnostic results alone. A system is needed to integrate epidemiological and diagnostic information to identify a direct correlation between the food poisoning outbreak and cooking employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Park
- Graduate School of Public Health & Welfare, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
- Chungcheongnam-do Institute of Health and Environment Research, 8 Hongyegongwon-ro, Hongseong 32254, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 2 Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea;
| | - Junhyuk Park
- Chungcheongnam-do Institute of Health and Environment Research, 8 Hongyegongwon-ro, Hongseong 32254, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoomi Jung
- Korea Armed Forces Nursing Academy, 90 Jaun-ro, Daejeon 34059, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Min Hwang
- Graduate School of Public Health & Welfare, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Myunggok Medical Faculty, Medical Campus, Konyang University College of Medicine, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
- Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University College of Medicine, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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2
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Juniastuti, Utsumi T, Yamani LN, Dinana Z, Gunawan E, Maharani AT, Fitria AL, Wahyuni RM, Soetjipto, Doan YH, Shimizu H, Ishii K, Matsui C, Deng L, Abe T, Katayama K, Lusida MI, Shoji I. A household survey of intrafamily norovirus transmission. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29164. [PMID: 37830640 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis in people of all ages. Humans are the primary source of NoV and household contact is one of the risk factors for NoV transmission. However, the mechanisms underlying person-to-person NoV transmission are poorly understood. Here we conducted a survey to profile the frequency and characteristics of intrafamily NoV transmission. Stool samples were collected every week from three households between 2016 and 2020; the total number of samples was 1105. The detection of NoV and the genotyping were performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction targeting the capsid region and direct sequencing methods. NoV was detected in 3.4% of all samples. Eight NoV genotypes were identified. The most common genotype was GII.17, followed in order by GII.6, GI.6, GII.4, GI.3, and GI.2/GI.8/GI.9. Most NoV-positive samples were obtained from asymptomatic individuals. The highest number of NoV transmissions was found in household 3 (6 infections), followed by household 2 (2 infections), while household 1 had no NoV transmission, suggesting that asymptomatic NoV carriers play a major role in infection as NoV reservoirs in the households. Further clarification of the mode of infection will contribute to improved understanding and an appropriate prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juniastuti
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Clinical Microbiology Residency Program, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Takako Utsumi
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Laura Navika Yamani
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Zayyin Dinana
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Emily Gunawan
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aussie Tahta Maharani
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Anisa Lailatul Fitria
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rury M Wahyuni
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soetjipto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Matsui
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Lin Deng
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Clinical Microbiology Residency Program, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Takahashi T, Kimura R, Shirai T, Sada M, Sugai T, Murakami K, Harada K, Ito K, Matsushima Y, Mizukoshi F, Okayama K, Hayashi Y, Kondo M, Kageyama T, Suzuki Y, Ishii H, Ryo A, Katayama K, Fujita K, Kimura H. Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ( RdRp) Region and VP1 Gene in Human Norovirus Genotypes GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6. Viruses 2023; 15:1497. [PMID: 37515184 PMCID: PMC10383674 DOI: 10.3390/v15071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the evolution of GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 strains, the prevalent human norovirus genotypes, we analysed both the RdRp region and VP1 gene in globally collected strains using authentic bioinformatics technologies. A common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type RdRp region emerged approximately 50 years ago and a common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type VP1 gene emerged approximately 110 years ago. Subsequently, the RdRp region and VP1 gene evolved. Moreover, the evolutionary rates were significantly faster for the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene than for the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 genes. Large genetic divergence was observed in the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 gene compared with the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene. The phylodynamics of the RdRp region and VP1 gene fluctuated after the year 2000. Positive selection sites in VP1 proteins were located in the antigenicity-related protruding 2 domain, and these sites overlapped with conformational epitopes. These results suggest that the GII.6 VP1 gene and VP1 proteins evolved uniquely due to recombination between the P6- and P7-type RdRp regions in the HuNoV GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kimura
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirai
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sugai
- Department of Nursing Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Harada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ito
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fuminori Mizukoshi
- Department of Microbiology, Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kondo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
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Ghozzi K, Nakbi A, Challouf R, Dhiab RB. A review on microbial contamination cases in Tunisian coastal marine areas. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2142-2158. [PMID: 37186620 PMCID: wst_2023_123 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pollution in marine environments is one of the critical issues with regard to the sanitary status of recreational activities and seafood harvesting due to a potential contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. This review's objectives were to identify instances of bacterial, viral and protozoan parasite pollution in the Tunisian coastal region and to make recommendations for further research. Fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in samples of clams and mussels. Vibrionaceae species were also recorded in seawater, sediment, fish and clams in different sites from north to south with the dominance of Vibrio alginolyticus. Bivalve mollusks collected from the Tunisian coast have been revealed to harbor viruses as well as protozoan parasites. Furthermore, the isolation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from Tunisian coastlines proves the significant spread and circulation of antibiotic resistance caused by the massive use of antibiotics. In conclusion, we suggest intensive monitoring and cutting-edge wastewater treatment technologies to enhance seawater quality and preserve the biodiversity of aquatic life. Rapid detection techniques for the most important pathogenic microorganisms in seafood and seawater must be also developed to reduce human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemissa Ghozzi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Amel Nakbi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Rafika Challouf
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Rym Ben Dhiab
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
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5
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Navarro-Lleó N, Santiso-Bellón C, Vila-Vicent S, Carmona-Vicente N, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Cárcamo-Calvo R, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Buesa J. Recombinant Noroviruses Circulating in Spain from 2016 to 2020 and Proposal of Two Novel Genotypes within Genogroup I. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0250521. [PMID: 35862999 PMCID: PMC9430863 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02505-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. For more than 20 years, most norovirus infections have been caused by the pandemic genotype GII.4, yet recent studies have reported the emergence of recombinant strains in many countries. In the present study, 4,950 stool samples collected between January 2016 and April 2020 in Valencia, Spain, from patients with acute gastroenteritis were analyzed to investigate the etiological agent. Norovirus was the most frequently detected enteric virus, with a positivity rate of 9.5% (471/4,950). Among 224 norovirus strains characterized, 175 belonged to genogroup II (GII) and 49 belonged to GI. Using dual genotyping based on sequencing of the open reading frame 1 (ORF1)/ORF2 junction region, we detected 25 different capsid-polymerase-type associations. The most common GII capsid genotype was GII.4 Sydney 2012, followed by GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, and GII.17. A high prevalence of recombinant strains (90.4%) was observed among GII infections between 2018 and 2020. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was the predominant genotype from 2019 to 2020. In addition, GII.P16 polymerase was found harbored within six different capsid genes. GI.4 and GI.3 were the predominant genotypes in genogroup I, in which recombinant strains were also found, such as GI.3[P10], GI.3[P13], and GI.5[P4]. Interestingly, applying the criterion of 2 times the standard deviation, we found that 12 sequences initially classified as GI.3 may represent two new tentative genotypes in genogroup I, designated GI.10 and GI.11. This study shows the extensive diversity of recombinant noroviruses circulating in Spain and highlights the role of recombination events in the spread of noroviruses. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses are the most common cause of viral diarrhea. There are no approved vaccines to prevent their infections yet, which would be very useful to protect infants, small children, and the elderly in residential institutions. These viruses are extremely contagious and can be transmitted by contaminated food and water as well as directly from person to person. Molecular surveillance and epidemiology of norovirus infections allow the identification of the most common viral strains in different geographical areas over time. Noroviruses show wide genetic variability due to a high rate of mutations but also due to genomic recombinations, as we demonstrate in this study. We have detected 25 different viral capsid-polymerase gene associations among 224 norovirus strains characterized in Spain between January 2016 and April 2020, including two tentative new capsid genotypes in genogroup I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Navarro-Lleó
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Vila-Vicent
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Vicente
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Kramer A, Arvand M, Christiansen B, Dancer S, Eggers M, Exner M, Müller D, Mutters NT, Schwebke I, Pittet D. Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:93. [PMID: 35794648 PMCID: PMC9257567 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices. AIM A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure. RESULTS EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings. CONCLUSION The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kramer
- German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention at the Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. .,WHO Task Force Alcohol-Based Hand Rub, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 38, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mardjan Arvand
- Division Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Christiansen
- German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention at the Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephanie Dancer
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Hairmyres, Glasgow, UK.,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maren Eggers
- Labor Prof. Dr. G. Enders MVZ GbR, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Exner
- German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention at the Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Müller
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nico T Mutters
- German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention at the Robert-Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Schwebke
- German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases (DVV e. V.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Didier Pittet
- Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, University of Geneva, Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Dong L, Jia T, Yu Y, Wang Y. Updating a New Semi-nested PCR Primer Pair for the Specific Detection of GII Norovirus in Oysters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:149-156. [PMID: 35099705 PMCID: PMC8802746 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are major transmission vectors of noroviruses (NoVs) in the environment. Outbreaks of NoVs are often associated with the consumption of NoV-contaminated oysters. Laboratory confirmation of suspected oyster samples is a critical step in the surveillance and control of NoVs. Because of non-specific amplification, false-positive results are frequently obtained by semi-nested RT-PCR with the presently widely used primer set (G2SKF/G2SKR). Here, a novel universal PCR primer set N (NG2OF/NG2OR) specific for genogroup II (GII) NoVs was designed based on all GII NoV sequences available in public databases. Specific products were obtained with the primer set N when the NoV-positive oysters, spiked with each of five representative genotypes of GII NoVs (GII.17, GII.13, GII.4, GII.3, and GII.12), were subjected to analyzing. No products were detected with the primer set N for the NoV-negative oysters, while the primer set C gave various non-specific bands. Twenty-three out of 156 fresh oyster samples were NoV-positive with both the primer set N and the classic primer set, while eight were NoV-positive solely with the primer set N. Compared with the classic primer set, the newly designed primer set N had a higher detection rate and improved specificity for GII NoVs in oyster samples. These results show that the novel PCR primer pair is specific and applicable for the detection of GII NoVs in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhui Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
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Adams C, Peterson SR, Hall AJ, Parashar U, Lopman BA. Associations of infection control measures and norovirus outbreak outcomes in healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:279-290. [PMID: 34225537 PMCID: PMC8810727 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1949985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most norovirus outbreaks in high-income countries occur in healthcare facilities, information on associations between control measures and outbreak outcomes in these settings is lacking. METHODS We conducted a systematic review/meta-analysis to assess associations between norovirus outbreak control measures and outcomes in hospitals and long-term care facilities (LTCFs), globally. Using regression analyses stratified by setting (hospital/LTCF), we compared durations, attack rates, and case counts for outbreaks in which control measures were reportedly implemented to those in which they were not. RESULTS We identified 102 papers describing 162 norovirus outbreaks. Control measures were reportedly implemented in 118 (73%) outbreaks and were associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.3-1.1) times smaller patient case counts and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.0) times shorter durations in hospitals but 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.2), 1.5 (95% CI: 1.0-2.1) and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.0-2.6) times larger overall, resident and staff case counts, respectively, and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0-2.0) times longer durations in LTCFs. CONCLUSIONS Reported implementation of control measures was associated with smaller/shorter outbreaks in hospitals but larger/longer outbreaks in LTCFs. Control measures were likely implemented in response to larger/longer outbreaks in LTCFs, rather than causing them. Prospective observational or intervention studies are needed to determine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Shenita R Peterson
- Woodruff Health Science Center Library, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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9
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Li D, Zhao MY, Tan THM. What makes a foodborne virus: comparing coronaviruses with human noroviruses. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [PMID: 32373478 DOI: 10.1016/2fj.cofs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to answer the question whether coronaviruses (CoVs) can be transmitted via foods, this review made a comparison between CoVs with the most recognized foodborne virus, human noroviruses (NoVs). As a result, although CoVs indeed have shown the possibilities to remain infectious on foods and/or food packaging materials long enough (from several days to several weeks) to potentially cause transmission, they seem to be less persistent than NoVs towards common disinfection practices with alcohols, chlorine and ultraviolet (UV). More importantly, the chance of foodborne transmission of CoVs is considered low as CoVs mainly spread through the respiratory tract and there is no clear evidence showing CoVs can follow fecal-oral routes like human NoVs and other foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchie Y Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Turk Hsern Malcolm Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Human Astrovirus Outbreak in a Daycare Center and Propagation among Household Contacts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061100. [PMID: 34207617 PMCID: PMC8229506 DOI: 10.3390/v13061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to human astrovirus in a daycare center, describing the transmission mechanism, the most affected age groups, conditioning factors and the extent of the outbreak among household contacts of the daycare center attenders. Data were collected from persons exposed at the daycare center and their home contacts. Fecal samples from affected and non-affected daycare center attenders were analyzed for viruses causing acute gastroenteritis by RT-PCR. The percentage of households affected and the attack rates (AR) were calculated. The attack rates were compared using the rate ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Information was obtained from 245 people (76 attenders and 169 contacts) of whom 49 were clinical cases. Five HAstV-4, two HAstV-8 and three non-typable HAstV cases were identified (six from clinical cases and four from asymptomatic infected people). The global AR was 20% (41.2% in children aged < 2 years). Data were obtained from 67 households: 20 households of affected attenders and 47 of non-affected attendees. Household contacts of affected attenders had a higher AR (74.3%) than that of non-affected attendees (2.4%). We found asymptomatic infections amongst daycare attendees. The transmission of HAstV during the outbreak was not limited to the daycare center but extended to household contacts of both affected and non-affected attenders.
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Shelby T, Hennein R, Schenck C, Clark K, Meyer AJ, Goodwin J, Weeks B, Bond M, Niccolai L, Davis JL, Grau LE. Implementation of a volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in the United States: A qualitative focus group study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251033. [PMID: 33951107 PMCID: PMC8099418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contact tracing is an important tool for suppressing COVID-19 but has been difficult to adapt to the conditions of a public health emergency. This study explored the experiences and perspectives of volunteer contact tracers in order to identify facilitators, challenges, and novel solutions for implementing COVID-19 contact tracing. Methods As part of a study to evaluate an emergently established volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in New Haven, Connecticut, April-June 2020, we conducted focus groups with 36 volunteer contact tracers, thematically analyzed the data, and synthesized the findings using the RE-AIM implementation framework. Results To successfully reach cases and contacts, participants recommended identifying clients’ outreach preferences, engaging clients authentically, and addressing sources of mistrust. Participants felt that the effectiveness of successful isolation and quarantine was contingent on minimizing delays in reaching clients and on systematically assessing and addressing their nutritional, financial, and housing needs. They felt that successful adoption of a volunteer-driven contact tracing model depended on the ability to recruit self-motivated contact tracers and provide rapid training and consistent, supportive supervision. Participants noted that implementation could be enhanced with better management tools, such as more engaging interview scripts, user-friendly data management software, and protocols for special situations and populations. They also emphasized the value of coordinating outreach efforts with other involved providers and agencies. Finally, they believed that long-term maintenance of a volunteer-driven program requires monetary or educational incentives to sustain participation. Conclusions This is one of the first studies to qualitatively examine implementation of a volunteer-run COVID-19 contact tracing program. Participants identified facilitators, barriers, and potential solutions for improving implementation of COVID-19 contact tracing in this context. These included standardized communication skills training, supportive supervision, and peer networking to improve implementation, as well as greater cooperation with outside agencies, flexible scheduling, and volunteer incentives to promote sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Shelby
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Katie Clark
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Meyer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Justin Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian Weeks
- New Haven Health Department, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maritza Bond
- New Haven Health Department, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Linda Niccolai
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - J. Lucian Davis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauretta E. Grau
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Kuda T, Nishizawa M, Toshima D, Matsushima K, Yoshida S, Takahashi H, Kimura B, Yamagishi T. Antioxidant and anti-norovirus properties of aqueous acetic acid macromolecular extracts of edible brown macroalgae. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Amroabadi MA, Rahimi E, Shakerian A, Momtaz H. Incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses and norovirus and rotavirus in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foodborne viruses including hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RoV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are easily transmitted through contaminated seafoods. The current research was done to assess the incidence of RoV, NoV GI and GII,hAV and hEV in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Three-hundred and twenty fish and shrimp samples were collected. The presence of foodborne viruses were assessed by the real-time PCR. Forty-nine out of 320 (15.31%) fish and shrimp samples were positive for foodborne viruses. Distribution of hAV, NoV GI and NoV GII amongst all studied samples were 0.93%, 5.93% and 8.43%, respectively. hEV and RoV viruses were not found in studied samples. Parastromateus niger and Scomberomorus commerson fish and Penaeus monodon shrimp were the most frequently contaminated samples. Simultaneous incidence of hAV and NoV GI and hAV and NoV GII were 0.31% and 0.93%, respectively. Distribution of foodborne viruses in samples collected through spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons were 14.28%, 9.33%, 11.76% and 24.44%, respectively. Findings revealed that the incidence of foodborne viruses was significantly associated with seafood species and also season of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Shakerian
- Islamic Azad University, Iran; Islamic Azad University, Iran
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14
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Phattanawiboon B, Nonthabenjawan N, Boonyos P, Jetsukontorn C, Towayunanta W, Chuntrakool K, Ngaopravet K, Ruchusatsawat K, Uppapong B, Sangkitporn S, Mekada E, Matsuura Y, Tatsumi M, Mizushima H. Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236502. [PMID: 32702014 PMCID: PMC7377487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of human norovirus excreted from infected persons occasionally causes sporadic infections and outbreaks. Both symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers have been reported to contribute to norovirus transmission, but little is known about the magnitude of the contribution of asymptomatic carriers. We carried out a 1-year survey of residents of a district of Bangkok, Thailand to determine the percentage of norovirus transmissions originating from asymptomatic individuals. We screened 38 individuals recruited from 16 families from May 2018 to April 2019 for GI and GII genotypes. Norovirus was detected every month, and 101 of 716 stool samples (14.1%) from individuals with no symptoms of acute gastroenteritis were norovirus-positive. The average infection frequency was 2.4 times per person per year. Fourteen genotypes were identified from the positive samples, with GII.4 being detected most frequently. Notably, 89.1% of the norovirus-positive samples were provided by individuals with no diarrhea episode. Similar to cases of symptomatic infections in Thailand, asymptomatic infections were observed most frequently in December. We detected 4 cases of NV infection caused by household transmission, and 3 of the 4 transmissions originated from asymptomatic individuals. We also identified a case in which norovirus derived from an asymptomatic individual caused diarrhea in a family member. These results suggest that asymptomatic individuals play a substantial role in both the maintenance and spreading of norovirus in a community through household transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjarat Phattanawiboon
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonyos
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chanya Jetsukontorn
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ballang Uppapong
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Research and Education Promotion Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tatsumi
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Hiroto Mizushima
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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15
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Queiros-Reis L, Lopes-João A, Mesquita JR, Penha-Gonçalves C, Nascimento MSJ. Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in military units: a systematic review. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 167:59-62. [PMID: 32409618 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2019-001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Norovirus gastroenteritis is one of the most frequent causes of personnel unavailability in military units, being associated with significant morbidity and degradation of their operational effectiveness. The disease is usually mild but can be severe and life-threatening in young and healthy soldiers, who are prone to dehydration due to intensive daily activity. Despite its impact, the full extent of the norovirus gastroenteritis burden in military forces remains unclear. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact and ascertain clinical and epidemiological features of norovirus outbreaks that have occurred in the military forces. METHODS The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and used three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and LILACs. Papers published up to 1 September 2019 were included without restrictions if they reported one or more outbreaks in the military forces on active duty, either on national territories or deployed overseas. RESULTS A total of 343 papers were retrieved from the literature search. After inclusion/exclusion criteria a total of 39 eligible papers were considered. From 1988 (first reported outbreak in the military) to 2018 more than 101 norovirus outbreaks have been reported in the military, accounting for at least 24 332 cases. Secondary transmission was emphasised as the main route of norovirus transmission in the military forces, with eating outside the military setting an important route for the primary cases. CONCLUSIONS The present review highlights that norovirus gastroenteritis has been a burden to military troops both in combat and on peacekeeping operations. Norovirus disease has been shown to exact a substantial toll on mission readiness and operational effectiveness. It is noteworthy that the impact of norovirus outbreaks among military units is underestimated because the literature review retrieved information from the armed forces from only nine countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Queiros-Reis
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - A Lopes-João
- Laboratório de Bromatologia e Defesa Biológica do Exército (LBDB), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J R Mesquita
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal .,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Penha-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Bromatologia e Defesa Biológica do Exército (LBDB), Lisboa, Portugal.,Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M S J Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Li D, Zhao MY, Tan THM. What makes a foodborne virus: comparing coronaviruses with human noroviruses. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020; 42:1-7. [PMID: 32373478 PMCID: PMC7198165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to answer the question whether coronaviruses (CoVs) can be transmitted via foods, this review made a comparison between CoVs with the most recognized foodborne virus, human noroviruses (NoVs). As a result, although CoVs indeed have shown the possibilities to remain infectious on foods and/or food packaging materials long enough (from several days to several weeks) to potentially cause transmission, they seem to be less persistent than NoVs towards common disinfection practices with alcohols, chlorine and ultraviolet (UV). More importantly, the chance of foodborne transmission of CoVs is considered low as CoVs mainly spread through the respiratory tract and there is no clear evidence showing CoVs can follow fecal-oral routes like human NoVs and other foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchie Y Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Turk Hsern Malcolm Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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