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Granic A, Cooper R, Robinson SM, Sayer AA. Myoprotective whole foods, muscle health and sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:244-251. [PMID: 38386477 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sarcopenia increases in prevalence at older ages and may be exacerbated by poor diet. Whole foods rich in specific nutrients may be myoprotective and mitigate the risk of sarcopenia. Here we review recent evidence published from observational and intervention studies regarding myoprotective foods and explore their benefit for the prevention and/or treatment of sarcopenia in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS We found limited new evidence for the role of whole foods in sarcopenia and sarcopenia components (muscle mass, strength, physical performance). There was some evidence for higher consumption of protein-rich foods (milk and dairy) being beneficial for muscle strength in observational and intervention studies. Higher consumption of antioxidant-rich foods (fruit and vegetables) was associated with better physical performance and lower odds of sarcopenia in observational studies. Evidence for other protein- and antioxidant-rich foods were inconsistent or lacking. There remains a clear need for intervention studies designed to identify the role of whole foods for the treatment of sarcopenia. SUMMARY Although evidence for myoprotective roles of dairy, fruit and vegetables is emerging from observational studies, higher level evidence from intervention studies is needed for these foods to be recommended in diets of older adults to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sian M Robinson
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Toutirais L, Vaysse C, Gueugneau M, Walrand S. Plant proteins: are they a good alternative to animal proteins in older people? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024:00075197-990000000-00142. [PMID: 38456815 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides the latest insight into the impact of consuming plant-based protein for older people. RECENT FINDINGS According to the latest data, a healthy diet rich in plant-based-protein-rich-food could promote healthy aging. This health effect is partly because of the amino acid composition of proteins, as well as to the important constituents such as fiber and bioactive compounds found in the matrix. Furthermore, even though animal protein is more effective at stimulating muscle protein synthesis, a high consumption of plant protein (beyond 31 g/day) appears to enhance physical performance and reduce the risk of frailty in older individuals. SUMMARY Recent literature highlights numerous health benefits for older people associated with a substantial intake of plant-based vs. animal-based protein, both in preventing and mitigating chronic age-related diseases and reducing the risk of all-cause mortality. However, a high intake of plant-based protein-rich products could pose risks of malnutrition and fiber-related intestinal intolerances. Further research is needed to assess the risk-benefit ratio of a high consumption of plant proteins in older individuals before we can make robust recommendations on how far animal proteins can be healthfully replaced with plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Toutirais
- ITERG, Department of Nutritional Health and Lipid Biochemistry, Bordeaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG, Department of Nutritional Health and Lipid Biochemistry, Bordeaux
| | - Marine Gueugneau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Stephane Walrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Clermont Ferrand, France
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Sabir Z, Hjartåker A, Dierkes J, Rosendahl-Riise H. The Association of Isocaloric Substitution of Dietary Protein in Middle Age with Muscle Mass and Strength in Old Age: The Hordaland Health Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102052. [PMID: 38187989 PMCID: PMC10770717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength is an important predictor of disability in older persons. Although several mechanisms contribute to the decline in muscle mass and function seen with aging, the process is thought to be accelerated by an inadequate protein intake. However, the optimal amount and source of protein and the role of dietary protein intake over the life course remain uncertain. Objectives In a sample of community-dwelling adults in Western Norway, the current study examined both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations over 20 y of dietary protein intake with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) and muscle strength measured by handgrip strength (HGS) in older age. Methods Dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in middle age (46-49 y) and older age (67-70 y) within the community-based Hordaland Health Study. Results Adjusted, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed a negative cross-sectional association between the substitution of total protein (TP) and animal protein (AP), with fat and carbohydrates, on ASMM in women but not in men. No longitudinal associations were found between substitution of dietary protein intake and ASMM in either sex in adjusted models. Similarly, no cross-sectional or longitudinal associations were evident between substitution of dietary protein intake and HGS in either sex in adjusted models. Conclusion The findings in the current study highlight the need to clarify the role of dietary protein intake in the maintenance of muscle mass and muscle strength in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Sabir
- Center for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette Hjartåker
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Center for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Rosendahl-Riise
- Center for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Morgan PT, Witard OC, Højfeldt G, Church DD, Breen L. Dietary protein recommendations to support healthy muscle ageing in the 21st century and beyond: considerations and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37818636 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of dietary protein intake requirements and recommendations, with a focus on skeletal muscle remodelling to support healthy ageing based on presentations at the 2023 Nutrition Society summer conference. In this review, we describe the role of dietary protein for metabolic health and ageing muscle, explain the origins of protein and amino acid (AA) requirements and discuss current recommendations for dietary protein intake, which currently sits at about 0⋅8 g/kg/d. We also critique existing (e.g. nitrogen balance) and contemporary (e.g. indicator AA oxidation) methods to determine protein/AA intake requirements and suggest that existing methods may underestimate requirements, with more contemporary assessments indicating protein recommendations may need to be increased to >1⋅0 g/kg/d. One example of evolution in dietary protein guidance is the transition from protein requirements to recommendations. Hence, we discuss the refinement of protein/AA requirements for skeletal muscle maintenance with advanced age beyond simply the dose (e.g. source, type, quality, timing, pattern, nutrient co-ingestion) and explore the efficacy and sustainability of alternative protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. We conclude that, whilst a growing body of research has demonstrated that animal-free protein sources can effectively stimulate and support muscle remodelling in a manner that is comparable to animal-based proteins, food systems need to sustainably provide a diversity of both plant and animal source foods, not least for their protein content but other vital nutrients. Finally, we propose some priority research directions for the field of protein nutrition and healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Bartholomae E, Johnston CS. Nitrogen Balance at the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Protein in Minimally Active Male Vegans. Nutrients 2023; 15:3159. [PMID: 37513577 PMCID: PMC10385755 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegan diets have gained popularity in recent years for reasons including health benefits and concerns for animal welfare. Although these diets are considered to be nutritionally adequate, questions remain over whether the current protein recommendation (0.8 g/kg/d) is sufficient. Protein status is determined through a nitrogen balance analysis when the protein content of the diet is known. A negative balance indicates a catabolic state, and a positive nitrogen balance indicates an anabolic state. In healthy adults, nitrogen equilibrium is the expectation reflecting the net synthesis and breakdown of proteins. Currently, there are no known studies measuring nitrogen balance in strict vegan men fed the protein requirement. Eighteen minimally active vegan men received a 5-day eucaloric diet (protein content: 0.8 g/kg/d). On day five, 24 h urine was collected for nitrogen analysis. Both the mean absolute nitrogen balance (-1.38 ± 1.22 g/d) and the mean relative nitrogen balance (-18.60 ± 16.96 mg/kg/d) were significantly lower than zero (equilibrium) (p < 0.001). There were no correlations seen between nitrogen balance and age, years as vegan, or fat-free mass. Consuming 0.8 g/kg/d of protein is not adequate to produce nitrogen balance in men adhering to typical strict vegan diets for at least one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartholomae
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Köller M. Sarcopenia-a geriatric pandemic : A narrative review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2023; 173:97-103. [PMID: 35416610 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-022-00927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With growing life expectancy, the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia will continuously increase during the next decades. Geographical differences have been described, and depending on the population studied, sarcopenia is evident in 10% of community-dwelling people, increasing up to 40 to 50% among those living in nursing homes. Sarcopenia is a complex age-related process of multifactorial pathogenesis, influenced by lifestyle, nutrition, biological processes during aging, and also immunological and endocrine mechanisms. For diagnostic criteria, physical parameters (muscle mass measurement) and functional aspects (muscle strength, gait speed, physical performance) are required. In routine clinical care, screening patients using the SARC‑F questionnaire is recommended by recent guidelines of the European Workgroup for Sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Köller
- Dept. Acute Geriatric Care, Clinic Favoriten, Kudratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria.
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de la O V, Zazpe I, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Santiago S, Goni L, Martínez-González MÁ, Ruiz-Canela M. Association between a new dietary protein quality index and micronutrient intake adequacy: a cross-sectional study in a young adult Spanish Mediterranean cohort. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:419-432. [PMID: 36085527 PMCID: PMC9899725 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no evidence of a dietary index that measures not only the quantity but also the quality of protein. The aim is to investigate the association between a new dietary protein quality index (PQI) and micronutrient intake adequacy in a Mediterranean cohort. DESIGN We assessed 17,535 participants' diet at baseline using a semi-quantitative FFQ. The PQI was calculated according to the ratio of protein (g/d) sources: [fish, seafood, lean meat, pulses, eggs, nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains]/[red and ultra-processed meats, whole-fat or semi-skimmed dairy, potatoes and refined grains]. Participants were classified into quintiles of PQI. We evaluated the intakes of Fe, Cr, I, K, Mg, Ca, P, Na, Se, Zn and vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, E and folic acid. Micronutrient adequacy was evaluated using DRIs. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the micronutrient adequacy according to quintiles of PQI. RESULTS In this cross-sectional analysis, a total of 24.2% and 4.3% participants did not to meet DRIs in ≥ 4 and ≥ 8 micronutrients, respectively. The odds of failing to meet ≥ 4 and ≥ 8 DRI were lower in participants in the highest quintile of protein quality (OR = 0.22; IC 95% = 0.18, 0.26; P-trend < 0.001; and OR = 0.08; IC 95% = 0.05, 0.14; P-trend < 0.001, respectively) as compared to participants in the lowest quintile. CONCLUSION Higher PQI was found to be strongly associated with better micronutrient intake adequacy in this Mediterranean cohort. The promotion of high-quality protein intake may be helpful for a more adequate intake of micronutrients. The odds of failing to meet certain numbers of DRIs were lower rather than saying lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de la O
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.482878.90000 0004 0500 5302Cardiometabolic Nutrition Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Zazpe
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Campus Universitario, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen de la Fuente-Arrillaga
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Santiago
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Campus Universitario, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Goni
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Nishimura Y, Jensen M, Bülow J, Thomsen TT, Arimitsu T, van Hall G, Fujita S, Holm L. Co-ingestion of cluster dextrin carbohydrate does not increase exogenous protein-derived amino acid release or myofibrillar protein synthesis following a whole-body resistance exercise in moderately trained younger males: a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2475-2491. [PMID: 35182194 PMCID: PMC9279228 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates if co-ingestion of cluster dextrin (CDX) augments the appearance of intrinsically labeled meat protein hydrolysate-derived amino acid (D5-phenylalanine), Akt/mTORC1 signaling, and myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Methods Ten moderately trained healthy males (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 75.7 ± 7.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were included for a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Either 75 g of CDX or glucose (GLC) was given in conjunction with meat protein hydrolysate (0.6 g protein * FFM−1) following a whole-body resistance exercise. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of L-[15N]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling was performed. Results A time × group interaction effect was found for serum D5-phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.01). Serum EAA and BCAA concentrations showed a main effect for group (P < 0.05). Tmax serum BCAA was greater in CDX as compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, iAUC of all serum parameters did not differ between CDX and GLC (P > 0.05). Tmax serum EAA showed a trend towards a statistical significance favoring CDX over GLC. The phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389, rpS6Ser240/244, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was greater in CDX compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, postprandial myofibrillar FSR did not differ between CDX and GLC (P = 0.17). Conclusion In moderately trained younger males, co-ingestion of CDX with meat protein hydrolysate does not augment the postprandial amino acid availability or myofibrillar FSR as compared to co-ingestion of GLC during the recovery from a whole-body resistance exercise despite an increased intramuscular signaling. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03303729 (registered on October 3, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tagmose Thomsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence - CORRIGENDUM. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 36:175. [PMID: 34919036 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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