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Zellers S, van Dongen J, Maes HHM, Ollikainen M, Fang F, Vrieze S, Kaprio J, Boomsma DI. A Bivariate Twin Study of Lifetime cannabis Initiation and Lifetime Regular Tobacco Smoking Across Three Different Countries. Behav Genet 2024; 54:375-385. [PMID: 39078541 PMCID: PMC11371858 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-024-10190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Regular cigarette smoking and cannabis consumption are strongly positively related to each other, yet few studies explore their underlying variation and covariation. We evaluated the genetic and environmental decomposition of variance and covariance of these two traits in twin data from three countries with different social norms and legislation. Data from the Netherlands Twin Register, FinnTwin12/16, and the Minnesota Center for Twin Family Research (total N = 21,617) were analyzed in bivariate threshold models of lifetime regular smoking initiation (RSI) and lifetime cannabis initiation (CI). We ran unstratified models and models stratified by sex and country. Prevalence of RSI was lowest in the Netherlands and prevalence of CI was highest in Minnesota. In the unstratified model, genetic (A) and common environmental factors (C) contributed substantially to the liabilities of RSI (A = 0.47, C = 0.34) and CI (A = 0.28, C = 0.51). The two liabilities were significantly phenotypically (rP = 0.56), genetically (rA = 0.74), and environmentally correlated in the unstratified model (rC = 0.47and rE = 0.48, representing correlations between common and unique environmental factors). The magnitude of phenotypic correlation between liabilities varied by country but not sex (Minnesota rP ~ 0.70, Netherlands rP ~ 0.59, Finland rP ~ 0.45). Comparisons of decomposed correlations could not be reliably tested in the stratified models. The prevalence and association of RSI and CI vary by sex and country. These two behaviors are correlated because there is genetic and environmental overlap between their underlying latent liabilities. There is heterogeneity in the genetic architecture of these traits across country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zellers
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine H M Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Psychiatry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fang Fang
- GenOmics and Translational Research Center, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jun S, Malone SM, Iacono WG, Harper J, Wilson S, Sadaghiani S. Cognitive abilities are associated with rapid dynamics of electrophysiological connectome states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575736. [PMID: 38293067 PMCID: PMC10827041 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Time-varying changes in whole-brain connectivity patterns, or connectome state dynamics, hold significant implications for cognition. However, connectome dynamics at fast (> 1Hz) timescales highly relevant to cognition are poorly understood due to the dominance of inherently slow fMRI in connectome studies. Here, we investigated the behavioral significance of rapid electrophysiological connectome dynamics using source-localized EEG connectomes during resting-state (N=926, 473 females). We focused on dynamic connectome features pertinent to individual differences, specifically those with established heritability: Fractional Occupancy (i.e., the overall duration spent in each recurrent connectome state) in beta and gamma bands, and Transition Probability (i.e., the frequency of state switches) in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. Canonical correlation analysis found a significant relationship between the heritable phenotypes of sub-second connectome dynamics and cognition. Specifically, principal components of Transition Probabilities in alpha (followed by theta and gamma bands) and a cognitive factor representing visuospatial processing (followed by verbal and auditory working memory) most notably contributed to the relationship. We conclude that the specific order in which rapid connectome states are sequenced shapes individuals' cognitive abilities and traits. Such sub-second connectome dynamics may inform about behavioral function and dysfunction and serve as endophenotypes for cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhnyoung Jun
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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3
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Jun S, Malone SM, Iacono WG, Harper J, Wilson S, Sadaghiani S. Rapid dynamics of electrophysiological connectome states are heritable. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575731. [PMID: 38293031 PMCID: PMC10827044 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Time-varying changes in whole-brain connectivity patterns, or connectome state dynamics, are a prominent feature of brain activity with broad functional implications. While infra-slow (<0.1Hz) connectome dynamics have been extensively studied with fMRI, rapid dynamics highly relevant for cognition are poorly understood. Here, we asked whether rapid electrophysiological connectome dynamics constitute subject-specific brain traits and to what extent they are under genetic influence. Using source-localized EEG connectomes during resting-state (N=928, 473 females), we quantified heritability of multivariate (multi-state) features describing temporal or spatial characteristics of connectome dynamics. States switched rapidly every ~60-500ms. Temporal features were heritable, particularly, Fractional Occupancy (in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands) and Transition Probability (in theta, alpha, and gamma bands), representing the duration spent in each state and the frequency of state switches, respectively. Genetic effects explained a substantial proportion of phenotypic variance of these features: Fractional Occupancy in beta (44.3%) and gamma (39.8%) bands and Transition Probability in theta (38.4%), alpha (63.3%), beta (22.6%), and gamma (40%) bands. However, we found no evidence for heritability of spatial features, specifically states' Modularity and connectivity pattern. We conclude that genetic effects strongly shape individuals' connectome dynamics at rapid timescales, specifically states' overall occurrence and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhnyoung Jun
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Zellers S, Alexander J, Ellingson JM, Schaefer JD, Corley RP, Iacono W, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McGue MK, Vrieze S. Limited psychological and social effects of lifetime cannabis use frequency: Evidence from a 30-year community study of 4,078 twins. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2024; 133:115-128. [PMID: 38147055 PMCID: PMC10751959 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is associated with outcomes like income, legal problems, and psychopathology. This finding rests largely on correlational research designs, which rely at best on statistical controls for confounding. Here, we control for unmeasured confounders using a longitudinal study of twins. METHOD In a sample of 4,078 American adult twins first assessed decades ago, we used cotwin control mixed effects models to evaluate the effect of lifetime average frequency of cannabis consumption measured on substance use, psychiatric, and psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS On average, participants had a lifetime cannabis frequency of about one to two times per month, across adolescence and adulthood. As expected, in individual-level analyses, cannabis use was significantly associated with almost all outcomes in the expected directions. However, when comparing each twin to their cotwin, which inherently controls for shared genes and environments, we observed within-pair differences consistent with possible causality in three of the 22 assessed outcomes: cannabis use disorder symptoms (βW-Pooled = .15, SE = .02, p = 1.7 × 10-22), frequency of tobacco use (βW-Pooled = .06, SE = .01, p = 1.2 × 10-5), and illicit drug involvement (βW-Pooled = .06, SE = .02, p = 1.2 × 10-4). Covariate specification curve analyses indicated that within-pair effects on tobacco and illicit drug use, but not cannabis use disorder, attenuated substantially when covarying for lifetime alcohol and tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS The cotwin control results suggest that more frequent cannabis use causes small increases in cannabis use disorder symptoms, approximately 1.3 symptoms when going from a once-a-year use to daily use. For other outcomes, our results are more consistent with familial confounding, at least in this community population of twins. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zellers
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Ross JM, Karoly HC, Zellers SM, Ellingson JM, Corley RP, Iacono WG, Hewitt JK, McGue M, Vrieze S, Hopfer CJ. Evaluating substance use outcomes of recreational cannabis legalization using a unique co-twin control design. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:630-639. [PMID: 37262386 PMCID: PMC10689567 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2163177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: As more states pass recreational cannabis legalization (RCL), we must understand how RCL affects substance use.Objectives: The current study aims to examine the effect of RCL on lifetime and past-year use of cannabis, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use, co-use of cannabis with alcohol and tobacco, and consequences from cannabis and alcohol use.Methods: We used a unique, co-twin control design of twin pairs who were discordant for living in a state with RCL between 2018 and 2021. The sample consisted of 3,830 adult twins (41% male), including 232 twin pairs discordant for RCL. Problems from alcohol and cannabis use were assessed via the Brief Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire and the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire.Results: Results indicated that the twin living in an RCL state was more likely to endorse past-year cannabis use (OR = 1.56, p = .009), greater number of cannabis use days in the past 6 months (β = 0.47, p = .019), but not more negative consequences from cannabis use (β = 0.21, p = .456) compared to their co-twin in a non-RCL state. There were no differences within-twin pairs in frequency of alcohol use (β=-0.05, p = .601), but the RCL twin reported fewer negative consequences from alcohol use (β=-0.29, p = .016) compared to their co-twin in a non-RCL state. We did not observe any other differences within-twin pairs on other outcomes.Conclusion: These results suggest that living in an RCL state is associated with greater cannabis frequency but not more negative consequences from cannabis use than living in a non-RCL state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hollis C. Karoly
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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Padrutt ER, Harper J, Schaefer JD, Nelson KM, McGue M, Iacono WG, Wilson S. Pubertal timing and adolescent outcomes: investigating explanations for associations with a genetically informed design. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1232-1241. [PMID: 37073531 PMCID: PMC10330083 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathology and risky behaviors increase during adolescence, and understanding which adolescents are most at risk informs prevention and intervention efforts. Pubertal timing relative to same-sex, same-age peers is a known correlate of adolescent outcomes among both boys and girls. However, it remains unclear whether this relation is better explained by a plausible causal process or unobserved familial liability. METHODS We extended previous research by examining associations between pubertal timing in early adolescence (age 14) and outcomes in later adolescence (age 17) in a community sample of 2,510 twins (49% boys, 51% girls). RESULTS Earlier pubertal timing was associated with more substance use, risk behavior, internalizing and externalizing problems, and peer problems in later adolescence; these effects were small, consistent with previous literature. Follow-up co-twin control analyses indicated that within-twin-pair differences in pubertal timing were not associated with within-twin-pair differences in most adolescent outcomes after accounting for shared familial liability, suggesting that earlier pubertal timing and adolescent outcomes both reflect familial risk factors. Biometric models indicated that associations between earlier pubertal timing and negative adolescent outcomes were largely attributable to shared genetic liability. CONCLUSIONS Although earlier pubertal timing was associated with negative adolescent outcomes, our results suggests that these associations did not appear to be caused by earlier pubertal timing but were likely caused by shared genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
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7
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Paulich KN, Freis SM, Dokuru DR, Alexander JD, Vrieze SI, Corley RP, McGue M, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC. Exploring Relationships Between Internalizing Problems and Risky Sexual Behavior: A Twin Study. Behav Genet 2023; 53:331-347. [PMID: 37165251 PMCID: PMC11138211 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous research links risky sexual behavior (RSB) to externalizing problems and to substance use, but little research has been conducted on relationships between internalizing problems (INT) and RSB. The current study addresses that literature gap, using both a twin sample from Colorado (N = 2567) and a second twin sample from Minnesota (N = 1131) in attempt to replicate initial results. We explored the hypothesis that the latent variable INT would be more strongly associated with the latent variable RSB for females than for males, examining relationships between INT and RSB via phenotypic confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate twin analyses. We found a small but significant phenotypic association between the latent variables. However, despite using two large twin samples, limited power restricted our ability to identify the genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying this association. Our sex differences hypothesis was not fully supported in either sample and requires further investigation. Our findings illustrate the complexity of the relationship between internalizing problems and risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Paulich
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Samantha M Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Deepika R Dokuru
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Scott I Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Giannelis A, Willoughby EA, Corley R, Hopfer C, Hewitt JK, Iacono WG, Anderson J, Rustichini A, Vrieze SI, McGue M, Lee JJ. The association between saving disposition and financial distress: A genetically informed approach. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 96:102610. [PMID: 37092036 PMCID: PMC10118204 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2023.102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Saving disposition, the tendency to save rather than consume, has been found to be associated with economic outcomes. People lacking the disposition to save are more likely to experience financial distress. This association could be driven by other economic factors, behavioral traits, or even genetic effects. Using a sample of 3,920 American twins, we develop scales to measure saving disposition and financial distress. We find genetic influences on both traits, but also a large effect of the rearing family environment on saving disposition. We estimate that 44% of the covariance between the two traits is due to genetic effects. Saving disposition remains strongly associated with lower financial distress, even after controlling for family income, cognitive ability, and personality traits. The association persists within families and monozygotic twin pairs; the twin who saves more tends to be the twin who experiences less financial distress. This result suggest that there is a direct association between saving disposition and financial distress, although the direction of causation remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Giannelis
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily A. Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robin Corley
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CA 80308, USA
| | - Christian Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CA 80308, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jacob Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 1925 4th Street South 4-101, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James J. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Alexander JD, Freis SM, Zellers SM, Corley R, Ledbetter A, Schneider RK, Phelan C, Subramonyam H, Frieser M, Rea-Sandin G, Stocker ME, Vernier H, Jiang M, Luo Y, Zhao Q, Rhea SA, Hewitt J, Luciana M, McGue M, Wilson S, Resnick P, Friedman NP, Vrieze SI. Evaluating longitudinal relationships between parental monitoring and substance use in a multi-year, intensive longitudinal study of 670 adolescent twins. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1149079. [PMID: 37252134 PMCID: PMC10213319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1149079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parental monitoring is a key intervention target for adolescent substance use, however this practice is largely supported by causally uninformative cross-sectional or sparse-longitudinal observational research designs. Methods We therefore evaluated relationships between adolescent substance use (assessed weekly) and parental monitoring (assessed every two months) in 670 adolescent twins for two years. This allowed us to assess how individual-level parental monitoring and substance use trajectories were related and, via the twin design, to quantify genetic and environmental contributions to these relationships. Furthermore, we attempted to devise additional measures of parental monitoring by collecting quasi-continuous GPS locations and calculating a) time spent at home between midnight and 5am and b) time spent at school between 8am-3pm. Results ACE-decomposed latent growth models found alcohol and cannabis use increased with age while parental monitoring, time at home, and time at school decreased. Baseline alcohol and cannabis use were correlated (r = .65) and associated with baseline parental monitoring (r = -.24 to -.29) but not with baseline GPS measures (r = -.06 to -.16). Longitudinally, changes in substance use and parental monitoring were not significantly correlated. Geospatial measures were largely unrelated to parental monitoring, though changes in cannabis use and time at home were highly correlated (r = -.53 to -.90), with genetic correlations suggesting their relationship was substantially genetically mediated. Due to power constraints, ACE estimates and biometric correlations were imprecisely estimated. Most of the substance use and parental monitoring phenotypes were substantially heritable, but genetic correlations between them were not significantly different from 0. Discussion Overall, we found developmental changes in each phenotype, baseline correlations between substance use and parental monitoring, co-occurring changes and mutual genetic influences for time at home and cannabis use, and substantial genetic influences on many substance use and parental monitoring phenotypes. However, our geospatial variables were mostly unrelated to parental monitoring, suggesting they poorly measured this construct. Furthermore, though we did not detect evidence of genetic confounding, changes in parental monitoring and substance use were not significantly correlated, suggesting that, at least in community samples of mid-to-late adolescents, the two may not be causally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Alexander
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Samantha M. Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Zellers
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amy Ledbetter
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Rachel K. Schneider
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chanda Phelan
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Maia Frieser
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Gianna Rea-Sandin
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michelle E. Stocker
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Helen Vernier
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sally Ann Rhea
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Monica Luciana
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Matt McGue
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Paul Resnick
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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10
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Harper J, Wilson S, Bair JL, Hunt RH, Thomas KM, Malone SM, Iacono WG. Testing the consequences of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use on hippocampal volume: a quasi-experimental cotwin control analysis of young adult twins. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2671-2681. [PMID: 37310301 PMCID: PMC10123841 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use are highly comorbid and alarmingly prevalent in young adults. The hippocampus may be particularly sensitive to substance exposure. This remains largely untested in humans and familial risk may confound exposure effects. We extend prior work on alcohol and hippocampal volume in women by testing common and unique substance use effects and the potential moderating role of sex on hippocampal volume during emerging adulthood. A quasi-experimental cotwin control (CTC) design was used to separate familial risk from exposure consequences. METHODS In a population-based sample of 435 24-year-old same-sex twins (58% women), dimensional measures (e.g. frequency, amount) of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use across emerging adulthood were assessed. Hippocampal volume was assessed using MRI. RESULTS Greater substance use was significantly associated with lower hippocampal volume for women but not men. The same pattern was observed for alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine. CTC analyses provided evidence that hippocampal effects likely reflected familial risk and the consequence of substance use in general and alcohol and nicotine in particular; cannabis effects were in the expected direction but not significant. Within-pair mediation analyses suggested that the effect of alcohol use on the hippocampus may reflect, in part, comorbid nicotine use. CONCLUSIONS The observed hippocampal volume deviations in women likely reflected substance-related premorbid familial risk and the consequences of smoking and, to a lesser degree, drinking. Findings contribute to a growing body of work suggesting heightened risk among women toward experiencing deleterious effects of substance exposure on the still-developing young adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bair
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ruskin H. Hunt
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Thomas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
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11
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Schaefer JD, Jang SK, Clark DA, Deak JD, Hicks BM, Iacono WG, Liu M, McGue M, Vrieze SI, Wilson S. Associations between polygenic risk of substance use and use disorder and alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use in adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2296-2306. [PMID: 37310313 PMCID: PMC10123833 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent well-powered genome-wide association studies have enhanced prediction of substance use outcomes via polygenic scores (PGSs). Here, we test (1) whether these scores contribute to prediction over-and-above family history, (2) the extent to which PGS prediction reflects inherited genetic variation v. demography (population stratification and assortative mating) and indirect genetic effects of parents (genetic nurture), and (3) whether PGS prediction is mediated by behavioral disinhibition prior to substance use onset. METHODS PGSs for alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use/use disorder were calculated for Minnesota Twin Family Study participants (N = 2483, 1565 monozygotic/918 dizygotic). Twins' parents were assessed for histories of substance use disorder. Twins were assessed for behavioral disinhibition at age 11 and substance use from ages 14 to 24. PGS prediction of substance use was examined using linear mixed-effects, within-twin pair, and structural equation models. RESULTS Nearly all PGS measures were associated with multiple types of substance use independently of family history. However, most within-pair PGS prediction estimates were substantially smaller than the corresponding between-pair estimates, suggesting that prediction is driven in part by demography and indirect genetic effects of parents. Path analyses indicated the effects of both PGSs and family history on substance use were mediated via disinhibition in preadolescence. CONCLUSIONS PGSs capturing risk of substance use and use disorder can be combined with family history measures to augment prediction of substance use outcomes. Results highlight indirect sources of genetic associations and preadolescent elevations in behavioral disinhibition as two routes through which these scores may relate to substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D. Angus Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph D. Deak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian M. Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute for Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Zellers SM, Ross JM, Saunders GRB, Ellingson JM, Walvig T, Anderson JE, Corley RP, Iacono W, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McGue MK, Vrieze S. Recreational cannabis legalization has had limited effects on a wide range of adult psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1-10. [PMID: 36601811 PMCID: PMC10319916 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal impacts of recreational cannabis legalization are not well understood due to the number of potential confounds. We sought to quantify possible causal effects of recreational cannabis legalization on substance use, substance use disorder, and psychosocial functioning, and whether vulnerable individuals are more susceptible to the effects of cannabis legalization than others. METHODS We used a longitudinal, co-twin control design in 4043 twins (N = 240 pairs discordant on residence), first assessed in adolescence and now age 24-49, currently residing in states with different cannabis policies (40% resided in a recreationally legal state). We tested the effect of legalization on outcomes of interest and whether legalization interacts with established vulnerability factors (age, sex, or externalizing psychopathology). RESULTS In the co-twin control design accounting for earlier cannabis frequency and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms respectively, the twin living in a recreational state used cannabis on average more often (βw = 0.11, p = 1.3 × 10-3), and had fewer AUD symptoms (βw = -0.11, p = 6.7 × 10-3) than their co-twin living in an non-recreational state. Cannabis legalization was associated with no other adverse outcome in the co-twin design, including cannabis use disorder. No risk factor significantly interacted with legalization status to predict any outcome. CONCLUSIONS Recreational legalization was associated with increased cannabis use and decreased AUD symptoms but was not associated with other maladaptations. These effects were maintained within twin pairs discordant for residence. Moreover, vulnerabilities to cannabis use were not exacerbated by the legal cannabis environment. Future research may investigate causal links between cannabis consumption and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Zellers
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tasha Walvig
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob E. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - William Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matt K. McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Zellers SM, Ross JM, Saunders GRB, Ellingson JM, Anderson JE, Corley RP, Iacono W, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McGue MK, Vrieze S. Impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use: a longitudinal discordant twin study. Addiction 2023; 118:110-118. [PMID: 36002928 PMCID: PMC10086942 DOI: 10.1111/add.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the effect of recreational legalization on cannabis use frequency and sources of variance across legal environments. DESIGN Longitudinal discordant twin and gene-environment interaction models in twins recruited from birth records and assessed prospectively. SETTING The United States, including states with different recreational cannabis policies before and after 2014, when recreational cannabis was first legalized. PARTICIPANTS Two longitudinal, prospectively assessed samples of American twins aged 24-47 (n = 1425 in legal states, n = 1996 in illegal states), including 111 monozygotic pairs discordant for residence. MEASUREMENTS Current cannabis use frequency (measured continuously and ordinally) was the primary outcome, and the predictor was recreational status of cannabis (legal/illegal) in the participant's state of residence at the time of assessment. Covariates include age, sex and cannabis use frequency prior to 2014. FINDINGS Accounting for pre-2014 use, residents of legal states used cannabis more frequently than residents of illegal states (b = 0.21, P = 8.08 × 10-5 ). Comparing 111 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for residence confirmed the effect (b = 0.18, P = 0.014). There was inconclusive evidence for genetic influences on cannabis use frequency that were specific to the legal environment [χ2 = 2.9 × 10-9 , degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 1, P > 0.999]. Existing genetic influences were moderated by the legal environment, as the genetic correlation between marijuana use before and after legalization was lower in states that legalized (rgenetic = 0.24) compared with states that did not (rgenetic = 0.78, Pdifference = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS In the United States, there appears to be a ~ 20% average increase in cannabis use frequency attributable to recreational legalization, consistent across increasingly rigorous designs. In addition, the heritability of cannabis use frequency appears to be moderated by legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | | | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - William Iacono
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Matt K. McGue
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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14
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A Century of Behavioral Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Twin Res Hum Genet 2022; 25:211-225. [PMID: 36734056 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The University of Minnesota has played an important role in the resurgence and eventual mainstreaming of human behavioral genetics in psychology and psychiatry. We describe this history in the context of three major movements in behavioral genetics: (1) radical eugenics in the early 20th century, (2) resurgence of human behavioral genetics in the 1960s, largely using twin and adoption designs to obtain more precise estimates of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in behavior; and (3) use of measured genotypes to understand behavior. University of Minnesota scientists made significant contributions especially in (2) and (3) in the domains of cognitive ability, drug abuse and mental health, and endophenotypes. These contributions are illustrated through a historical perspective of major figures and events in behavioral genetics.
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15
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Saunders GRB, McGue M, Iacono WG, Vrieze S. Longitudinal effects and environmental moderation of ALDH2 and ADH1B gene variants on substance use from age 14 to 40. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-9. [PMID: 36102130 PMCID: PMC10011021 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and dependence are strongly affected by variation in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) and, to a lesser extent, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B) genes. We use this genetic variation with an adoption design to test the causal role of alcohol use on other drug use, as well as the moderating role of adoptive parent, sibling, and peer alcohol use. Longitudinal models were run on 412 genotyped adopted individuals of East Asian ancestry with multiple assessments between ages 14 and 40. We found robust associations between alcohol frequency, quantity, and maximum drinks and ALDH2, but not ADH1B, status. The magnitude of the ALDH2 protective effect increased with age, particularly for maximum drinks, though estimates were smaller than previously reported in ancestrally similar individuals in East/North-East Asian countries. These results suggest that sociocultural factors in Minnesota may reduce the protective effects of ALDH2. We found that peer alcohol use, but not parent or sibling use, predicted adopted offspring's use, and that these environmental influences did not vary by ALDH2 status. Finally, we did not find strong evidence of associations between ALDH2 status and tobacco, marijuana, or illegal drug use, contrary to expectation if alcohol serves as a gateway to use of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
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16
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Deak JD, Clark DA, Liu M, Schaefer JD, Jang SK, Durbin CE, Iacono WG, McGue M, Vrieze S, Hicks BM. Alcohol and nicotine polygenic scores are associated with the development of alcohol and nicotine use problems from adolescence to young adulthood. Addiction 2022; 117:1117-1127. [PMID: 34590376 PMCID: PMC8931861 DOI: 10.1111/add.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Molecular genetic studies of alcohol and nicotine use have identified many genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci. We measured associations between drinking and smoking polygenic scores (PGS) and trajectories of alcohol and nicotine use outcomes from late childhood to early adulthood, substance-specific versus broader-liability PGS effects, and if PGS performance varied for consumption versus problematic substance use. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS We fitted latent growth curve models with structured residuals to scores on measures of alcohol and nicotine use and problems from ages 14 to 34 years. We then estimated associations between the intercept (initial status) and slope (rate of change) parameters and PGSs for drinks per week (DPW), problematic alcohol use (PAU), cigarettes per day (CPD) and ever being a regular smoker (SMK), controlling for sex and genetic principal components. All data were analyzed in the United States. PGSs were calculated for participants of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (n = 3225) using results from the largest GWAS of alcohol and nicotine consumption and problematic use to date. FINDINGS Each PGS was associated with trajectories of use for their respective substances [i.e. DPW (βmean = 0.08; βrange = 0.02-0.12) and PAU (βmean = 0.12; βrange = -0.02 to 0.31) for alcohol; CPD (βmean = 0.08; βrange = 0.04-0.14) and SMK (βmean = 0.18; βrange = 0.05-0.36) for nicotine]. The PAU and SMK PGSs also exhibited cross-substance associations (i.e. PAU for nicotine-specific intercepts and SMK for alcohol intercepts and slope). All identified SMK PGS effects remained as significant predictors of nicotine and alcohol trajectories (βmean = 0.15; βrange = 0.02-0.33), even after adjusting for the respective effects of all other PGSs. CONCLUSIONS Substance use-related polygenic scores (PGSs) vary in the strength and generality versus specificity of their associations with substance use and problems over time. The regular smoking PGS appears to be a robust predictor of substance use trajectories and seems to measure both nicotine-specific and non-specific genetic liability for substance use, and potentially externalizing problems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Deak
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt McGue
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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17
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Zellers SM, Iacono WG, McGue M, Vrieze S. Developmental and etiological patterns of substance use from adolescence to middle age: A longitudinal twin study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109378. [PMID: 35248999 PMCID: PMC8957537 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common liability to addiction framework suggests the tendency to use substances is largely a general heritable liability, but little is known about how expression of liability varies across development. We evaluated average developmental trajectories and covariation underlying commonly used substances using a genetically informative prospective design spanning three decades. METHODS Using a sample of 3762 twins across seven waves of assessment spanning ages 14-40, we modeled these relationships using two complementary approaches: piecewise latent growth and common factor modeling on four measures of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use RESULTS: Average use increased across adolescence and either stabilized (alcohol frequency) or declined (all others) in adulthood. Trajectories were heritable (~.35-.75), and genetically correlated with one another (~.40-.80). The random intercepts, centered at age 16, exhibited shared environmental correlations across substances. We found moderate to large phenotypic (rp~.3-.9) and genetic correlations (rg~.3-1) among the longitudinally varying common factors loading on use of each substance at each age. The factor loadings declined with age, reflecting waning influence of common etiology in substance use. CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of substance use were strongly correlated with each other and influenced primarily by genetic and non-shared environment. A heritable common factor accounted for co-occurring substance use from mid-adolescence to mid-adulthood, and greater substance specificity emerged with maturation. These results extend and reinforce prior work examining consumption and problem use, providing new evidence over a broad age range showing that substance use behaviors are influenced by a more general liability in adolescence and specificity increases across development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA
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18
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Hicks BM, Clark DA, Deak JD, Liu M, Durbin CE, Schaefer JD, Wilson S, Iacono WG, McGue M, Vrieze SI. Polygenic Score for Smoking is associated with Externalizing Psychopathology and Disinhibited Personality Traits but not Internalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:1205-1213. [PMID: 35003907 PMCID: PMC8741064 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether a polygenic score (PGS) for smoking measured genetic risk for general behavioral disinhibition by estimating its associations with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and related personality traits at multiple time points in adolescence (ages 11, 14, and 17 years; N = 3225). The smoking PGS had strong associations with the stable variance across time for all the externalizing measures (mean standardized β = .27), agreeableness (β = -.22, 95% CI: -.28, -.16), and conscientiousness (β = -.19, 95% CI: -.24, -.13), but was not significantly associated with internalizing measures (mean β = .06) or extraversion (β = .01, 95% CI: -.05, .07). After controlling for smoking at age 17, the associations with externalizing, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness remained statistically significant. The smoking PGS measures genetic influences that contribute to a spectrum of phenotypes related to behavioral disinhibition including externalizing psychopathology and normal-range personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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19
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Abtahi H, Gholamzadeh M, Shahmoradi L, Shariat M. An information-based framework for development national twin registry: Scoping review and focus group discussion. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:1423-1444. [PMID: 34519094 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Registries in various clinical domains have been established in the last decades. The specific genetic structure of twins has enabled researchers to find answers to the role of genetics and the environment in medical sciences. Thus, twin registries were developed across the world to support twin studies. Our main objective was to devise a conceptual model for developing the national twin registry to ensure the success of this registry. METHODS In this descriptive and qualitative study, the combination of literature review and focus group discussions was applied to achieve suitable models for developing a national twin registry based on lessons learned from founded registries. The qualitative synthesis and reporting results were conducted based on the COREQ checklist. RESULTS According to a systematic literature review, the characteristics and employed strategies employed by established twin registries were recognized. Moreover, based on our objectives, suitable models for registry development were defined. The source of information, the different levels of data, and the information flow were determined based on this model. CONCLUSION Suggesting a conceptual framework for twin registry development at the national level based on the experiences of other countries could contribute to a greater understanding of twin registry implementation efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Abtahi
- Associate Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Thoracic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marsa Gholamzadeh
- Ph.D. Student in Medical Informatics, Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Shahmoradi
- Associate Professor of Health Information Management, Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mamak Shariat
- Family Health Research Institute, Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Hicks BM, Clark DA, Deak JD, Schaefer JD, Liu M, Jang S, Durbin CE, Johnson W, Wilson S, Iacono WG, McGue M, Vrieze SI. Polygenic scores for smoking and educational attainment have independent influences on academic success and adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255348. [PMID: 34403414 PMCID: PMC8370636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational success is associated with greater quality of life and depends, in part, on heritable cognitive and non-cognitive traits. We used polygenic scores (PGS) for smoking and educational attainment to examine different genetic influences on facets of academic adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood. PGSs were calculated for participants of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 3225) and included as predictors of grades, academic motivation, and discipline problems at ages 11, 14, and 17 years-old, cigarettes per day from ages 14 to 24 years old, and educational attainment in adulthood (mean age 29.4 years). Smoking and educational attainment PGSs had significant incremental associations with each academic variable and cigarettes per day. About half of the adjusted effects of the smoking and education PGSs on educational attainment in adulthood were mediated by the academic variables in adolescence. Cigarettes per day from ages 14 to 24 years old did not account for the effect of the smoking PGS on educational attainment, suggesting the smoking PGS indexes genetic influences related to general behavioral disinhibition. In sum, distinct genetic influences measured by the smoking and educational attainment PGSs contribute to academic adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - D. Angus Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Deak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Schaefer
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Seonkyeong Jang
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - C. Emily Durbin
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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21
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Schaefer JD, Hamdi NR, Malone SM, Vrieze S, Wilson S, McGue M, Iacono WG. Associations between adolescent cannabis use and young-adult functioning in three longitudinal twin studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013180118. [PMID: 33782115 PMCID: PMC8040790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013180118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have linked cannabis use to an array of negative outcomes, including psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and educational and occupational underachievement. These associations are particularly strong when cannabis use occurs in adolescence. Nevertheless, causality remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was thus to examine associations between prospectively assessed adolescent cannabis use and young-adult outcomes (psychiatric, cognitive, and socioeconomic) in three longitudinal studies of twins (n = 3,762). Twins reporting greater cumulative cannabis use in adolescence reported higher levels of psychopathology as well as poorer socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood. However, cannabis use remained associated only with socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., educational attainment, occupational status, and income) in monozygotic-cotwin control analyses, which account fully for shared genetic and environmental confounding. Follow-up analyses examining associations between twin differences in adolescent cannabis use and longitudinal change in academic functioning during the middle- and high-school years provided a possible mechanism for these associations, indicating that greater cannabis use during this period was associated with decreases in grade point average and academic motivation as well as increases in academic problem behavior and school disciplinary problems. Our findings thus suggest that cannabis use in adolescence has potentially causal, deleterious effects on adolescent academic functioning and young-adult socioeconomic outcomes despite little evidence suggesting a strong, causal influence on adult mental health or cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schaefer
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
| | - Nayla R Hamdi
- Northwest Metro VA Clinic, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ramsey, MN 55303
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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22
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Harper J, Liu M, Malone SM, McGue M, Iacono WG, Vrieze SI. Using multivariate endophenotypes to identify psychophysiological mechanisms associated with polygenic scores for substance use, schizophrenia, and education attainment. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-11. [PMID: 33731234 PMCID: PMC8448784 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better characterize brain-based mechanisms of polygenic liability for psychopathology and psychological traits, we extended our previous report (Liu et al. Psychophysiological endophenotypes to characterize mechanisms of known schizophrenia genetic loci. Psychological Medicine, 2017), focused solely on schizophrenia, to test the association between multivariate psychophysiological candidate endophenotypes (including novel measures of θ/δ oscillatory activity) and a range of polygenic scores (PGSs), namely alcohol/cannabis/nicotine use, an updated schizophrenia PGS (containing 52 more genome-wide significant loci than the PGS used in our previous report) and educational attainment. METHOD A large community-based twin/family sample (N = 4893) was genome-wide genotyped and imputed. PGSs were constructed for alcohol use, regular smoking initiation, lifetime cannabis use, schizophrenia, and educational attainment. Eleven endophenotypes were assessed: visual oddball task event-related electroencephalogram (EEG) measures (target-related parietal P3 amplitude, frontal θ, and parietal δ energy/inter-trial phase clustering), band-limited resting-state EEG power, antisaccade error rate. Principal component analysis exploited covariation among endophenotypes to extract a smaller number of meaningful dimensions/components for statistical analysis. RESULTS Endophenotypes were heritable. PGSs showed expected intercorrelations (e.g. schizophrenia PGS correlated positively with alcohol/nicotine/cannabis PGSs). Schizophrenia PGS was negatively associated with an event-related P3/δ component [β = -0.032, nonparametric bootstrap 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.059 to -0.003]. A prefrontal control component (event-related θ/antisaccade errors) was negatively associated with alcohol (β = -0.034, 95% CI -0.063 to -0.006) and regular smoking PGSs (β = -0.032, 95% CI -0.061 to -0.005) and positively associated with educational attainment PGS (β = 0.031, 95% CI 0.003-0.058). CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that multivariate endophenotypes of decision-making (P3/δ) and cognitive/attentional control (θ/antisaccade error) relate to alcohol/nicotine, schizophrenia, and educational attainment PGSs and represent promising targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M. Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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23
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Wilson S, Elkins IJ, Malone SM, Iacono WG, McGue M. Associations Between Common Forms of Psychopathology and Fecundity: Evidence From a Prospective, Longitudinal Twin Study. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:197-209. [PMID: 34012724 PMCID: PMC8127725 DOI: 10.1177/2167702620957321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between common psychiatric disorders and fecundity in a population-based cohort of 1252 twins prospectively assessed from adolescence into adulthood. Major depressive, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders were associated with lower likelihood of having children and having fewer children. Survival analyses yielded similar results accounting for timing/recurrence. Although both early- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders were associated with decreased fecundity, early-onset major depressive, anxiety (among boys), and alcohol use disorders (among girls) were associated with greater likelihood of having a child during adolescence. Among twin pairs discordant for psychiatric disorders, twins affected by anxiety and alcohol use, but not major depressive, disorders were less likely to have children than unaffected co-twins. However, unaffected twins with an affected co-twin were no more likely to have children than twins from unaffected twin pairs, inconsistent with the balancing selection hypothesis that increased fecundity in unaffected relatives accounts for persistence of psychiatric disorders.
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24
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Wilson S, Olino TM. A developmental perspective on personality and psychopathology across the life span. J Pers 2021; 89:915-932. [PMID: 33550639 PMCID: PMC10142293 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taking a developmental perspective, guided by core principles of developmental science and developmental psychopathology, is necessary to move the fields of personality science and psychopathology forward. Personality and psychopathology can be delineated using hierarchical models of individual differences, as evidenced by decades of converging evidence across community and psychiatric samples, countries and cultures, and ages and developmental periods. A large body of empirical research likewise documents associations between personality and various forms of psychopathology. Cross-sectional investigations of personality-psychopathology links in samples of adults now yield diminishing returns. Prospective, longitudinal investigations that assess personality, psychopathology, and their co-development across the life span are needed to determine their temporal ordering, capture dynamic associations over time and development, and elucidate causal origins and underlying mechanisms. We lay out a developmental framework that integrates across the developmental, personality, and psychopathology literatures in order to further understanding and guide future investigations of the nature of personality-psychopathology links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Adolescent Externalizing Psychopathology and Its Prospective Relationship to Marijuana Use Development from Age 14 to 30: Replication Across Independent Longitudinal Twin Samples. Behav Genet 2020; 50:139-151. [PMID: 32036544 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-09994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing psychopathology in early adolescence is a highly heritable risk factor for drug use, yet how it relates to marijuana use development is not well-characterized. We evaluate this issue in independent twin samples from Colorado (N = 2608) and Minnesota (N = 3630), assessed from adolescence to early adulthood. We used a biometric latent growth model of marijuana use frequency with data from up to five waves of assessment from ages 14 to 30, to examine change in marijuana use and its relationship with a factor model of adolescent externalizing psychopathology. The factor structure of adolescent externalizing psychopathology was similar across samples, as was the association between that common factor and early marijuana use (Minnesota r = 0.67 [0.60, 0.75]; Colorado r = 0.69 [0.59, 0.78]), and increase in use (Minnesota r = 0.18 [0.10, 0.26]; Colorado r = 0.20 [0.07, 0.34]). Early use was moderately heritable in both samples (Minnesota h2 = 0.57 [0.37, 0.79]; Colorado h2 = 0.42 [0.14, 0.73]). Increase in use was highly heritable in Minnesota (h2 = 0.82 [0.72, 0.88]), less so in Colorado (h2 = 0.22 [0.01, 0.66]), and shared environmental effects were larger in Colorado (c2 = 0.55 [0.14, 0.83]) than Minnesota (c2 = 0 [0, 0.06]). We found moderate genetic correlations between externalizing psychopathology and early use in both samples. Finally, additional analyses in the Minnesota sample indicated that marijuana use decreased during the late 20s. This decline is strongly heritable (h2 = 0.73 [0.49, 0.91]) and moderately negatively correlated with adolescent externalizing psychopathology (r = - 0.41 [- 0.54, - 0.28]). Adolescent externalizing psychopathology is genetically correlated with change in late adolescent marijuana use (late teens, early 20s), as well as maintenance of use in early adulthood (late 20 s) even after controlling for the effects of early use.
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