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Trötzmüller M, Triebl A, Ajsic A, Hartler J, Köfeler H, Regittnig W. Determination of the Isotopic Enrichment of 13C- and 2H-Labeled Tracers of Glucose Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Application to Dual- and Triple-Tracer Studies. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12252-12260. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trötzmüller
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Jürgen Hartler
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Computational
Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Farthing DE, Buxbaum NP, Lucas PJ, Maglakelidze N, Oliver B, Wang J, Hu K, Castro E, Bare CV, Gress RE. Comparing DNA enrichment of proliferating cells following administration of different stable isotopes of heavy water. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642474 PMCID: PMC5481421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deuterated water (2H2O) is a label commonly used for safe quantitative measurement of deuterium enrichment into DNA of proliferating cells. More recently, it has been used for labeling proteins and other biomolecules. Our in vitro - in vivo research reports important stable isotopic labeling enrichment differences into the DNA nucleosides and their isotopologues (e.g. deoxyadenosine (dA) M + 1, dA M + 2, dA M + 3), as well as tumor cell proliferation effects for various forms of commercially available stable heavy water (2H2O, H218O, and 2H218O). Using an in vitro mouse thymus tumor cell line, we determined that H218O provides superior DNA labeling enrichment quantitation, as measured by GC-positive chemical ionization (PCI)-MS/MS. In addition, at higher but physiologically relevant doses, both 2H218O and 2H2O down modulated mouse thymus tumor cell proliferation, whereas H218O water had no observable effects on cell proliferation. The in vivo labeling studies, where normal mouse bone marrow cells (i.e. high turnover) were evaluated post labeling, demonstrated DNA enrichments concordant with measurements from the in vitro studies. Our research also reports a headspace-GC-NCI-MS method, which rapidly and quantitatively measures stable heavy water levels in total body water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Farthing
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States.
| | - Nataliya P Buxbaum
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Philip J Lucas
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Natella Maglakelidze
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Brittany Oliver
- OCRT&ME, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Jiun Wang
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Kevin Hu
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Ehydel Castro
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Catherine V Bare
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
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Farthing DE, Buxbaum NP, Bare CV, Treadwell SM, Kapoor V, Williams KM, Gress RE. Sensitive GC-MS/MS method to measure deuterium labeled deoxyadenosine in DNA from limited mouse cell populations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4613-20. [PMID: 23541182 PMCID: PMC3696408 DOI: 10.1021/ac400309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantitatively measure low levels of DNA base deoxyadenosine (dA) and its isotopologues (e.g., dA M+1) from limited mouse cell populations. Mice undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (AHSCT) received deuterated water at biologically relevant time intervals post AHSCT, allowing labeling of DNA upon cell division, which was detected as the dA M+1 isotopologue. Targeted mouse cell populations were isolated from lymphoid organs and purified by multiparameter fluorescence activated cell sorting. Cell lysis, DNA extraction, and hydrolysis were accomplished using available commercial procedures. The novel analytical method utilized a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sample preparation, rapid online hot GC inlet gas phase sample derivatization, fast GC low thermal mass technology, and a recently marketed GC-MS/MS system. Calibration standards containing dA and fortified with relevant levels of dA M+1 (0.25-20%) and dA M+5 (internal standard) were used for sample quantitation. The method employed a quadratic fit for calibration of dA M+1 (0.25-20%) and dA, demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision, and had limits of detection of 100 fg on-column for the dA isotopologues. The method was validated and required only 20 000 cells to characterize population dynamics of cells involved in the biology of chronic graft-versus-host disease, the main cause of late morbidity and nonrelapse-mortality following AHSCT. The high sensitivity and specificity of the method makes it useful for investigating in vivo kinetics on limited and important cell populations (e.g., T regulatory cells) from disease conditions or in disease models that are immune-mediated, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Farthing
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Experimental Transplantation and Immunology (ETIB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
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Westera L, Zhang Y, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, Macallan DC. Quantitating lymphocyte homeostasis in vivo in humans using stable isotope tracers. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 979:107-131. [PMID: 23397392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable ability to maintain relatively constant lymphocyte numbers across many decades, from puberty to old-age, despite a multitude of infectious and other challenges and a dramatic decline in thymic output. This phenomenon, lymphocyte homeostasis, is achieved by matching the production, death, and phenotype transition rates across a network of varied lymphocyte subpopulations. Understanding this process in humans depends on the ability to measure in vivo rates of lymphocyte production and loss. Such investigations have been greatly facilitated by the advent of stable isotope labeling approaches, which use the rate of incorporation of a tracer into cellular DNA as a marker of cell division. Two labeling approaches are commonly employed, one using deuterium-labeled glucose and the other using deuterium-labeled water, also known as heavy water ((2)H(2)O). Here we describe the application of these two labeling techniques for measurement of human in vivo lymphocyte kinetics through the four phases of investigation: labeling, -sampling, analysis, and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liset Westera
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Measurement of proliferation and disappearance of regulatory T cells in human studies using deuterium-labeled glucose. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 707:243-61. [PMID: 21287340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-979-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo proliferation and disappearance kinetics of lymphocytes may be estimated in humans from rates of deuterium-labeled glucose ((2)H(2)-glucose) incorporation into DNA. This protocol describes its application to regulatory T cells (Treg). Because Treg divide frequently, (2)H(2)-glucose is a suitable precursor, achieving high levels of enrichment over a short period. Being nonradioactive and readily administered, it is appropriate for human studies.There are four phases to the method: labeling, sampling, analysis and modeling. Labeling consists of administration of (2)H(2)-glucose, either intravenously or orally; during this phase, small blood samples are taken to monitor plasma glucose enrichment. Sampling occurs over the ensuing ∼3 weeks; PBMC are collected and sorted according to surface marker expression. Cell separation can be achieved by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using CD4, CD45RA and CD25 to define memory Treg (CD4(+)CD25(hi)), or by a combination of magnetic bead separation and FACS. Analysis consists of DNA extraction, hydrolysis, derivatization to the pentafluoro tri-acetate (PFTA) derivative, and quantitation of deuterium content by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC/MS). The ratio of deuterium enrichment in cellular DNA relative to plasma glucose is used to derive the fraction of new cells in the sorted population, and this is modeled as a function of time to derive proliferation and disappearance kinetics.
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Macallan DC, Asquith B, Zhang Y, de Lara C, Ghattas H, Defoiche J, Beverley PCL. Measurement of proliferation and disappearance of rapid turnover cell populations in human studies using deuterium-labeled glucose. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:1313-27. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kovacs JA, Lempicki RA, Sidorov IA, Adelsberger JW, Sereti I, Sachau W, Kelly G, Metcalf JA, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Tavel J, Stevens R, Lambert L, Hosack DA, Bosche M, Issaq HJ, Fox SD, Leitman S, Baseler MW, Masur H, Di Mascio M, Dimitrov DS, Lane HC. Induction of prolonged survival of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intermittent IL-2 therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2139-48. [PMID: 16025158 PMCID: PMC1174914 DOI: 10.1172/jci23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection leads to decreases in the number of CD4 T lymphocytes and an increased risk for opportunistic infections and neoplasms. The administration of intermittent cycles of IL-2 to HIV-infected patients can lead to profound increases (often greater than 100%) in CD4 cell number and percentage. Using in vivo labeling with 2H-glucose and BrdU, we have been able to demonstrate that, although therapy with IL-2 leads to high levels of proliferation of CD4 as well as CD8 lymphocytes, it is a remarkable preferential increase in survival of CD4 cells (with half-lives that can exceed 3 years) that is critical to the sustained expansion of these cells. This increased survival was time-dependent: the median half-life, as determined by semiempirical modeling, of labeled CD4 cells in 6 patients increased from 1.7 weeks following an early IL-2 cycle to 28.7 weeks following a later cycle, while CD8 cells showed no change in the median half-life. Examination of lymphocyte subsets demonstrated that phenotypically naive (CD27+CD45RO-) as well as central memory (CD27+CD45RO+) CD4 cells were preferentially expanded, suggesting that IL-2 can help maintain cells important for host defense against new antigens as well as for long-term memory to opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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