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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Zhang F, Gao HY. Room-temperature synthesis of imine-linked magnetic covalent organic polymers in deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of flavonoids and their determination with HPLC-MS/MS. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:424. [PMID: 37776373 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel imine-linked magnetic covalent organic polymer, Fe3O4@TAB-TFPT, was synthesized using environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents as the reaction medium instead of conventional organic solvents. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Subsequently, the materials were employed as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of flavonoids, including Kurarinone, Norkurarinone, Xanthohumol, and Isoxanthohumol, prior to their determination by HPLC-MS/MS. The validation results demonstrate good linearity within the concentration range 0.1-1000 ng∙mL-1 (R2 ≥ 0.9963), high enrichment factors ranging from 18.9 to 30.7, and low LODs (0.01-0.05 ng∙mL-1) and LOQs (0.05-0.1 ng∙mL-1). Furthermore, recoveries between 80.60% and 108.40% with relative standard deviations ≤ 8.49% were achieved. The proposed MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the determination of flavonoids in Sophora flavescens Aition sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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2
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Liang Y, Hu W, Jia C, Wang Y, Dong C, Cai Y, Xie Q, Zhu X, Han Y. Rapid screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water by solid-phase microextraction coupled with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1437-1444. [PMID: 36648546 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are considered emerging organic contaminants that attract more attention in the environment. Herein, online coupling of solid-phase microextraction and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for rapid screening of eight PBDEs in water samples. This procedure was completed in 22 min, about 6 times faster than the routine workflow such as solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thermal desorption and solvent-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization were developed for the effective coupling of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS), which contributed to the signal enhancement and made the methodology feasible for environmental screening. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01-0.50 ng/mL and 0.05-4.00 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 57.2-75.2% for quality control samples at spiking levels of 0.8-10 ng/mL (4-50 ng/mL for BDE209), with relative standard deviation less than 19.0%. Twelve water samples from different river sites near industrial areas were screened using the developed method. The results showed that BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE (1.02-1.28 ng/mL in positive samples), but its amount was lower than the human health ambient water quality criteria. Consequently, the developed method provides a rapid and reliable way of evaluating contamination status and risks of PBDEs in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Changcheng Jia
- Beijing 101 Eco-Geology Detection Co., Ltd, Beijing Institute of Geological Engineering Design, Beijing, 101500, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chenglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Beijing 101 Eco-Geology Detection Co., Ltd, Beijing Institute of Geological Engineering Design, Beijing, 101500, China
| | - Qingqing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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3
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Chang G, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Yang X, Zhang S, Wang C, Wang Z. A hydrophilic-lipophilic triazine based hyper-crosslinked polymer for efficient enrichment of nitrobenzene compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Gupta H, Singh R, Kaur V. In-situ generation of fluorescent silica nano-aggregates of silatranyl appended furfural Schiff base and its application to the spectrofluorimetric analysis of phenolic brominated flame retardants in aqueous medium. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121338. [PMID: 35567821 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A silatranyl appended furfural Schiff base (Silt-FUR) has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The dissolution of Silt-FUR in methanol-water (90:10 v/v) results in the formation of fluorescent nano-aggregates due to the hydrolysis of the silatranyl ring. The formation of nano-aggregates has been confirmed by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nano-aggregates exhibit quenching of fluorescence in the presence of phenolic brominated flame retardants such as 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, and pentabromophenol. Density-Functional Theory and NMR titration suggest that acid-base pair formation between azomethinic functionality and flame retardants is the main cause of quenching of fluorescent signal as it causes photoinduced electron transfer. Due to the excellent spectrofluorimetric response of Silt-FUR nano-aggregates to detect brominated phenols, a spectrofluorimetric method has been standardized for the quantification of brominated flame retardants. The detection limit for pentabromophenol obtained is 0.432 µM under optimal experimental conditions, and the linear range of the determination is 0.0495-1.35 µM. Thus, the in-situ generation of nano-aggregates offers a user-friendly method for the detection, quantification and extraction of the brominated phenols with exceptionally high sensitivity and selectivity for pentabromophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Raghubir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, DAV College, Sector 10, Chandigarh 160011, India.
| | - Varinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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5
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Liew CSM, Lee HK. Online water sampling-quickMix-assisted miniscale liquid-liquid extraction coupled with full evaporation dynamic headspace concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 1.: Screening of new developments in sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Modulated construction of imine-based covalent organic frameworks for efficient adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Domínguez I, Arrebola FJ, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Assessment of wastewater pollution by gas chromatography and high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites by single-drop microextraction and GC–MS/MS. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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10
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Environmentally friendly etching of stainless steel wire for plunger-in-needle liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2019; 197:465-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Wu Q, Li M, Huang Z, Shao Y, Bai L, Zhou L. Well-defined nanostructured core–shell magnetic surface imprinted polymers (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @MIPs) for effective extraction of trace tetrabromobisphenol A from water. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Rapid Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Combined with COU-2 Dispersive Micro-solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of Azole Antifungals in Milk Samples by HPLC-DAD. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Cheng H, Bian Y, Song Y, He W, Gu C, Wang F, Yang X, Ye M, Ji R, Jiang X. A solvent free method of analysis to rapidly determine trace levels of ten medium and low brominated diphenyl ethers in soil pore water. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent free method to rapidly determine trace levels of ten brominated diphenyl ethers in soil pore water.
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14
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Wu M, Chen G, Ma J, Liu P, Jia Q. Fabrication of cross-linked hydrazone covalent organic frameworks by click chemistry and application to solid phase microextraction. Talanta 2016; 161:350-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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A highly thermal stable solid phase microextraction fiber prepared by an inorganic binder. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 918:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Santos MSF, Alves A, Madeira LM. Chemical and photochemical degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in liquid systems - A review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:39-59. [PMID: 26465809 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants which have received a great deal of attention due to their persistence, potential to bioaccumulate and possible toxic effects. PBDEs have been globally detected in humans, wildlife and environment, highlighting the urgency of looking for effective removal technologies to mitigate their spread and accumulation in the environment. Among all environmental compartments, the water has raised particular attention. This paper aims to provide information about the suitability of the main degradation processes investigated to date (photolysis, zerovalent iron and TiO2 photocatalysis) for the degradation of PBDEs in water matrices. The most relevant criteria behind the design of a system for such purpose are discussed in detail for each individual process. The comparative analysis suggests that the oxidative degradation by TiO2 is the most appropriated technology to treat waters contaminated with PBDEs because higher debromination and mineralization degrees are achieved, preventing the formation/accumulation of lower brominated PBDE congeners and promoting the cracking of aromatic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica S F Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M Madeira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Kadari R, Rabba G, Ganti S, Bhukya M, Urlagaddala R, Manda RPR, Munirathnam NR. Quantitative estimation of brominated compounds for restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) present in computer key board switches (CKBS) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481601010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
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Santos MSF, Moreira JL, Madeira LM, Alves A. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water at ng/L level by a simple DLLME–GC–(EI) MS method. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481511012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Huang Z, Chua PE, Lee HK. Carbonized polydopamine as coating for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1399:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Jiang R, Ouyang G. Fast Analytical Techniques Based on Microextraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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22
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González-Doncel M, Torija CF, Beltrán EM, García-Mauriño JE, Sastre S, Carbonell G. Limitations of waterborne exposure of fish early life stages to BDE-47. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:184-194. [PMID: 24508762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is acknowledged as the most abundant congener of all polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Despite its limited residence in the water column, most ecotoxicological research using fish early life stages (ELS) has focused on its waterborne bioavailability. These studies have been supported either by chemical analysis in solutions or in tissues after ≤ 168 h exposures to relatively high waterborne concentrations with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent carrier (≤ 0.5%). Using noninvasive physiological and anatomical features in medaka ELS, we investigated the viability of waterborne BDE-47 exposures (100-10,000 μg/L; 1% DMSO) and evaluated the developmental effects in relation to the actual BDE-47 present in water. Embryos were exposed for 10 days under semi-static (24-h renewal) conditions and waterborne BDE-47 concentrations (i.e., dissolved) were quantitated daily and their accumulation in eleutheroembryonic tissues was analyzed 4 days after exposures finished. BDE-47 in solution rapidly decreased after each renewal by >50% in 24h. This was confirmed by discernible precipitation occurring at ≥ 5,000 μg/L on the bottom of the container and attached to the chorionic filaments of eggshell. The fast dissipation from water may explain why, besides the subtle, yet significant effects on post-hatching growth (short length at ≥5000μg/L), no other significant deleterious developmental effects were observed despite the fact that BDE-47 accumulated in tissues in response to BDE-47 treatment. Waterborne BDE-47 exposure was unachievable under traditional semi-static exposure conditions, but was achievable in repeated pulse exposures lasting a few hours whenever the medium was renewed. Hence, this research encourages the use of alternate - more realistic - exposure routes (e.g., particulate matter or sediments) when evaluating early developmental toxicity of BDE-47 or any other PBDE sharing similar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández Torija
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Enrique García-Mauriño
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Sastre
- Laboratory of Forest Soils, Department of Forest Ecology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregoria Carbonell
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Development and evaluation of plunger-in-needle liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1326:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Chen H, Zhang Z, Cai R, Rao W, Long F. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on nickel nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposites modified electrode for determination of tetrabromobisphenol A. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Barco-Bonilla N, Plaza-Bolaños P, Tarifa NMV, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Highly sensitive determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water by GC coupled to high-resolution MS according to the EU Water Directive 2008/105/EC. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:69-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Barco-Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Noelia Ma Valera Tarifa
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
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Wang X, Liu J, Liu Q, Du X, Jiang G. Rapid determination of tetrabromobisphenol A and its main derivatives in aqueous samples by ultrasound-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2013; 116:906-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in ocean water and bovine milk using crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings by solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 2013; 118:172-9. [PMID: 24274285 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)-based sorbent coatings were employed in the extraction of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from ocean water and bovine milk using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The extraction temperature, time, and concentration of sodium chloride added to the matrix were optimized in order to determine the best extraction conditions for the extraction of PCBs. The analytical performance of the crosslinked PIL-based SPME fibers was compared with a commercial 7 µm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber using gas chromatography (GC) employing an electron capture detector (ECD) and mass spectrometric detection (MS). Higher sensitivities for PCBs were achieved using PIL-based fibers when compared to PDMS fiber due to the incorporation of benzyl moieties into the PIL structures. The limits of detection (LOD) for all PCBs were determined to be in the low ng L(-1) range using the three studied coatings. Recovery studies were performed for PCBs in ocean water and bovine milk to validate the applicability of the current SPME method.
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28
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Valls-Cantenys C, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Iglesias M, Salvadó V, Cela R. Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Application of sol–gel based octyl-functionalized mesoporous materials coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 2013; 105:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Liguori L, Bjørsvik HR. Extraction, isolation, and purification of analytes from samples of marine origin--a multivariate task. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 910:46-53. [PMID: 22840418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of a multivariate study for a quantitative analysis of six different polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissue of Atlantic Salmo salar L. is reported. An extraction, isolation, and purification process based on an accelerated solvent extraction system was designed, investigated, and optimized by means of statistical experimental design and multivariate data analysis and regression. An accompanying gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method was developed for the identification and quantification of the analytes, BDE 28, BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100, BDE 153, and BDE 154. These PBDEs have been used in commercial blends that were used as flame-retardants for a variety of materials, including electronic devices, synthetic polymers and textiles. The present study revealed that an extracting solvent mixture composed of hexane and CH₂Cl₂ (10:90) provided excellent recoveries of all of the six PBDEs studied herein. A somewhat lower polarity in the extracting solvent, hexane and CH₂Cl₂ (40:60) decreased the analyte %-recoveries, which still remain acceptable and satisfactory. The study demonstrates the necessity to perform an intimately investigation of the extraction and purification process in order to achieve quantitative isolation of the analytes from the specific matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Liguori
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Strandgaten 229, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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31
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Substrateless graphene fiber: A sorbent for solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Hollow fibre-based liquid-phase microextraction technique combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides in water samples. Talanta 2012; 100:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Chokwe TB, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Ncube EJ. Optimization and Simultaneous Determination of Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Water after SPE and Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride Derivatization followed by GC/MS. Chromatographia 2012; 75:1165-1176. [PMID: 23864736 PMCID: PMC3458198 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was investigated for the simultaneous analysis of two types of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), i.e., alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), by extraction and derivatization followed by GC–MS. Different solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (Cleanert PestiCarb, C18, Cleanert-SAX and Florosil), solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate) and bases (NaHCO3, triethylamine and pyridine) were tested and the best chromatographic analysis was achieved by extraction with Strata-X (33 μm, Reverse Phase) cartridge and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride at 55 °C under Na2CO3 base in hexane. It was observed that APE together with lower substituted PBBs (PBB1, PBB10, PBB18 and PBB49), HBCD and TBBPA can be determined simultaneously under the same GC conditions. This simple and reliable analytical method was applied to determining trace amounts of these compounds from wastewater treatment plant samples. The recoveries of the target compounds from simulated water were above 60 %. The limit of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 μg L−1 and the limit of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 0.66 μg L−1. There were no appreciable differences between filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples from Leeuwkil treatment plant although concentration of target analytes in filtered influent was slightly lower than the concentration of target analytes in unfiltered influent water. The concentrations of the target compounds from the wastewater treatment were determined from LOQ upwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou B. Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, 1930 South Africa
| | - Jonathan O. Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Linda L. Sibali
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Esper J. Ncube
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, 1930 South Africa
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34
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Simultaneous determination of ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples by plunger-in-needle solid-phase microextraction with graphene-based sol–gel coating as sorbent coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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36
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Wu C, Liu Y, Wu Q, Wang C, Wang Z. Combined Use of Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hollow Fiber Microporous Membrane Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Water and Milk Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Zou J, Song X, Ji J, Xu W, Chen J, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Chen X. Polypyrrole/graphene composite-coated fiber for the solid-phase microextraction of phenols. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2765-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Plunger-in-needle solid-phase microextraction with graphene-based sol-gel coating as sorbent for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4509-16. [PMID: 21636089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device, assembled with a commercially available plunger-in-needle microsyringe, with the plunger coated with graphene via a sol-gel approach, was developed for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples. This is the first application of graphene-based sol-gel coating as SPME sorbent. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. The new coating exhibited enrichment factors for PBDEs between 1378 and 2859. The unique planar structure of graphene enhanced the π-π interaction with the aromatic PBDEs; additionally, the sol-gel coating technique created a porous three-dimensional network structure which offered larger surface area for extraction. The stainless steel plunger provided firm support for the coating and enhanced the durability of the assembly. The plunger-in-needle microsyringe represents a ready-made tool for SPME implementation. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limits for five PBDEs were in the range of 0.2 and 5.3 ng/L (at a signal/noise ratio of 3) and the precision (% relative standard deviation, n=5) was 3.2-5.0% at a concentration level of 100 ng/L. The linearities were 5-1000 or 10-1000 ng/L for different PBDEs. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of PBDEs in canal water samples.
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39
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Han Y, Jia X, Liu X, Duan T, Chen H. Dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic bottled beverage by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Liu X, Zhao A, Zhang A, Liu H, Xiao W, Wang C, Wang X. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in milk. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1084-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Wang W, Delgado-Moreno L, Ye Q, Gan J. Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1521-1527. [PMID: 21210679 DOI: 10.1021/es103087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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42
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Zhu H, Ma L, Fang G, Pan M, Lu J, Wang X, Wang S. Preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer using TMB as a dummy template and its application as SPE sorbent for determination of six PBBs in and fish samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:393-399. [PMID: 32938042 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00479k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on a silica-gel surface for the separation and concentration of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) was prepared using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a dummy template by a surface molecular imprinting technique in combination with a sol-gel process. The results obtained from a series of adsorption experiments proved that the prepared sorbent had a good adsorption capacity and a fast mass transfer rate to TMB. Meanwhile, a method was developed for the determination of six PBBs using TMB-MIP as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) enrichment sorbent coupled to GC-ECD. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve was 0.01-5.0 μg L-1 (r2 > 0.99), and LODs for each analyte were between 2.0 ng L-1 and 8.0 ng L-1. Relative standard deviations (RSD) for nine replicate detections of 1.0 μg L-1 of each analyte ranged from 4.30% to 7.89%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of six PBBs in spiked water and fish samples with recoveries ranging from 61.48% to 114.06%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ligai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guozhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jinping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
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43
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Multi-residual GC-MS determination of personal care products in waters using solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2257-65. [PMID: 21221545 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residual method is described for the simultaneous determination of 23 personal care products (PCPs), which display a wide range of physicochemical properties, present at trace levels in water samples. A one-step procedure was developed based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS analysis. A chemometric approach consisting of an experimental design (design of experiments) was applied to systematically investigate how four operating parameters--extraction temperature and time and desorption temperature and time--affect extraction recovery of PCPs in water. The optimum SPME procedure operating conditions, those yielding the highest extraction recovery for all the compounds, were determined; they correspond to an extraction time of 90 min and temperature of 80 °C and a desorption time of 11 min and temperature of 260 °C. Under these optimized conditions, the SPME procedure shows good analytical performance characterized by high reproducibility (RSD% intra-day accuracy varying in the 0.01-1.3% range) as well as good linearity and low detection limits (LODs lower than 2 ppb for most of the investigated PCPs).
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44
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Taurino R, Pozzi P, Zanasi T. Facile characterization of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) for mechanical recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:2601-2607. [PMID: 20843675 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In view of the environmental problem involved in the management of WEEE, and then in the recycling of post-consumer plastic of WEEE there is a pressing need for rapid measurement technologies for simple identification of the various commercial plastic materials and of the several contaminants, to improve the recycling of such wastes. This research is focused on the characterization and recycling of two types of plastics, namely plastic from personal computer (grey plastic) and plastic from television (black plastic). Various analytical techniques were used to monitor the compositions of WEEE. Initially, the chemical structure of each plastic material was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Polymeric contaminants of these plastics, in particular brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were detected in grey plastics only using different techniques. These techniques are useful for a rapid, correct and economics identification of a large volumes of WEEE plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Taurino
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell' Ambiente, Via Vignolese 905/A, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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45
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Wang D, Li QX. Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:737-775. [PMID: 19722247 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br(1-9)BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS-based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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46
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Losada S, Santos F, Covaci A, Galceran M. Gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Determination of phthalate esters in water samples using Nylon6 nanofibers mat-based solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Solid-phase microextraction with simultaneous oxidative sample treatment for the sensitive determination of tetra- to hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (from mono- to hexa- congeners) in indoor dust by pressurised liquid extraction with in-cell clean-up and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 397:257-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Atobe K, Okada S, Endo T, Matsubara F, Oguma T. Negative APCI-LC/MS/MS method for determination of natural persistent halogenated products in marine biota. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9748-55. [PMID: 19012416 DOI: 10.1021/ac801824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method utilizing high performance liquid chromatography coupled to negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS/MS) was developed to enable analysis of selected natural persistent organohalogens accumulated in marine biota. The analytes were three methoxylated tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, and 2',6-diMeO-BDE68), a dimethoxylated tetrabromobiphenyl (2,2'-diMeO-BB80), and two halogenated methyl bipyrroles (Cl(7)-MBP and Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP). These products were well resolved on a 150 mm reversed-phase column with methanol as the mobile phase. The fragmentation pathways of the Cl(7)-MBP and Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP produced characteristic multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Determination was performed in the MRM mode using phenoxide ion [M-Br+O](-) and product Br(-) ions for MeO-BDE analogues, or the precursor [M-Cl+O](-) to Br(-) ion for Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP, and to C(4)NCl(4)(-) ion for Cl(7)-MBP. The APCI-LC/MS/MS method is acceptable for calibration of the linearity and repeatability of all products studied in the low ng/g (lipid weight) level and with similar sensitivity to the electron ionization (EI)-GC/MS method. The proposed method was applied for quantification of natural organohalogens accumulated in melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) blubber (N = 15) in the Asia-Pacific Ocean. The concentration was positively correlated between different groups of compounds except for 2'-MeO-BDE68. The use of the analytical method based on negative ion APCI-LC/MS/MS would provide a new way for rapid monitoring of halogenated natural products from marine biota, such as sponges or algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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