1
|
Fu Q, Dong W, Ge D, Ke Y, Jin Y. Supercritical fluid-based method for selective extraction and analysis of indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464410. [PMID: 37776825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of an approach based on simultaneous supercritical fluid extraction-sample cleanup, followed by supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC-MS/MS) was as a tool for the extraction, separation and characterization of indole alkaloids of Uncaria rhynchophylla. A two-step SFE method was designed. A mixture of the U. rhynchophylla sample and an adsorbent named C18SCX with the ratio of 1:1 (w/w) was placed into an extraction cell. The extraction temperature was 40 °C and the pressure was 25 Mpa. In the first step, 10 % EtOH as the co-solvent was used to extract for 60 min, which was considered as a cleanup process to remove non-alkaloid components. In the second step, 0.1 % DEA was added to 10 % EtOH and it extracted for 60 min to obtain the desired extract. By introducing an additional adsorbent, the specificity of SFE towards alkaloids was greatly improved. An SFC-MS/MS method was then utilized for analysis of the SFE extract. Using 2-EP as stationary phase with the gradient elution of 0-10 min, 5-25 % EtOH (+0.05 % DEA) in CO2, column temperature 40 °C, and back pressure 13.8 Mpa, 10 peaks were separated within 8 min. Further MS/MS analysis confirmed that nine of the 10 peaks in the SFE extract were indole alkaloids. This study developed a supercritical fluid-based method specifically towards extraction and analysis of alkaloids, which is helpful to the study of alkaline compounds in complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Dandan Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreda-Piñeiro J, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Combined assisted extraction techniques as green sample pre-treatments in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
3
|
Cruz R, Cunha SC, Marques A, Casal S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites – An analytical review on seafood occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Recent Advances in the Combination of Assisted Extraction Techniques. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cruz R, Cunha SC, Casal S. Brominated flame retardants and seafood safety: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:116-31. [PMID: 25700249 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), frequently applied to industrial and household products to make them less flammable, are highly persistent in the environment and cause multi-organ toxicity in human and wildlife. Based on the review of BFRs presence in seafood published from 2004 to 2014, it is clear that such pollutants are not ideally controlled as the surveys are too restricted, legislation inexistent for some classes, the analytical methodologies diversified, and several factors as food processing and eating habits are generally overlooked. Indeed, while a seafood rich diet presents plenty of nutritional benefits, it can also represent a potential source of these environmental contaminants. Since recent studies have shown that dietary intake constitutes a main route of human exposure to BFRs, it is of major importance to review and enhance these features, since seafood constitutes a chief pathway for human exposure and biomagnification of priority environmental contaminants. In particular, more objective studies focused on the variability factors behind contamination levels, and subsequent human exposure, are necessary to support the necessity for more restricted legislation worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cruz
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana Casal
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Synthesis and characterization of oxytetracycline imprinted magnetic polymer for application in food. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Gaylor MO, Harvey E, Hale RC. Systematic investigation of factors controlling supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of spiked and aged PCBs from edible tissues of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:23-28. [PMID: 25236327 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Systematic investigation of factors controlling supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of spiked and naturally incurred (aged) PCBs from edible tissues of the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) was undertaken. Effects of extraction pressure, temperature and time, CO2 flow rate and total volume, and collection temperature were assessed. Temperature dramatically impacted extraction efficiency, especially at lower pressures. Surprisingly, extraction of both spiked and aged PCBs was flow rate dependent, counter to prevailing views regarding the relative ease of SFE of spiked versus aged contaminants from environmental matrices. PCBs were optimally trapped on a 1:1 mixture of C18-modified and porous silica at 0°C and eluted with <2 mL isooctane at 90°C. A combined 10 min static/30 min dynamic extraction at 35.5 MPa and 150°C with a CO2 flow rate of 3 mL min(-1) yielded maximum (quantitative) recoveries of spiked and aged PCBs. Resulting solvent extracts required no cleanup and could be analyzed directly by halogen-selective GC with MS confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Gaylor
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, 57042, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bizkarguenaga E, Iparragirre A, Zabaleta I, Vallejo A, Fernández LA, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Focused ultrasound assisted extraction for the determination of PBDEs in vegetables and amended soil. Talanta 2014; 119:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Nouri M, Sedighi M, Ghasemi M, Mohammadi M. Evaluation of solvent dearomatization effect in heavy feedstock thermal cracking to light olefin: An optimization study. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Development of a subcritical fluid extraction and GC–MS validation method for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 923-924:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Pena-Abaurrea M, Ramos J, Gonzalez M, Ramos L. Miniaturized selective pressurized liquid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from feedstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1273:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
13
|
Carro AM, García-Rodríguez D, Gonzalez-Siso P, Lorenzo RA. Determination of chemotherapeutic agents in fish and shellfish by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2866-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M. Carro
- Dpto. de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Diego García-Rodríguez
- Dpto. de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Siso
- Dpto. de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Rosa A. Lorenzo
- Dpto. de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chrimes AF, Khoshmanesh K, Stoddart PR, Kayani AA, Mitchell A, Daima H, Bansal V, Kalantar-zadeh K. Active Control of Silver Nanoparticles Spacing Using Dielectrophoresis for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4029-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203381n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Chrimes
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Stoddart
- Centre
for Atom Optics and Ultrafast
Spectroscopy, Swinburne University, Victoria,
Australia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - Hemant Daima
- School of Applied
Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- School of Applied
Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu WL, Hwang BH, Li ZG, Jen JF, Lee MR. Headspace solid phase microextraction in-situ supercritical fluid extraction coupled to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Han Y, Jia X, Liu X, Duan T, Chen H. Dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic bottled beverage by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Losada S, Parera J, Abalos M, Abad E, Santos F, Galceran M. Suitability of selective pressurized liquid extraction combined with gas chromatography–ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Nardelli V, dell’Oro D, Palermo C, Centonze D. Multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fish feed based on a cleanup approach followed by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4996-5003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Yang S, Sun C. A novel fluorinated polyaniline-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography for quantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 646:78-84. [PMID: 19523558 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel polyaniline (PANI) electrodeposited in the presence of fluorinated organic acid was applied as a new conductive polymer-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber candidate. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were selected as representative compounds. Improved temperature resistance (<500 degrees C) and satisfactory extraction efficiency were obtained by introduction of fluorinated organic acid. Extraction efficiency of novel PANI for PCBs was superior to common PANI (synthesized in sulfuric acid) and polythiophene, and comparable to commercial 30 microm PDMS but with thinner stationary, i.e. 10 microm. Quantitative determination of trace PCBs in water samples was carried out using this novel SPME fiber, coupling with selective gas chromatography-microelectron capture detector (GC-microECD). The proposed method provided a linear range of approximately three orders. The detection limits were 0.05 ng L(-1) for PCB 138, 153 and 180, and 0.1 ng L(-1) for PCB 28, 52 and 101, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked surface water samples with the recoveries from 83.0 to 110.7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen L, Liu J, Zeng Q, Wang H, Yu A, Zhang H, Ding L. Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the separation of tetracycline antibiotics from egg and tissue samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3710-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Poli D, Caglieri A, Goldoni M, Castoldi AF, Coccini T, Roda E, Vitalone A, Ceccatelli S, Mutti A. Single step determination of PCB 126 and 153 in rat tissues by using solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Comparison with solid phase extraction and liquid/liquid extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Stalikas C, Fiamegos Y, Sakkas V, Albanis T. Developments on chemometric approaches to optimize and evaluate microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:175-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Chen F, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhou J, Xue X, Zhao J. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in propolis by gas chromatography–electron capture detection using double column series solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1073-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
García-Rodríguez D, Carro-Díaz AM, Lorenzo-Ferreira RA. Supercritical fluid extraction of polyhalogenated pollutants from aquaculture and marine environmental samples: A review. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1333-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
25
|
van der Lee MK, van der Weg G, Traag WA, Mol HG. Qualitative screening and quantitative determination of pesticides and contaminants in animal feed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:325-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
26
|
Zeng J, Yu B, Chen W, Lin Z, Zhang L, Lin Z, Chen X, Wang X. Application of ceramic/carbon composite as a novel coating for solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:26-33. [PMID: 17719591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A ceramic/carbon composite was developed and applied as a novel coating for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The ceramic/carbon coating exhibited several good properties for SPME, such as high extraction quantities and enhanced thermal and organic solvent stability. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the tightly attached coating layer on stainless steel wire revealed excellent mechanical characteristics. Single fiber and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were less than 6.9 and 9.5%, respectively. The effects of extraction and desorption parameters such as extraction time, stirring rate, ionic strength, and desorption temperature and desorption time on the extraction/desorption efficiency were investigated and optimized. Coupled to gas chromatography with a flame thermionic detector, the optimized SPME method was applied to the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in aqueous samples. The calibration curves were linear from 0.05 to 200 ng mL(-1) for fenchlorphos, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, ethion and from 0.2 to 200 ng mL(-1) for quinalphos, and the limits of detection were between 5.2 and 34.6 ng L(-1). The recovery of the OPPs spiked in real water samples at 5 ng mL(-1) ranged from 86.2 to 103.4% and the relative standard deviations were less than 8.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ackerman LK, Schwindt AR, Simonich SL, Koch DC, Blett TF, Schreck CB, Kent ML, Landers DH. Atmospherically deposited PBDEs, pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs in western U.S. National Park fish: concentrations and consumption guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2334-41. [PMID: 18504962 PMCID: PMC4145840 DOI: 10.1021/es702348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in 136 fish from 14 remote lakes in 8 western U.S. National Parks/Preserves between 2003 and 2005 and compared to human and wildlife contaminant health thresholds. A sensitive (median detection limit--18 pg/g wet weight), efficient (61% recovery at 8 ng/g), reproducible (4.1% relative standard deviation (RSD)), and accurate (7% deviation from standard reference material (SRM)) analytical method was developed and validated for these analyses. Concentrations of PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, DDTs, and chlordanes in western U.S. fish were comparable to or lower than mountain fish recently collected from Europe, Canada, and Asia. Dieldrin and PBDE concentrations were higher than recent measurements in mountain fish and Pacific Ocean salmon. Concentrations of most contaminants in western U.S. fish were 1-6 orders of magnitude below calculated recreational fishing contaminant health thresholds. However, lake average contaminant concentrations in fish exceeded subsistence fishing cancer thresholds in 8 of 14 lakes and wildlife contaminant health thresholds for piscivorous birds in 1 of 14 lakes. These results indicate that atmospherically deposited organic contaminants can accumulate in high elevation fish, reaching concentrations relevant to human and wildlife health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke K. Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Adam R. Schwindt
- Center for Fish Disease Research-Department of Microbiology; Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Staci L. Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Corresponding author: phone +5417379194; fax +5417370497;
| | - Dan C. Koch
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | | | - Carl B. Schreck
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit-US Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Center for Fish Disease Research-Department of Microbiology; Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Dixon H. Landers
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97335
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Development of an analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction and solid phase extraction cleanup for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in animal feed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Chapter 15 Brominated Flame Retardants as Food Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
30
|
Chai X, He Y, Ying D, Jia J, Sun T. Electrosorption-enhanced solid-phase microextraction using activated carbon fiber for determination of aniline in water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:26-31. [PMID: 17706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrosorption-enhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) based on activated carbon fiber (ACF) was developed for determination of aniline in aqueous solution. A porous ACF, served as working electrode in electrosorption procedure, was prepared and attached to a commercial manual SPME device. Parameters affecting the adsorption efficiency were investigated. Under optimized condition, which was 400 mV electrosorption potential, 0.01 M Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte, pH 7, and electrosorption at 40 degrees C for 10 min, the method exhibited wide linear range (0.1-100 microg L(-1), R(2)=0.9980), good repeatability of adsorption (RSD 6.15%, n=6), and low detection limit (0.02 microg L(-1)). The feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing lake water spiked with aniline. Comparison was made with direct immersion (DI) ACF-SPME without electrosorption enhancement. The proposed procedure was demonstrated to be a simple, fast, sensitive sample preparation method for determination of aniline in water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:145-71. [PMID: 17156788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated natural compounds (BNCs). The main literature sources are reviews from the last five years and research articles reporting new analytical developments published between 2003 and 2006. Sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. Only few new techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), have been investigated for their ability of combining the extraction and clean-up steps. With respect to the separation of BFRs, the most important developments were the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the growing tendency for liquid-chromatographic techniques for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). At the detection stage, mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as well-established and reliable technology in the identification and quantification of BFRs. A growing attention has been paid to quality assurance. Interlaboratory exercises directed towards BFRs have grown in popularity and have enabled laboratories to validate analytical methods and to guarantee the quality of their results. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of several classes of BNCs, such as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) (also metabolites of PBDEs), halogenated methyl or dimethyl bipyrroles (DBPs), are reviewed here for the first time. These compounds were generally identified during the routine analysis of BFRs and have received little attention until recently. For each topic, an overview is presented of its current status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mendiola JA, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Food applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:234-46. [PMID: 17353022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2006) on the latest applications of compressed fluids as sample preparation techniques for food analysis. After a general review of the principles of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE; also called accelerated solvent extraction, ASE or subcritical water extraction, SWE, when water is employed as extraction solvent), the principal applications of such techniques in the mentioned fields of food and natural products are described, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Mendiola
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fidalgo-Used N, Blanco-González E, Sanz-Medel A. Sample handling strategies for the determination of persistent trace organic contaminants from biota samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 590:1-16. [PMID: 17416217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Even after emergence of most advanced instrumental techniques for the final separation, detection, identification and determination of analytes, sample handling continues to play a basic role in environmental analysis of complex matrices. In fact, sample preparation steps are often the bottleneck for combined time and efficiency in many overall analytical procedures. Thus, it is not surprising that, in the last two decades, a lot of effort has been devoted to the development of faster, safer, and more environment friendly techniques for sample extraction and extract clean up, prior to actual instrumental analysis. This article focuses on the state of the art in sample preparation of environmental solid biological samples dedicated to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) analysis. Extraction techniques such as Soxhlet extraction, sonication-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) are reviewed and their most recent applications to the determination of POPs in biota samples are provided. Additionally, classical as well as promising novel extraction/clean-up techniques such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) are also summarized. Finally, emerging trends in sample preparation able to integrate analytes extraction and their adequate clean-up are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fidalgo-Used
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rodil R, Carro AM, Lorenzo RA, Cela R. Multicriteria optimisation of a simultaneous supercritical fluid extraction and clean-up procedure for the determination of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in aquaculture samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1453-62. [PMID: 17123577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A useful tool based on a single-step extraction and clean-up procedure for the determination of 15 organohalogenated pollutants (including brominated flame retardants) in aquaculture samples, using aluminium oxide basic and acidic silica gel in the supercritical extraction cell followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection or mass spectrometry has been developed. This effective clean-up step ensures a minimum of chromatographic difficulties related to complex matrix components such as aquaculture feed. The extraction procedure has been screened by a fractional factorial design for the preliminary statistically significant parameters. The factors selected were extraction temperature, pressure, static extraction time, dynamic extraction time and carbon dioxide flow rate. The Doehlert design, followed by a multicriteria decision-making strategy, was then performed in order to determine the optimum conditions for the two most significant factors: pressure (165 bar) and dynamic extraction time (27 min). Under optimal conditions, the procedure developed with GC-MS/MS provides an excellent linearity, detection (0.01-0.2 ng g(-1)) and quantification limits (0.05-0.8 ng g(-1)) for most of the analytes investigated. The feasibility of the proposed supercritical fluid extraction method was validated by analysing two reference materials and fish feed and shellfish samples with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rodil
- Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigacions e Analises Alimentarias, Facultad de Química. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda de las Ciencias s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carro AM, Lorenzo RA, Fernández F, Phan-Tan-Luu R, Cela R. Microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (MAE-HSSPME-GC-MS/MS) for determination of polybrominated compounds in aquaculture samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1021-9. [PMID: 17364189 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first validated method for the extraction, purification and determination of trace levels of a number of pollutants of growing concern, including polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in aquaculture feeds and products. The new procedure comprises microwave-assisted extraction (MAE; optimized, using a central composite experimental design, to 15 min at 85 degrees C in 14 mL of 1:1 hexane/dichloromethane), and concentration by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME), and separation/quantification by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS/MS). The method was validated on the reference materials IAEA-406 and WMF-01. Limits of detection for fourteen of the fifteen analytes considered range from 10 to 600 pg g(-1), and limits of quantification from 50 pg g(-1) to 1.9 ng g(-1). Linear ranges, accuracies and precisions are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Carro
- Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang JX, Jiang DQ, Gu ZY, Yan XP. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:8-14. [PMID: 17055524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples has raised great concerns due to the widespread use of PBDEs and their potential risk to humans. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and green sample preparation technique and is widely used for environmental analysis, but reports on the application of SPME for determination of PBDEs are very limited, and only a few publications dealing with commercial SPME fibers are available for extraction of PBDEs. Herein, we report a novel SPME method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the SPME fiber coating for gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) of PBDEs in environmental samples. The MWCNTs coating gave much higher enhancement factors (616-1756) than poly (5% dibenzene-95% dimethylsiloxane) coating (139-384) and activated carbon coating (193-423). Thirty-minute extraction of 10 mL of sample solution using the MWCNTs coated fiber for GC-ECD determination yielded the limits of detection of 3.6-8.6 ng L(-1) and exhibited good linearity of the calibration functions (r(2)>0.995). The precision (RSD%, n=4) for peak area and retention time at the 500 ng L(-1) level was 6.9-8.8% and 0.6-0.9%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of real samples including local river water, wastewater, and milk samples. The recovery of the PBDEs at 500 ng L(-1) spiked in these samples ranged from 90 to 119%. No PBDEs were detected in the river water and skimmed milk samples, whereas in the wastewater sample, 134-215 ng L(-1) of PBDEs were found. The PBDEs were detected in all whole fat milk samples, ranging from 13 to 484 ng L(-1). In a semiskimmed milk sample, only BDE-47 was found at 21 ng L(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Montes R, Ramil M, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Rapid screening of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments using non-equilibrium solid-phase microextraction and fast gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:43-50. [PMID: 16714025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the screening of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples is described. Analytes are concentrated on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre, separated using a narrow-bore gas chromatography column (10 m x 0.1mm I.D.) and determined with a micro-electron-capture detector (micro-ECD). The narrow-bore column showed a similar separation efficiency to a conventional capillary one (30 m x 0.32 mm I.D.) and allowed a 3 times reduction in the analysis time. Moreover, thermal desorption of SPME fibres in the narrow-bore column did not produce any degradation in the quality of separations when compared to the split injection mode. The use of an oxidative sample treatment was mandatory to remove sulphur interferences in the chromatograms and increase the yield of PCBs during SPME for short sampling times. Under optimised conditions, a fraction of sediment (0.1-0.5 g) was mixed with 5 ml of a 0.2M potassium permanganate solution and 0.5 ml of sulphuric acid 6M in a 22 ml closed vessel. Sample treatment and headspace SPME of PCBs were performed simultaneously for 10 min at 100 degrees C. Globally, the whole analytical procedure takes about 20 min and presents quantification limits between 0.5 and 1.3 ng/g. Accuracy was evaluated by analysing a reference sediment sample with certified concentrations of several PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lambropoulou DA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Sample pretreatment method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in bird livers using ultrasonic extraction followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:97-105. [PMID: 16777119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable sample methodology based on simultaneous ultrasonic extraction, sulfuric acid clean-up and headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed as an advantageous analytical tool for the determination of seven polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in bird livers at low levels. The influence of several parameters on the efficiency of the proposed method was systematically investigated. The clean-up efficiency of sulfuric acid treatment was tested and compared with those of column chromatography (Flosiril, silica gel and alumina) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Supelclean ENVI-Carb cartridge) procedures. The use of sulfuric acid in the clean-up step prior to headspace solid-phase microextraction analysis allows the removal of interfering matrix compounds present in the liver extracts that would otherwise cause severe ionization suppression of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during the ionization process. The optimized method had good linearity (R2>0.99) over the range studied (5-500 ng/g wet weight) and showed satisfactory level of precision, with RSD values lower than 10.6%. The obtained relative recoveries ranged between 63 and 94%. The limits of detection (0.06-0.63 ng/g wet weight) were low enough to check for harmful levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in biological samples, and were well below most of the restrictive limits established by European Union regulations. The method was found to be reliable under the operational conditions proposed and was applied successfully to the analysis of individual polychlorinated biphenyls in liver tissues. The results obtained from five bird species from Greece revealed the presence of the target compounds in all samples analyzed, at levels ranging between 0.54 and 39.45 ng/g wet weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lambropoulou DA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Coupling of headspace solid phase microextraction with ultrasonic extraction for the determination of chlorinated pesticides in bird livers using gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:223-30. [PMID: 17723528 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study a combined analytical method involving ultrasonic extraction (USE), sulfuric acid clean-up and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed for the determination of chlorinated pesticides (CPs) in bird livers. Extraction of CPs from 1g of liver was performed by ultrasonication for 30 min using 20 mL of solvent mixture (n-hexane:acetone (4:1, v/v)). The extract was subsequently subjected to a clean-up step for lipid removal. A comparative study on several clean-up procedures prior to the HS-SPME enrichment step was performed in order to achieve maximum recovery and optimal clean-up efficiency, which would provide suitable limits of detection in the gas chromatographic analysis. For this purpose, destructive (sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide treatment) and non-destructive (alumina column) clean-up procedures has been assayed. The treatment of the extract with 40% (v/v) H2SO4 prior to HS-SPME process showed the best performance since lower detection limits and higher extraction efficiencies were obtained. The method detection limit ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 ng g(-1) wet weight and peak areas were proportional to analyte concentrations (r2>0.990) in the range of 5-500 ng g(-1) wet wt. The method was found to be reproducible (R.S.D.<10%) and effective under the operational conditions proposed and was applied successfully to the analysis of CPs in liver tissues of various bird species from Greece.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Salgado-Petinal C, Garcia-Chao M, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:637-44. [PMID: 16715283 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HSSPME-GC-MS-MS) methodology for determination of brominated flame retardants in sediment and soil samples is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SPME has been applied to analyze polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental solid samples. Analyses were performed using 0.5-g solid samples moisturized with 2 mL water, employing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber coating, exposed to the headspace at 100 degrees C for 60 min. Several types of environmental solid samples were included in this study and the extraction efficiency was related to the organic matter content of the sample. Calibration was performed using real samples, and the method showed good linearity over a wide concentration range, precision, and afforded quantitative recoveries. The obtained detection limits were in the sub-ng g(-1) for all the target analytes in both samples. The proposed procedure was applied to several marine and river sediments and soils, some of which were found to contain PBDEs at concentrations in the ng g(-1) level; BDE-47, BDE-100, and BDE-99 were the major congeners detected. The proposed method constitutes a rapid and low-cost alternative for the analysis of the target brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples, since the clean-up steps, fractionation, and preconcentration of extracts inherent to the classical multi-step solvent extraction procedures are avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Salgado-Petinal
- Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Facultad de Quimica, Instituto de Investigacion y Analisis Alimentario, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1390-401. [PMID: 16237664 DOI: 10.1002/jms.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
|