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Sornambigai M, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kumar SS. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex as a universal reagent for the fabrication of heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence platforms and its recent analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5875-5898. [PMID: 37507465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received enormous attention and has emerged as one of the most successful tools in the field of analytical science. Compared with homogeneous ECL, the heterogeneous (or solid-state) ECL has enhanced the rate of the electron transfer kinetics and offers rapid response time, which is highly beneficial in point-of-care and clinical applications. In ECL, the luminophore is the key element, which dictates the overall performance of the ECL-based sensors in various analytical applications. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex, Ru(bpy)32+, is a coordination compound, which is the gold-standard luminophore in ECL. It has played a key role in translating ECL from a "laboratory curiosity" to a commercial analytical instrument for diagnosis. The aim of the present review is to provide the principles of ECL and classical reaction mechanisms-particularly involving the heterogeneous Ru(bpy)32+/co-reactant ECL systems, as well as the fabrication methods and its importance over solution-phase Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. Then, we discussed the emerging technology in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL-sensing platforms and their recent potential analytical applications such as in immunoassay sensors, DNA sensors, aptasensors, bio-imaging, latent fingerprint detection, point-of-care testing, and detection of non-biomolecules. Finally, we also briefly cover the recent advances in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL coupled with the hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathavan Sornambigai
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Gong J, Zhang T, Luo T, Luo X, Yan F, Tang W, Liu J. Bipolar silica nanochannel array confined electrochemiluminescence for ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 215:114563. [PMID: 35870336 PMCID: PMC9281480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive, specific, and early identification of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) infection is critical to control virus spread and remains a global public health problem. Herein, we present a novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody with rapidity and ultrahigh sensitivity, in which a bipolar silica nanochannel array (bp-SNA) is fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for the first time to stably confine the ECL probe of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (Ru(bpy)32+) under dual electrostatic force. The bp-SNA consists of tightly packed bilayer silica nanochannel array (SNA) with asymmetric surface charges, namely an inner negatively charged SNA (n-SNA) and an outer positively charged SNA (p-SNA), serving as an "electrostatic lock" to enrich and stabilize the cationic Ru(bpy)32+ probe without leakage from the electrode surface. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody could be realized via immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the utmost of Ru(bpy)32+-confined solid-state ECL platform (Ru@bp-SNA). Upon the capture of target SARS-CoV-2 IgG by immune recognition, the formed immunocomplex will block the nanochannel, leading to the hindered diffusion of the co-reactant (tri-n-propylamine, TPrA) and further producing a decreased ECL signal. The developed solid-stated ECL immunosensor is able to determine SARS-CoV-2 IgG with a wide linear range (5 pg mL-1 to 1 μg mL-1), a low limit-of-detection (2.9 pg mL-1), and a short incubation time (30 min). Furthermore, accurate analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in real serum samples is also obtained by the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China,Corresponding author
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China,***Corresponding author
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3
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Ning Z, Yang E, Zheng Y, Chen M, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen Y. A Dual Functional Self-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescent Nanohybrid for Label-Free MicroRNA Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8971-8977. [PMID: 34138530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) emitters with both intense ECL and excellent film-forming properties is highly desirable for biosensing applications. Herein, a facile one-pot preparation strategy was proposed for the synthesis of a self-enhanced ECL emitter by co-doping Ru(bpy)32+ and (diethylaminomethyl)triethoxysilane (DEAMTES) into an in situ-produced silica nanohybrid (DEAMTES@RuSiO2). DEAMTES@RuSiO2 not only possessed improved ECL properties but also exhibited outstanding film-forming ability, which are both critical for the construction of ECL biosensors. By coupling branched catalytic hairpin assembly with efficient signal amplification peculiarity, a label-free ECL biosensor was further constructed for the convenient and highly sensitive detection of miRNA-21. The as-fabricated ECL biosensor displayed a detection limit of 8.19 fM, much lower than those in previous reports for miRNA-21 and showed superior reliability for detecting miRNA-21-spiked human serum sample, demonstrating its potential for applications in miRNA-associated fundamental research and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Ning
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erli Yang
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Xing H, Xia H, Fan Y, Xue Y, Peng C, Ren J, Li J, Wang E. A Solid‐State Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Based on Novel Two‐Dimensional Ti
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MXene. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Hongyin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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Zhang L, Li S, O’Halloran KP, Zhang Z, Ma H, Wang X, Tan L, Pang H. A highly sensitive non-enzymatic ascorbic acid electrochemical sensor based on polyoxometalate/Tris(2,2ˊ-bipyridine)ruthenium (II)/chitosan-palladium inorganic-organic self-assembled film. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Wang Y, Liu Q, Wei J, Dai Z, Ding L, Yuan R, Wen Z, Wang K. Visible light-driven photoelectrochemical ampicillin aptasensor based on an artificial Z-scheme constructed from Ru(bpy) 32+-sensitized BiOI microspheres. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 173:112771. [PMID: 33190051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dye sensitization is an alternative strategy to improve photoelectric activity of semiconductors and, particularly, to enhance the activity towards visible light domain. Herein, an artificial Z-scheme bipyridine ruthenium (Ru(bpy)32+) sensitizing narrow-gap bismuth oxy-iodide (BiOI) microspheres was constructed by a simple electrostatic interaction strategy for the first time. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) analysis showed that this design of such Z-scheme structure was helpful to enhance the interfacial charge transfer and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. In addition, due to the sensitization of Ru(bpy)32+, the band gap was narrowed from 1.8 eV of BiOI microspheres to 1.3 eV of BiOI/Ru(bpy)32+ microspheres, leading to improve the utilization of visible light. So that, the photocurrent of the resulted BiOI/Ru(bpy)32+ was 13.0 times that of pure BiOI microspheres. In view of the outstanding photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of BiOI/Ru(bpy)32+ and the high specificity of the aptamer, the PEC aptasensor for ampicillin (AMP) merits the excellent detection performance including a broad linear ranging from 1 × 10-7 nM to 100 nM as well as a low detection limit of 3.3 × 10-8 nM (S/N = 3). This work not only provides a novel way to construct and design highly efficient photoactive materials for PEC detection, but also broadens the application of Z-scheme in the field of sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Zhen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Lijun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ruishuang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Zuorui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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Raju CV, Sornambigai M, Kumar SS. Unraveling the reaction mechanism of co-reactant free in-situ cathodic solid state ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ molecule immobilized on Nafion coated nanoporous gold electrode. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Seidi F, Zhao W, Xiao H, Jin Y, Saeb MR, Zhao C. Radical polymerization as a versatile tool for surface grafting of thin hydrogel films. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00787k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The surface of solid substrates is the main part that interacts with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Sci and Tech
- and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Sci and Tech
- and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives
- Institute for Color Science and Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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9
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Metallopolymers as Nanostructured Solid‐State Platforms for Electrochemiluminescence Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Hernandez-Aldave S, Tarat A, McGettrick JD, Bertoncello P. Voltammetric Detection of Caffeine in Beverages at Nafion/Graphite Nanoplatelets Layer-by-Layer Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E221. [PMID: 30736450 PMCID: PMC6410159 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time a procedure in which Nafion/Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) thin films are fabricated using a modified layer-by-layer (LbL) method. The method consists of dipping a substrate (quartz and/or glassy carbon electrodes) into a composite solution made of Nafion and GNPs dissolved together in ethanol, followed by washing steps in water. This procedure allowed the fabrication of multilayer films of (Nafion/GNPs)n by means of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic‒hydrophobic interactions between Nafion, GNPs, and the corresponding solid substrate. The average thickness of each layer evaluated using profilometer corresponds to ca. 50 nm. The as-prepared Nafion/GNPs LbL films were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and optical microscopy. This characterization highlights the presence of oxygen functionalities that support a mechanism of self-assembly via hydrogen bonding interactions, along with hydrophobic interactions between the carbon groups of GNPs and the Teflon-like (carbon‒fluorine backbone) of Nafion. We showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can be deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes and utilized for the voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages. The results showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can achieve a limit of detection for caffeine (LoD) of 0.032 μM and linear range between 20‒250 μM using differential pulse voltammetry, whereas, using cyclic voltammetry LoD and linear range were found to be 24 μM and 50‒5000 μM, respectively. Voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages showed good agreement between the values found experimentally and those reported by the beverage producers. The values found are also in agreement with those obtained using a standard spectrophotometric method. The proposed method is appealing because it allows the fabrication of Nafion/GNPs thin films in a simple fashion using a single-step procedure, rather than using composite solutions with opposite electrostatic charge, and also allows the detection of caffeine in beverages without any pre-treatment or dilution of the real samples. The proposed method is characterized by a fast response time without apparent interference, and the results were competitive with those obtained with other materials reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hernandez-Aldave
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crwmlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Advanced Materials, Unit B1, Olympus Court, Millstream Way, Swansea Vale, Llansamlet, SA7 0AQ, UK.
| | - James D McGettrick
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Paolo Bertoncello
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crwmlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Carrara S, Stringer B, Shokouhi A, Ramkissoon P, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Barnard PJ, Hogan CF. Unusually Strong Electrochemiluminescence from Iridium-Based Redox Polymers Immobilized As Thin Layers or Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37251-37257. [PMID: 30278121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new class of redox metallopolymer based on cyclometalated iridium(III) centers is described, with unusually intense luminescence properties in aqueous media. We report the facile synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical characterization, supported by DFT calculations and their electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties which, under some circumstances, are significantly greater than the analogous ruthenium-based materials. The photoluminescence (PL) and ECL of these materials are further dramatically enhanced when dispersed or immobilized as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). This aggregation-induced emission (AIE and AIECL) operates by providing important protection for the cyclometalated iridium(III) centers against the types of quenching processes which commonly afflict iridium-based luminophores in aqueous media. The results suggest interesting new avenues of research for the application of such materials in and PL and ECL-based detection and imaging as well as light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Carrara
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Bradley Stringer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Alireza Shokouhi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Pria Ramkissoon
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Peter J Barnard
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
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Interfacial self-assembly, characterization, electrochemical, and photo-catalytic properties of porphyrin-ruthenium complex/polyoxomelate triad hybrid multilayers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Preparation, characterization, luminescent and electrochemical properties of Ru(bpy)2-functionalized silica nanoparticles. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-6090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Development of Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor Based on Ru(bpy)32+-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles for the Detection of Biogenic Polyamines. CHEMOSENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors3020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Kawai T, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. High-Density and Robust Charge Storage with Poly(anthraquinone-substituted norbornene) for Organic Electrode-Active Materials in Polymer–Air Secondary Batteries. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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16
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Molapo KM, Venkatanarayanan A, Dolan CM, Prendergast U, Baker PG, Iwuoha EI, Keyes TE, Forster RJ. High efficiency electrochemiluminescence from polyaniline:ruthenium metal complex films. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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17
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Analytical applications of nanomaterials in electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5573-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Tokue H, Oyaizu K, Sukegawa T, Nishide H. TEMPO/viologen electrochemical heterojunction for diffusion-controlled redox mediation: a highly rectifying bilayer-sandwiched device based on cross-reaction at the interface between dissimilar redox polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:4043-4049. [PMID: 24559298 DOI: 10.1021/am405527y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A couple of totally reversible redox-active molecules, which are different in redox potentials, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and viologen (V(2+)), were employed to give rise to a rectified redox conduction effect. Single-layer and bilayer devices were fabricated using polymers containing these sites as pendant groups per repeating unit. The devices were obtained by sandwiching the redox polymer layer(s) with indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass and Pt foil electrodes. Electrochemical measurements of the single-layer device composed of polynorbornene-bearing TEMPO (PTNB) exhibited a diffusion-limited current-voltage response based on the TEMPO(+)/TEMPO exchange reaction, which was almost equivalent to a redox gradient through the PTNB layer depending upon the thickness. The bilayer device gave rise to the current rectification because of the thermodynamically favored cross-reaction between TEMPO(+) and V(+) at the polymer/polymer interface. A current-voltage response obtained for the bilayer device demonstrated a two-step diffusion-limited current behavior as a result of the concurrent V(2+)/V(+) and V(+)/V(0) exchange reactions according to the voltage and suggested that the charge transport process through the device was most likely to be rate-determined by a redox gradient in the polymer layer. Current collection experiments revealed a charge transport balance throughout the device, as a result of the electrochemical stability and robustness of the polymers in both redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University , Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Safavi A, Sedaghati F, Shahbaazi H. Effects of type of binder and conducting phase on the performance of solid-state electrochemiluminescence composites. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:254-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Safavi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71454 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Institue; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
| | - F. Sedaghati
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - H. Shahbaazi
- Chemistry Department University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary; Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence of glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, methylglyoxal, and acetaldehyde. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Snowden ME, Edwards MA, Rudd NC, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Intrinsic electrochemical activity of single walled carbon nanotube–Nafion assemblies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5030-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Qian Q, Yu P, Cheng H, Wang X, Yang L, Mao L. Electrochemical Quantification of Hygroscopicity of Ionic Liquids with Solution-Dissolved Potassium Ferricyanide as the Redox Probe. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Milutinovic M, Sallard S, Manojlovic D, Mano N, Sojic N. Glucose sensing by electrogenerated chemiluminescence of glucose-dehydrogenase produced NADH on electrodeposited redox hydrogel. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 82:63-8. [PMID: 21733762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new sensing approach based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) in an electrodeposited redox hydrogel using glucose dehydrogenase as a model system. The ECL-hydrogel films were electrodeposited by potential cycling of a PBS solution containing [poly(4-vinylpyridine)Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)(2)Cl(-)](+/2+). The film was easily prepared in a rapid, reproducible and well-controlled one-step procedure. The deposited hydrogel film is permeable to water-soluble chemicals and biochemicals, like enzyme substrates and coenzymes. Electrochemistry and ECL of NADH were studied at the level of the hydrogel film. Results indicate that ECL emission occurs at a relatively low anodic potential compared to the classical Ru(bipy)(3)(2+) complex. This is an important advantage since the measurements performed with the ECL hydrogel are thus less sensitive to interfering species. An ECL oxidative-reductive mechanism is presented for the ECL-hydrogel. Then we showed that the intensity of the ECL of NADH produced by the enzymatic activity varies with the enzyme substrate concentration. Such sensing approach combines enzymatic selectivity with the ECL advantages at low oxidation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Milutinovic
- Groupe Nanosystèmes Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université Bordeaux, ENSCPB, Pessac, France
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Milutinovic M, Suraniti E, Studer V, Mano N, Manojlovic D, Sojic N. Photopatterning of ultrathin electrochemiluminescent redox hydrogel films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9125-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Dennany L, Gerlach M, O'Carroll S, Keyes TE, Forster RJ, Bertoncello P. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing properties of water soluble core-shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots/Nafion composite films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Watanabe Y, Nakamura K, Kobayashi N. Improvement in reflective–emissive dual-mode properties of electrochemical displays by electrode modification. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19420-6. [PMID: 21959587 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22191d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Watanabe
- Department of Image & Materials Science, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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27
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Moretto LM, Kohls T, Badocco D, Pastore P, Sojic N, Ugo P. Electrochemiluminescence of loaded in Nafion Langmuir–Blodgett films: Role of the interfacial ultrathin film. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Xu M, Zhao R, Wang J, Chen G. Fabrication of a New Electrochemiluminescent Sensing Interface Based on Zinc Oxide Nanorod. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Xing B, Yin XB. Novel poly-dopamine adhesive for a halloysite nanotube-Ru(bpy)(3)2+ electrochemiluminescent sensor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6451. [PMID: 19649294 PMCID: PMC2714183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, the electrochemiluminescent sensor based on Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode using dopamine as an adhesive was successfully developed. After halloysite nanotube slurry was cast on a glassy carbon electrode and dried, an alkaline dopamine solution was added on the electrode surface. Initially, polydopamine belts with dimensions of tens to hundreds of nanometers formed via oxidization of the dopamine by ambient oxygen. As the incubation time increased, the nanobelts became broader and then united with each other to form a polydopamine film. The halloysite nanotubes were embedded within the polydopamine film. The above electrode was soaked in Ru(bpy)32+ aqueous solution to adsorb Ru(bpy)32+ into the active sites of the halloysite nanotubes via cation-exchange procedure. Through this simple procedure, a Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode was obtained using only 6.25 µg Ru(bpy)32+, 15.0 µg dopamine, and 9.0 µg halloysite nanotubes. The electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the modified electrode was investigated using tripropylamine (TPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as co-reactants. The different ECL behaviors of the modified electrode using NTA and TPA as well as the contact angle measurements reflected the hydrophilic character of the electrode. The results indicate that halloysite nanotubes have a high loading capacity for Ru(bpy)32+ and that dopamine is suitable for the preparation of modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xing
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bo Yin
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Xing B, Yin XB. Electrochemiluminescence from hydrophilic thin film Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode prepared using natural halloysite nanotubes and polyacrylamide gel. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2939-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Bertoncello P, Forster RJ. Nanostructured materials for electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based detection methods: recent advances and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3191-200. [PMID: 19318243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a general picture of the last advances and developments (2003-2008) related to novel nanostructured materials for electrochemiluminescence-based biosensors using. It briefly covers the basic mechanisms of ECL detection, and the recent developments in fabrication of solid-state ECL sensors using nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, thin films of metallopolymers and of inorganic metal complexes. Finally, challenges and perspectives of the use of such materials for biomedical diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bertoncello
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform Ireland, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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32
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Powell HV, Schnippering M, Mazurenka M, Macpherson JV, Mackenzie SR, Unwin PR. Evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy as a probe of interfacial adsorption: interaction of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) with silica surfaces and polyelectrolyte films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:248-255. [PMID: 19072204 DOI: 10.1021/la802707q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (EW-CRDS) has been used to study the interaction of the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), at both native silica surfaces and surfaces modified with polyelectrolyte films. Both poly-l-lysine (PLL) and PLL/poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) bilayer functionalized interfaces have been studied. Concentration isotherms exhibit Langmuir-type adsorption behavior on both silica and PGA-terminated surfaces from which equilibrium constants have been derived. The pH-dependence of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) adsorption to silica and the PLL/PGA film has also been investigated. For the latter substrate, the effective surface pK(a) of the acid groups was found to be 5.5. The effect of supporting electrolyte was also investigated and was shown to have a significant effect on the extent of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) adsorption. A thin-layer electrochemical cell arrangement, in which a working electrode was positioned just above the substrate, was used to change the solution pH in a controlled way via the potential-pulsed chronoamperometric oxidation of water. By measuring the optical absorption using EW-CRDS during such experiments, the desorption of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) from the surface has been monitored in real time. Experiments were carried out at different cell thicknesses and at various pulse durations. By combining data from the EW-CRDS experiments with fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to determine the pH at the substrate surface, the pK(a) of the PLL/PGA film could be ascertained and was found to agree with the static pH isotherm measurements. These studies provide a platform for the further use of electrochemistry combined with EW-CRDS to investigate dynamic processes at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley V Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL
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Forster RJ, Bertoncello P, Keyes TE. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:359-385. [PMID: 20636067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), electrochemically generated intermediates undergo a highly exergonic reaction to produce an electronically excited state that then emits light. These electron-transfer reactions are sufficiently exergonic to allow the excited states of luminophores, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal complexes, to be created without photoexcitation. For example, oxidation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the presence of tripropylamine results in light emission that is analogous to the emission produced by photoexcitation. This review highlights some of the most exciting recent developments in this field, including novel ECL-generating transition metal complexes, especially ruthenium and osmium polypyridine systems; ECL-generating monolayers and thin films; the use of nanomaterials; and analytical, especially clinical, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Forster
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Venkatanarayanan A, Spehar-Délèze AM, Dennany L, Pellegrin Y, Keyes TE, Forster RJ. Ruthenium aminophenanthroline metallopolymer films electropolymerized from an ionic liquid: deposition and electrochemical and photonic properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11233-11238. [PMID: 18785723 DOI: 10.1021/la8011316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative electropolymerization of [Ru(aphen)3](PF6)2 from an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BDMITFSI), is reported; aphen is 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline. The deposition rate in the ionic liquid is more than an order of magnitude faster than in conventional solvents such as anhydrous acetonitrile and aqueous sulfuric acid. The UV-vis absorbance, Raman, and emission spectra of the films grown in ionic liquid, acetonitrile, and sulfuric acid suggest that the polymer formed does not depend on the solvent. However, scanning electron microscopy shows that the film morphologies differ significantly; e.g., films deposited from BDMITFSI have high surface roughness, while films produced in acetonitrile and sulfuric acid are relatively smooth. The rate of homogeneous charge transport through films grown in ionic liquids is (6.4 +/- 1.2) x 10(-9) cm (2) s (-1), which is approximately 2 orders of magnitude faster than that found for films deposited from acetonitrile. Thin electropolymerized films generate electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in the presence of tripropylamine as a coreactant. Films produced from sulfuric acid are very thin compared to the ones produced in BDMITFSI; however, they produce an ECL signal of similar intensity. The ECL responses of films produced in anhydrous acetonitrile are significantly less intense. The ECL intensity within the films is approximately 5-fold higher than when they are dissolved and measured in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Venkatanarayanan
- The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin University, Dublin, Ireland
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Moretto LM, Kohls T, Chovin A, Sojic N, Ugo P. Epifluorescence imaging of electrochemically switchable Langmuir-Blodgett films of Nafion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6367-6374. [PMID: 18476666 DOI: 10.1021/la703998e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A combination of electrochemistry and luminescence methods was exploited to obtain information on the electrochemical activity and homogeneity of Nafion Langmuir-Blodgett films. The redox behavior of the Ru(bpy)3(2+) probe incorporated in the Nafion film was monitored by epifluorescence microscopy. The photoluminescent images, recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, reflect the distribution of the probe in the film, which resulted as very uniform, particularly in comparison with spin-coated films. Apparent diffusion coefficients (Dapp) determined by cyclic voltammetry for films of less than 10 layers are in the range of 1 x 10(-12) to 8 x 10(-12) cm(2) s(-1), that is, 2 orders of magnitude lower than values reported in the literature for spin-coated Nafion films. The application to the electrode of a potential able to oxidize the luminescent Ru(bpy)3(2+) to the nonluminescent Ru(bpy)3(3+) switched off the photoluminescence with a response time that for the LB films was much shorter than that for the spin-coated ones. Experimental evidence and calculations indicate that lowering of the film thickness down to the nanometric level is very effective in shortening the switching time, notwithstanding the lowering of the Dapp value in LB films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Santa Marta 2137, 30123-Venice, Italy
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Bertoncello P, Peruffo M, Li F, Unwin PR. Functional electrochemically-active ultra-thin Nafion films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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