1
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Steinhoff A, Höltzel A, Trebel N, Tallarek U. Mobile-Phase Contributions to Organic-Solvent Excess Adsorption and Surface Diffusion in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10554-10568. [PMID: 36469753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fast transport of retained analytes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography occurs through surface diffusion in the organic-solvent (OS)-enriched interfacial "ditch" region between the hydrophobic stationary phase and the water (W)-OS mobile phase. Through molecular dynamics simulations that recover the OS excess adsorption isotherms of a typical C18-stationary phase for methanol and acetonitrile, we explore the relation between OS properties, OS excess adsorption, and surface diffusion. The emerging molecular-level picture attributes the mobile-phase contribution to surface diffusion to the hydrogen-bond capability and the eluting power of the OS. The higher affinity of methanol for the formation of W-OS hydrogen bonds at the soft, hydrophobic surface presented by the bonded-phase (C18) chains reduces the OS excess and the related viscosity drop in the ditch. The lower eluting power of methanol, however, translates to increased bonded-phase contacts for analytes, which can increase their mobility gain from surface diffusion above the gain observed with acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
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2
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A Numerical Investigation of the Hydrodynamic Dispersion in Triply Periodic Chromatographic Stationary Phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Seckendorff
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- BU Catalysts Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH Bruckmühl Germany
| | - Olaf Hinrichsen
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
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4
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Sanati-Nezhad A. Clogging sensitivity of flow distributors designed for radially elongated hexagonal pillar array columns: a computational modelling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4927. [PMID: 33654139 PMCID: PMC7925673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow distributor located at the beginning of the micromachined pillar array column (PAC) has significant roles in uniform distribution of flow through separation channels and thus separation efficiency. Chip manufacturing artifacts, contaminated solvents, and complex matrix of samples may contribute to clogging of the microfabricated channels, affect the distribution of the sample, and alter the performance of both natural and engineered systems. An even fluid distribution must be achieved cross-sectionally through careful design of flow distributors and minimizing the sensitivity to clogging in order to reach satisfactory separation efficiency. Given the difficulty to investigate experimentally a high number of clogging conditions and geometries, this work exploits a computational fluid dynamic model to investigate the effect of various design parameters on the performance of flow distributors in equally spreading the flow along the separation channels in the presence of different degrees of clogging. An array of radially elongated hexagonal pillars was selected for the separation channel (column). The design parameters include channel width, distributor width, aspect ratio of the pillars, and number of contact zone rows. The performance of known flow distributors, including bifurcating (BF), radially interconnected (RI), and recently introduced mixed-mode (MMI) in addition to two new distributors designed in this work (MMII and MMIII) were investigated in terms of mean elution time, volumetric variance, asymmetry factors, and pressure drop between the inlet and the monitor line for each design. The results show that except for pressure drop, the channel width and aspect ratio of the pillars has no significant influence on flow distribution pattern in non-clogged distributors. However, the behavior of flow distributors in response to clogging was found to be dependent on width of the channels. Also increasing the distributor width and number of contact zone rows after the first splitting stage showed no improvement in the ability to alleviate the clogging. MMI distributor with the channel width of 3 µm, aspect ratio of the pillars equal to 20, number of exits of 8, and number of contact zones of 3 exhibited the highest stability and minimum sensitivity to different degrees of clogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Haghighi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education (CBRE), Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, Mechanical Engineering Building, MEB214, 2500 University Dr., N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education (CBRE), Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, Mechanical Engineering Building, MEB214, 2500 University Dr., N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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5
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Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Smoluch M. MINIATURIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:453-470. [PMID: 31793697 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expectations for continuous miniaturization in mass spectrometry are not declining for years. Portable instruments are highly welcome by the industry, science, space agencies, forensic laboratories, and many other units. All are striving for the small, cheap, and as good as possible instruments. This review describes the recent developments of miniature mass spectrometers and also provides selected applications where these devices are used. Upcoming perspectives of further development are also discussed. @ 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej St. 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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6
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von Seckendorff J, Szesni N, Fischer R, Hinrichsen O. Experimental characterization of random packed spheres, cylinders and rings, and their influence on pressure drop. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Svidrytski A, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Relationship between bed heterogeneity, chord length distribution, and longitudinal dispersion in particulate beds. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Axial heterogeneities in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns: Chromatographic and bed morphological characterization. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based liquid chromatographic separations in microfluidic devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Nezhad AS. Towards fully integrated liquid chromatography on a chip: Evolution and evaluation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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On the relationship between radial structure heterogeneities and efficiency of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:112-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Reising AE, Schlabach S, Baranau V, Stoeckel D, Tallarek U. Analysis of packing microstructure and wall effects in a narrow-bore ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography column using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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14
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Hlushkou D, Piatrusha S, Tallarek U. Impact of diffusion on transverse dispersion in two-dimensional ordered and random porous media. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063108. [PMID: 28709263 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solute dispersion in fluid flow results from the interaction between advection and diffusion. The relative contributions of these two mechanisms to mass transport are characterized by the reduced velocity ν, also referred to as the Péclet number. In the absence of diffusion (i.e., when the solute diffusion coefficient D_{m}=0 and ν→∞), divergence-free laminar flow of an incompressible fluid results in a zero-transverse dispersion coefficient (D_{T}=0), both in ordered and random two-dimensional porous media. We demonstrate by numerical simulations that a more realistic realization of the condition ν→∞ using D_{m}≠0 and letting the fluid flow velocity approach infinity leads to completely different results for ordered and random two-dimensional porous media. With increasing reduced velocity, D_{T} approaches an asymptotic value in ordered two-dimensional porous media but grows linearly in disordered (random) structures depending on the geometrical disorder of a structure: a higher degree of heterogeneity results in a stronger growth of D_{T} with ν. The obtained results reveal that disorder in the geometrical structure of a two-dimensional porous medium leads to a growth of D_{T} with ν even in a uniform pore-scale advection field; however, lateral diffusion is a prerequisite for this growth. By contrast, in ordered two-dimensional porous media the presence of lateral diffusion leads to a plateau for the transverse dispersion coefficient with increasing ν.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stanislau Piatrusha
- Laboratory of Electron Kinetics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Ossipyan Strasse 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia.,Laboratory of Topological Quantum Phenomena in Superconducting Systems, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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15
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Reising AE, Godinho JM, Jorgenson JW, Tallarek U. Bed morphological features associated with an optimal slurry concentration for reproducible preparation of efficient capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1504:71-82. [PMID: 28511930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Column wall effects and the formation of larger voids in the bed during column packing are factors limiting the achievement of highly efficient columns. Systematic variation of packing conditions, combined with three-dimensional bed reconstruction and detailed morphological analysis of column beds, provide valuable insights into the packing process. Here, we study a set of sixteen 75μm i.d. fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.9μm, C18-modified, bridged-ethyl hybrid silica particles slurried in acetone to concentrations ranging from 5 to 200mg/mL. Bed reconstructions for three of these columns (representing low, optimal, and high slurry concentrations), based on confocal laser scanning microscopy, reveal morphological features associated with the implemented slurry concentration, that lead to differences in column efficiency. At a low slurry concentration, the bed microstructure includes systematic radial heterogeneities such as particle size-segregation and local deviations from bulk packing density near the wall. These effects are suppressed (or at least reduced) with higher slurry concentrations. Concomitantly, larger voids (relative to the mean particle diameter) begin to form in the packing and increase in size and number with the slurry concentration. The most efficient columns are packed at slurry concentrations that balance these counteracting effects. Videos are taken at low and high slurry concentration to elucidate the bed formation process. At low slurry concentrations, particles arrive and settle individually, allowing for rearrangements. At high slurry concentrations, they arrive and pack as large patches (reflecting particle aggregation in the slurry). These processes are discussed with respect to column packing, chromatographic performance, and bed microstructure to help reinforce general trends previously described. Conclusions based on this comprehensive analysis guide us towards further improvement of the packing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States.
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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16
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Godinho JM, Reising AE, Tallarek U, Jorgenson JW. Implementation of high slurry concentration and sonication to pack high-efficiency, meter-long capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:165-9. [PMID: 27499108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Slurry packing capillary columns for ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography is complicated by many interdependent experimental variables. Previous results have suggested that combination of high slurry concentration and sonication during packing would create homogeneous bed microstructures and yield highly efficient capillary columns. Herein, the effect of sonication while packing very high slurry concentrations is presented. A series of six, 1m×75μm internal diameter columns were packed with 200mg/mL slurries of 2.02μm bridged-ethyl hybrid silica particles. Three of the columns underwent sonication during packing and yielded highly efficient separations with reduced plate heights as low as 1.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, United States.
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17
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18
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Reising AE, Godinho JM, Hormann K, Jorgenson JW, Tallarek U. Larger voids in mechanically stable, loose packings of 1.3μm frictional, cohesive particles: Their reconstruction, statistical analysis, and impact on separation efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:118-32. [PMID: 26858113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lateral transcolumn heterogeneities and the presence of larger voids in a packing (comparable to the particle size) can limit the preparation of efficient chromatographic columns. Optimizing and understanding the packing process provides keys to better packing structures and column performance. Here, we investigate the slurry-packing process for a set of capillary columns packed with C18-modified, 1.3μm bridged-ethyl hybrid porous silica particles. The slurry concentration used for packing 75μm i.d. fused-silica capillaries was increased gradually from 5 to 50mg/mL. An intermediate concentration (20mg/mL) resulted in the best separation efficiency. Three capillaries from the set representing low, intermediate, and high slurry concentrations were further used for three-dimensional bed reconstruction by confocal laser scanning microscopy and morphological analysis of the bed structure. Previous studies suggest increased slurry concentrations will result in higher column efficiency due to the suppression of transcolumn bed heterogeneities, but only up to a critical concentration. Too concentrated slurries favour the formation of larger packing voids (reaching the size of the average particle diameter). Especially large voids, which can accommodate particles from>90% of the particle size distribution, are responsible for a decrease in column efficiency at high slurry concentrations. Our work illuminates the increasing difficulty of achieving high bed densities with small, frictional, cohesive particles. As particle size decreases interparticle forces become increasingly important and hinder the ease of particle sliding during column packing. While an optimal slurry concentration is identified with respect to bed morphology and separation efficiency under conditions in this work, our results suggest adjustments of this concentration are required with regard to particle size, surface roughness, column dimensions, slurry liquid, and external effects utilized during the packing process (pressure protocol, ultrasound, electric fields).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - Kristof Hormann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States.
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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19
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Müllner T, Unger KK, Tallarek U. Characterization of microscopic disorder in reconstructed porous materials and assessment of mass transport-relevant structural descriptors. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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An empirical correlation of the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients for flow through random particle packs. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Grinias JP, Kennedy RT. Evaluation of 5 µm Superficially Porous Particles for Capillary and Microfluidic LC Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:502-514. [PMID: 26714261 PMCID: PMC4669065 DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Large-size (4–5 µm) superficially porous particles yield lower plate heights (e.g., the minimal reduced plate height or hmin ≈ 1.5) than fully porous particles of a similar size when packed into large-bore columns. This property allows for better chromatographic performance without the higher pressures required for smaller particles. This study explores the use of such particles in microfluidic LC columns where materials and fitting pressure limits can constrain the size of particle used. The theoretically predicted performance improvements compared to fully porous particles were not demonstrated in capillary columns (with hmin ≈ 2 for both particle types), in agreement with previous studies that examined smaller superficially porous particles. Microfluidic columns were then compared to capillary columns. Capillary columns significantly outperformed microfluidic columns due to imperfections imposed by microfluidic channel asymmetry and world-to-chip connection at the optimal flow rate; however, superficially porous particles packed in microfluidic LC columns had flatter plate height versus flow rate curves indicating potential for better performance at high reduced velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-734-615-4376
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22
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Shi QH, Jia GD, Xu L, Sun Y. Effect of electric field on the partitioning behavior of solutes in entropic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3075-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
| | - Guo-Dong Jia
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics; School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
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Comparison of first and second generation analytical silica monoliths by pore-scale simulations of eddy dispersion in the bulk region. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1303:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Perspectives on the Evolution of the Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3017-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3033307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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25
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Sen D, Sarkar S, Bhattacharjee S, Bandopadhya S, Ghosh S, Bhattacharjee C. Simulation of the Effect of Various Operating Parameters for the Effective Separation of Carbon Dioxide into an Aqueous Caustic Soda Solution in a Packed Bed Using Lattice Boltzmann Simulation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301954c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Sen
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Santanu Sarkar
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Sourja Ghosh
- Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
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27
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Bruns S, Stoeckel D, Smarsly BM, Tallarek U. Influence of particle properties on the wall region in packed capillaries. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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29
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. Geometrical and topological measures for hydrodynamic dispersion in confined sphere packings at low column-to-particle diameter ratios. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:77-91. [PMID: 23000179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At low column-to-particle diameter (or aspect) ratio (d(c)/d(p)) the kinetic column performance is dominated by the transcolumn disorder that arises from the morphological gradient between the more homogeneous, looser packed wall region and the random, dense core. For a systematic analysis of this morphology-dispersion relation we computer-generated a set of confined sphere packings varying three parameters: aspect ratio (d(c)/d(p)=10-30), bed porosity (ɛ=0.40-0.46), and packing homogeneity. Plate height curves were received from simulation of hydrodynamic dispersion in the packings over a wide range of reduced velocities (v=0.5-500). Geometrical measures derived from radial porosity and velocity profiles were insufficient as morphological descriptors of the plate height data. After Voronoi tessellation of the packings, topological information was obtained from the statistical moments of the free Voronoi volume (V(free)) distributions. The radial profile of the standard deviation of the V(free) distributions in the form of an integral measure was identified as a quantitative scalar measure for the transcolumn disorder. The first morphology-dispersion correlation for confined sphere packings deepens our understanding of how the packing microstructure determines the kinetic column performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Daneyko A, Hlushkou D, Khirevich S, Tallarek U. From random sphere packings to regular pillar arrays: Analysis of transverse dispersion. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:98-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Mass transfer kinetics, band broadening and column efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:2-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Daneyko A, Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. From random sphere packings to regular pillar arrays: Effect of the macroscopic confinement on hydrodynamic dispersion. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8231-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Structure–transport correlation for the diffusive tortuosity of bulk, monodisperse, random sphere packings. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Morphological analysis of physically reconstructed capillary hybrid silica monoliths and correlation with separation efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Transient and asymptotic dispersion in confined sphere packings with cylindrical and non-cylindrical conduit geometries. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:2485-2493. [PMID: 21576163 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the time and length scales of hydrodynamic dispersion in confined monodisperse sphere packings as a function of the conduit geometry. By a modified Jodrey-Tory algorithm, we generated packings at a bed porosity (interstitial void fraction) of ε=0.40 in conduits with circular, rectangular, or semicircular cross section of area 100πd(p)(2) (where d(p) is the sphere diameter) and dimensions of about 20d(p) (cylinder diameter) by 6553.6d(p) (length), 25d(p) by 12.5d(p) (rectangle sides) by 8192d(p) or 14.1d(p) (radius of semicircle) by 8192d(p), respectively. The fluid-flow velocity field in the generated packings was calculated by the lattice Boltzmann method for Péclet numbers of up to 500, and convective-diffusive mass transport of 4×10(6) inert tracers was modelled with a random-walk particle-tracking technique. We present lateral porosity and velocity distributions for all packings and monitor the time evolution of longitudinal dispersion up to the asymptotic (long-time) limit. The characteristic length scales for asymptotic behaviour are explained from the symmetry of each conduit's velocity field. Finally, we quantify the influence of the confinement and of a specific conduit geometry on the velocity dependence of the asymptotic dispersion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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36
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Koku H, Maier RS, Czymmek KJ, Schure MR, Lenhoff AM. Modeling of flow in a polymeric chromatographic monolith. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3466-75. [PMID: 21529814 PMCID: PMC3109253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flow behavior of a commercial polymeric monolith was investigated by direct numerical simulations employing the lattice-Boltzmann (LB) methodology. An explicit structural representation of the monolith was obtained by serial sectioning of a portion of the monolith and imaging by scanning electron microscopy. After image processing, the three-dimensional structure of a sample block with dimensions of 17.8 μm × 17.8 μm × 14.1 μm was obtained, with uniform 18.5 nm voxel size. Flow was simulated on this reconstructed block using the LB method to obtain the velocity distribution, and in turn macroscopic flow properties such as the permeability and the average velocity. The computed axial velocity distribution exhibits a sharp peak with an exponentially decaying tail. Analysis of the local components of the flow field suggests that flow is not evenly distributed throughout the sample geometry, as is also seen in geometries that exhibit preferential flow paths, such as sphere pack arrays with defects. A significant fraction of negative axial velocities are observed; the largest of these are due to flow along horizontal pores that are also slightly oriented in the negative axial direction. Possible implications for mass transfer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Koku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Robert S. Maier
- Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Kirk J. Czymmek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Mark R. Schure
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477-0904
| | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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37
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Daneyko A, Höltzel A, Khirevich S, Tallarek U. Influence of the Particle Size Distribution on Hydraulic Permeability and Eddy Dispersion in Bulk Packings. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3903-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200424p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Daneyko
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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38
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Microchip electrospray: Cone-jet stability analysis for water–acetonitrile and water–methanol mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Jung S, Stoeckel D, Tallarek U. Fast, accurate, and convenient analysis of bed densities for columns packed with fine reversed-phase particles. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:800-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Guiochon G, Tarafder A. Fundamental challenges and opportunities for preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1037-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Trusch M, Ehlert S, Bertsch A, Kohlbacher O, Hildebrand D, Schlüter H, Tallarek U. Improved particle-packed HPLC/MS microchips for proteomic analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3283-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Hlushkou D, Bruns S, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. From Pore Scale to Column Scale Dispersion in Capillary Silica Monoliths. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7150-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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43
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. Time and length scales of eddy dispersion in chromatographic beds. Anal Chem 2010; 81:7057-66. [PMID: 20337386 DOI: 10.1021/ac901187d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Time and length scales as well as the magnitude of individual contributions to eddy dispersion in chromatographic beds are resolved. We address this issue by a high-resolution numerical analysis of flow and mass transport in computer-generated bulk (unconfined) packings of monosized, nonporous, incompressible, spherical particles and complementary confined cylindrical packings with a cylinder-to-particle diameter ratio of d(c)/d(p) = 20. The transient behavior of longitudinal and transverse dispersion is analyzed and correlated with the spatial scales of heterogeneity in the bulk and confined packings. Simulations were carried out until complete transcolumn equilibration in the confined packings was achieved to facilitate a quantitative study of the geometrical wall effect. Longitudinal plate height data calculated over a wide range of reduced velocities (0.1 < or = nu < or = 500) were fitted to the comprehensive Giddings equation. The determined transition velocities for individual contributions to eddy dispersion were found to be widely disparate. As a consequence, the total effect of eddy dispersion on the plate height curves can be approximated in the practical range of chromatographic operational velocities (5 < or = nu < or = 20) by a composite expression in which only the short-range interchannel contribution retains its coupling characteristics, while transchannel and transcolumn contributions appear as simple mass transfer velocity-proportional terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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44
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Ehlert S, Trojer L, Vollmer M, van de Goor T, Tallarek U. Performance of HPLC/MS microchips in isocratic and gradient elution modes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:313-320. [PMID: 20209581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the chromatographic performance of particle-packed, all-polyimide high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) microchips in terms of their hydraulic permeabilities and separation efficiency under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. The separation channels of the chips (with ca 50 microm x 75 microm trapezoidal cross-section and a length of 43 mm) were slurry packed with either 3.5 or 5 microm spherical porous C18-silica particles. A custom-built holder enveloped the chip during packing to prevent channel deformation and delamination from high pressures. It is shown that the packing conditions significantly impact the packing density of the HPLC/MS chips, which determines their performance in both, isocratic and gradient elution modes. Even with steep solvent gradients, peak shape and chromatographic resolution for the densely packed HPLC/MS chips are much improved. Our data show that the analytical power of the HPLC/MS chip is limited by the quality of the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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45
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Jung S, Höltzel A, Ehlert S, Mora JA, Kraiczek K, Dittmann M, Rozing GP, Tallarek U. Impact of Conduit Geometry on the Performance of Typical Particulate Microchip Packings. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10193-200. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Jose-Angel Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Karsten Kraiczek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Monika Dittmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Gerard P. Rozing
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
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46
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Reinsberg KG, Effelsberg U, Tallarek U. Microchip electrospray performance during gradient elution with bulk conductivity changes. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2914-2923. [PMID: 19789744 DOI: 10.1039/b905052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work identifies dynamic changes in bulk conductivity during reversed-phase HPLC gradient elution as a major source for spray mode changes and instabilities observed in ESI-MS. A commercial microchip-HPLC/ESI-MS configuration was modified to enable electrospray diagnostics based on frequency analysis of the microchip emitter current combined with spray imaging. This approach facilitated detection of different spray modes together with their onset potentials. Water/acetonitrile mixtures containing formic acid were selected as the electrosprayed solutions to represent typical conditions in reversed-phase HPLC. Experimental data are complemented by computational fluid dynamics simulations, treating the electrosprayed solution as leaky dielectric fluid, to address the influence of bulk conductivity and applied potential difference on the developing cone-jet morphology and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Georg Reinsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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47
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. Struktur-Transport-Analyse in Festbetten verschiedener Querschnittsgeometrien. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200950056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Ehlert S, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. Large-Scale Simulation of Flow and Transport in Reconstructed HPLC-Microchip Packings. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4937-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900631d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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49
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Nischang I, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Effect of capillary cross-section geometry and size on the separation of proteins in gradient mode using monolithic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) columns. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2355-61. [PMID: 19201413 PMCID: PMC2677079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porous polymer monoliths have been prepared in capillaries with circular or square cross-sections and lateral dimensions of 50, 75, 100 microm as well as in a rectangular 38 microm x 95 microm capillary. These capillaries have been used to determine the effect of the size and shape of their cross-section on the porous and hydrodynamic properties of poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths. The capillaries were studied by scanning electron microscopy and evaluated for their permeability to flow and their performance in the liquid chromatographic separation of a protein mixture comprising ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and ovalbumin using a linear gradient of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. No differences resulting from channel geometry were found for the various capillary columns. These results demonstrate that standard capillaries with circular geometry are a good and affordable alternative conduit for modeling the processes carried out in microfluidic chips with a variety of geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Nischang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA
| | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA
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50
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Numerical and analytical solutions for the column length-dependent band broadening originating from axisymmetrical trans-column velocity gradients. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1325-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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