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Chuang JC, Clifford AJ, Kim SH, Novotny JA, Kelly PB, Holstege DM, Walzem RL. Separation of Lipoproteins for Quantitative Analysis of 14C-Labeled Lipid-Soluble Compounds by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1856. [PMID: 38339135 PMCID: PMC10855872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, 14C tracer studies using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have not yet resolved lipid-soluble analytes into individual lipoprotein density subclasses. The objective of this work was to develop a reliable method for lipoprotein separation and quantitative recovery for biokinetic modeling purposes. The novel method developed provides the means for use of small volumes (10-200 µL) of frozen plasma as a starting material for continuous isopycnic lipoprotein separation within a carbon- and pH-stable analyte matrix, which, following post-separation fraction clean up, created samples suitable for highly accurate 14C/12C isotope ratio determinations by AMS. Manual aspiration achieved 99.2 ± 0.41% recovery of [5-14CH3]-(2R, 4'R, 8'R)-α-tocopherol contained within 25 µL plasma recovered in triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins (TRL = Chylomicrons + VLDL), LDL, HDL, and infranatant (INF) from each of 10 different sampling times for one male and one female subject, n = 20 total samples. Small sample volumes of previously frozen plasma and high analyte recoveries make this an attractive method for AMS studies using newer, smaller footprint AMS equipment to develop genuine tracer analyses of lipophilic nutrients or compounds in all human age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;
| | - Janet A. Novotny
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Peter B. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dirk M. Holstege
- UC Davis Analytical Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Poultry Science Department, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Double Trap Interface: A novel gas interface for high throughput analysis of biomedical samples by AMS. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100400. [PMID: 34146821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) offers unparalleled sensitivity by investigating the fate of 14C-labeled compounds within the organism, its widespread use in ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) studies is limited. Conventional approaches based on Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) are still preferred, in particular because of complexity and costs associated with AMS measurements. Progress made over the last decade towards more compact AMS systems increased the interest in a combustion-based AMS approach allowing the analysis of samples in gaseous form. Thus, a novel gas Double Trap Interface (DTI) was designed, providing high sample throughput for the analysis of biomedical samples. DTI allows the coupling of an Elemental Analyzer (EA) for sample combustion to the hybrid ion source of a MICADAS (MIni CArbon DAting System) AMS system. The performance was evaluated in two studies through the analysis of more than 1000 samples from 14C-labeled biomatrices and fractions collected after liquid chromatography (LC). The covered activity ranged from 1 to 1000 mBq/g for labeled biomatrices and from 1 to 10000 mBq/g(C) for LC fractions. The implemented routine allows automated measurements requiring less than 5 min per sample (12-13 analyses per hour) without the need for sample conversion to graphite.
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Thermal Decontamination of Spent Activated Carbon Contaminated with Radiocarbon and Tritium. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal desorption of tritium (3H, T) and radiocarbon (14C) from spent activated carbon was investigated and three thermal desorption steps were established: the vaporization of homogeneously condensed molecules, the desorption of molecules physically binding with the carbon surface, and the decomposition of chemisorbed molecules. A model-free kinetic analysis was conducted to establish the optimum condition of vacuum thermal desorption. Physisorbed species, including tritiated water (HTO) and 14CO2, were effectively removed by vacuum thermal desorption. However, a fraction of 14C, which may take the form of carbon molecules in pyrocarbon form during the heating process, was not removed, even at a high temperature of 1000 °C under a vacuum of 0.3–0.5 Pa. Oxidative peeling of the pore surfaces by filling the evacuated pores with pure oxygen via vacuum thermal desorption and heating to 700 °C was found to be effective for reducing the level of 14C to a level below the established free-release criterion (1 Bq/g) when treating spent activated carbon with 14C radioactivity levels of 162 and 128 Bq/g. The reactivation of the spent granular activated carbon (GAC) by vacuum thermal desorption followed by surface oxidation was also confirmed by the slightly enhanced pore volumes when compared to those of virgin spent activated carbon.
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Biotransformation of [ 14C]-ixazomib in patients with advanced solid tumors: characterization of metabolite profiles in plasma, urine, and feces. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:803-814. [PMID: 30128949 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This metabolite profiling and identification analysis (part of a phase I absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study) aimed to define biotransformation pathways and evaluate associated inter-individual variability in four patients with advanced solid tumors who received [14C]-ixazomib. METHODS After administration of a single 4.1-mg oral dose of [14C]-ixazomib (total radioactivity [TRA] ~ 500 nCi), plasma (at selected timepoints), urine, and fecal samples were collected before dosing and continuously over 0-168-h postdose, followed by intermittent collections on days 14, 21, 28, and 35. TRA analysis and metabolite profiling were performed using accelerator mass spectrometry. Radiolabeled metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Metabolite profiles were similar in plasma, urine, and feces samples across the four patients analyzed. All metabolites identified were de-boronated. In AUC0-816 h time-proportional pooled plasma, ixazomib (54.2% of plasma TRA) and metabolites M1 (18.9%), M3 (10.6%), and M2 (7.91%), were the primary components identified. M1 was the major metabolite, contributing to 31.1% of the 76.2% of the total dose excreted in urine and feces over 0-35-day postdose. As none of the identified metabolites had a boronic acid moiety, they are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. CONCLUSIONS Hydrolytic metabolism in conjunction with oxidative deboronation appears to be the principal process in the in vivo biotransformation pathways of ixazomib. The inference of formation-rate-limited clearance of ixazomib metabolites and the inferred lack of pharmacologic activity of identified circulating metabolites provides justification for use of parent drug concentrations/systemic exposure in clinical pharmacology analyses.
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Gupta N, Zhang S, Pusalkar S, Plesescu M, Chowdhury S, Hanley MJ, Wang B, Xia C, Zhang X, Venkatakrishnan K, Shepard DR. A phase I study to assess the mass balance, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of [ 14C]-ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:407-415. [PMID: 28932928 PMCID: PMC5948259 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This two-part, phase I study evaluated the mass balance, excretion, pharmacokinetics (PK), and safety of ixazomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. In Part A of the study, patients received a single 4.1 mg oral solution dose of [14C]-ixazomib containing ~500 nCi total radioactivity (TRA), followed by non-radiolabeled ixazomib (4 mg capsule) on days 14 and 21 of the 35-day PK cycle. Patients were confined to the clinic for the first 168 h post dose and returned for 24 h overnight clinic visits on days 14, 21, 28, and 35. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected during Part A to assess the mass balance (by accelerator mass spectrometry), excretion, and PK of ixazomib. During Part B of the study, patients received non-radiolabeled ixazomib (4 mg capsules) on days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles. After oral administration, ixazomib was rapidly absorbed with a median plasma Tmax of 0.5 h and represented 70% of total drug-related material in plasma. The mean total recovery of administered TRA was 83.9%; 62.1% in urine and 21.8% in feces. Only 3.23% of the administered dose was recovered in urine as unchanged drug up to 168 h post dose, suggesting that most of the TRA in urine was attributable to metabolites. All patients experienced a treatment-emergent adverse event, which most commonly involved the gastrointestinal system. These findings suggest that ixazomib is extensively metabolized, with urine representing the predominant route of excretion of drug-related material.Trial ID: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01953783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Gupta
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Steven Zhang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mihaela Plesescu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Swapan Chowdhury
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Hanley
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bingxia Wang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cindy Xia
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoquan Zhang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dale R Shepard
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Chung IM, Park I, Yoon JY, Yang YS, Kim SH. Determination of organic milk authenticity using carbon and nitrogen natural isotopes. Food Chem 2014; 160:214-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Duijn E, Sandman H, Grossouw D, Mocking JAJ, Coulier L, Vaes WHJ. Automated Combustion Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Biomedical Samples in the Low Attomole Range. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7635-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5015035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Sandman
- TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Leon Coulier
- TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Kaplan N, Garner C, Hafkin B. AFN-1252 in vitro absorption studies and pharmacokinetics following microdosing in healthy subjects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:440-6. [PMID: 23988847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of AFN-1252, a novel inhibitor of the essential FabI enzyme in Staphylococcus spp., in vitro and following microdosing in healthy adult male subjects following intravenous and oral administration. METHODS Three ADME studies, comprising a Caco-2 assay, a rat intestinal perfusion model and a microdosing study in healthy human volunteers, were conducted. RESULTS The Caco-2 assay indicated that AFN-1252 in solution is well-absorbed and undergoes insignificant efflux, and its transport across the intestinal wall is probably passive. In the rat intestinal perfusion model, AFN-1252 exhibited high permeability potential across three segments, in the rank order of jejunum=ileum>colon. Taken together with the low aqueous solubility, the data from these studies indicate that AFN-1252 is a BCS Class II molecule with solubility-limited absorption. Analysis of the [(14)C]-AFN-1252 radioactivity concentration-time data indicated similar pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration in the microdosing study in healthy volunteers. These included long terminal half-lives of ∼7 h and 83% bioavailability, indicating that there was little first-pass metabolism following oral dosing. AFN-1252 exhibited good distribution to skin and skin structures where its anti-staphylococcal activity may be required. Urinary and faecal excretion are major elimination routes for [(14)C]-AFN-1252 following intravenous or oral administration. CONCLUSIONS AFN-1252 has the potential for both intravenous and oral administration, once- or twice-daily dosing and good tissue distribution in humans. Further safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in man are required to investigate therapeutically-relevant doses for this novel agent and its targeted selectivity and high potency against Staphylococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachum Kaplan
- Affinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200 Front Street West, Suite 3004, P.O. Box 31, Toronto, ON M5V 3K2, Canada.
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Chung IM, Kim SH. Biological and biomedical (14)C-accelerator mass spectrometry and graphitization of carbonaceous samples. Analyst 2013; 138:3347-55. [PMID: 23626987 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the ultimate technique for measuring rare isotopes in small samples. Biological and biomedical applications of (14)C-AMS (bio-(14)C-AMS) commenced in the early 1990s and are now widely used in many research fields including pharmacology, toxicology, food, and nutrition. For accurate, precise, and reproducible bio-(14)C-AMS analysis, the graphitization step in sample preparation is the most critical step. So, various sample preparation methods for a process called graphitization have been reported for specific applications. Catalytic graphitization using either a flame-sealed borosilicate tube or a septa-sealed vial is a popular sample preparation method for bio-(14)C-AMS. In this review, we introduce the AMS system, especially for bio-(14)C-AMS. In addition, we also review the graphitization method for bio-(14)C-AMS to promote further understanding and improvement of sample preparation for this technique. Examples of catalytic graphitization methods over the past two decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang GH, Zeng YS, Yao J, Qian Y, Huang Y, Liu K, Liu W, Li Y. Source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter based on the radiocarbon. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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