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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Mensch EL, Dissanayake AA, Nair MG, Wagner CM. The effect of putrescine on space use and activity in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Sci Rep 2022; 12:17400. [PMID: 36253421 PMCID: PMC9576135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish use odor to avoid exposure to predation and disease. Harnessing these odors as repellents is proving useful for management initiatives that conserve native species or control invasive populations. Here, we evaluated the behavioral response of invasive sea lamprey to putrescine, a decay molecule that many prey organisms avoid. Putrescine is found in tissue extracts that contain sea lamprey alarm cue, and human saliva, two mixtures known to elicit flight and avoidance responses in migratory sea lamprey. We used two behavioral assays to evaluate metrics of repellency: behavioral preference (space use) and change in activity rates and found context-dependent results. In smaller assays with individual fish, we found that putrescine had no effect on sea lamprey activity but did induce avoidance. In larger assays with multiple animals, sea lamprey did not avoid putrescine. Our results also showed consistent changes in activity and avoidance behavior in sea lamprey exposed to alarm cue in the smaller assay, concluding that this design could prove useful as a high-throughput screening tool. We also investigated a novel odor identified in sea lamprey skin, petromyzonacil, and found no behavioral effects to this odor on its own or in synergy with putrescine. Our results show limited evidence that putrescine acts as robust repellent for sea lamprey and highlight the importance of environmental context when interpreting avoidance behavior in laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Mensch
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Amila A. Dissanayake
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Muraleedharan G. Nair
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. Michael Wagner
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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3
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Padiglia A, Orrù R, Boroumand M, Olianas A, Manconi B, Sanna MT, Desiderio C, Iavarone F, Liori B, Messana I, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Extensive Characterization of the Human Salivary Basic Proline-Rich Protein Family by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3292-3307. [PMID: 30064219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human basic proline-rich proteins and basic glycosylated proline-rich proteins, encoded by the polymorphic PRB1-4 genes and expressed only in parotid glands, are the most complex family of adult salivary proteins. The family includes 11 parent peptides/proteins and more than 6 parent glycosylated proteins, but a high number of proteoforms with rather similar structures derive from polymorphisms and post-translational modifications. 55 new components of the family were characterized by top-down liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem-mass platforms, bringing the total number of proteoforms to 109. The new components comprise the three variants P-H S1 → A, P-Ko P36 → S, and P-Ko A41 → S and several of their naturally occurring proteolytic fragments. The paper represents an updated reference for the peptides included in the heterogeneous family of proteins encoded by PRB1/PRB4. MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD009813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Roberto Orrù
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Barbara Liori
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
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Effect of the addition of mannoproteins on the interaction between wine flavonols and salivary proteins. Food Chem 2018; 264:226-232. [PMID: 29853369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the addition of flavonols (i.e. white grape skins) improves and stabilizes the color of red wines. However, it has been shown that flavonol glycosides produce a mouth-drying and mouth-coating sensation at very low threshold concentrations. Moreover, the addition of polysaccharides to wines is a practice addressed to improve the smoothness and roundness and correct excessive astringency, so we have studied the effect of the addition of yeast mannoproteins (MP) on the interaction between quercetin 3-glucoside and human salivary peptides. Sensory analysis showed the first evidence of the mannoprotein smoothing effect when the flavonol is added to wine. Additionally, MP/SP/polyphenol interactions were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry. Results obtained indicate not only the existence of interactions between mannoproteins and flavonols but also between mannoproteins and salivary proteins (SP), suggesting a possible formation of protein/polyphenol/polysaccharide ternary complex.
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Ramos-Pineda AM, García-Estévez I, Brás NF, Martín Del Valle EM, Dueñas M, Escribano Bailón MT. Molecular Approach to the Synergistic Effect on Astringency Elicited by Mixtures of Flavanols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6425-6433. [PMID: 28421745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between salivary proteins and wine flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, and mixtures thereof) have been studied by HPLC-DAD, isothermal titration microcalorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. Chromatographic results suggest that the presence of these flavanol mixtures could facilitate the formation of precipitates to the detriment of soluble aggregates. Comparison between the thermodynamic parameters obtained showed remarkably higher negative values of ΔG in the system containing the mixture of both flavanols in comparison to the systems containing individual flavanols, indicating a more favorable scenario in the mixing system. Also, the apparent binding constants were higher in this system. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations suggested a faster and greater cooperative binding of catechin and epicatechin to IB714 peptides when both types of flavanols are present simultaneously in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba María Ramos-Pineda
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Estévez
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F Brás
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Montserrat Dueñas
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP), Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
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Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the Control of Its Secretion. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gregorich ZR, Peng Y, Cai W, Jin Y, Wei L, Chen AJ, McKiernan SH, Aiken JM, Moss RL, Diffee GM, Ge Y. Top-Down Targeted Proteomics Reveals Decrease in Myosin Regulatory Light-Chain Phosphorylation That Contributes to Sarcopenic Muscle Dysfunction. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2706-16. [PMID: 27362462 PMCID: PMC4975644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age, is a significant cause of disability and loss of independence in the elderly and thus, represents a formidable challenge for the aging population. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sarcopenia-associated muscle dysfunction remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an integrated approach combining top-down targeted proteomics with mechanical measurements to dissect the molecular mechanism(s) in age-related muscle dysfunction. Top-down targeted proteomic analysis uncovered a progressive age-related decline in the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), a critical protein involved in the modulation of muscle contractility, in the skeletal muscle of aging rats. Top-down tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified a previously unreported bis-phosphorylated proteoform of fast skeletal RLC and localized the sites of decreasing phosphorylation to Ser14/15. Of these sites, Ser14 phosphorylation represents a previously unidentified site of phosphorylation in RLC from fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Subsequent mechanical analysis of single fast-twitch fibers isolated from the muscles of rats of different ages revealed that the observed decline in RLC phosphorylation can account for age-related decreases in the contractile properties of sarcopenic fast-twitch muscles. These results strongly support a role for decreasing RLC phosphorylation in sarcopenia-associated muscle dysfunction and suggest that therapeutic modulation of RLC phosphorylation may represent a new avenue for the treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R. Gregorich
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Wenxuan Cai
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Liming Wei
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Albert J. Chen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Susan H. McKiernan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Judd M. Aiken
- Departments of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta-Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard L. Moss
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- UW Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Gary M. Diffee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, 53705
- UW Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
- UW Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705
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Khurshid Z, Najeeb S, Mali M, Moin SF, Raza SQ, Zohaib S, Sefat F, Zafar MS. Histatin peptides: Pharmacological functions and their applications in dentistry. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:25-31. [PMID: 28223859 PMCID: PMC5310145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many human oral antimicrobial peptides responsible for playing important roles including maintenance, repairing of oral tissues (hard or soft) and defense against oral microbes. In this review we have highlighted the biochemistry, physiology and proteomics of human oral histatin peptides, secreted from parotid and submandibular salivary glands in human. The significance of these peptides includes capability for ionic binding that can kill fungal Candida albicans. They have histidine rich amino acid sequences (7-12 family members; corresponding to residues 12-24, 13-24, 12-25, 13-25, 5-11, and 5-12, respectively) for Histatin-3. However, Histatin-3 can be synthesized proteolytically from histatin 5 or 6. Due to their fungicidal response and high biocompatibility (little or no toxicity), these peptides can be considered as therapeutic agents with most probable applications for example, artificial saliva for denture wearers and salivary gland dysfunction conditions. The objectives of current article are to explore the human histatin peptides for its types, chemical and biological aspects. In addition, the potential for therapeutic bio-dental applications has been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- School of Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Mali
- Department of Endodontics, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- National Centre for Proteomics, Karachi University, Pakistan
| | - Syed Qasim Raza
- Institute of Research and Consulting, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Zohaib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Manconi B, Castagnola M, Cabras T, Olianas A, Vitali A, Desiderio C, Sanna MT, Messana I. The intriguing heterogeneity of human salivary proline-rich proteins. J Proteomics 2016; 134:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Majem B, Rigau M, Reventós J, Wong DT. Non-coding RNAs in saliva: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8676-98. [PMID: 25898412 PMCID: PMC4425103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, which are extensively supplied by blood. Therefore, molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, etc., present in plasma could be also present in saliva. Many studies have reported that saliva body fluid can be useful for discriminating several oral diseases, but also systemic diseases including cancer. Most of these studies revealed messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteomic biomarker signatures rather than specific non-coding RNA (ncRNA) profiles. NcRNAs are emerging as new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing an important role in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the small size of these molecules makes them very stable in different body fluids and not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases). Therefore, the development of a non-invasive salivary test, based on ncRNAs profiles, could have a significant applicability to clinical practice, not only by reducing the cost of the health system, but also by benefitting the patient. Here, we summarize the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva as a source of biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Majem
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBELL-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David T Wong
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wong DTW. Salivary extracellular noncoding RNA: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Clin Ther 2015; 37:540-51. [PMID: 25795433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, nourished by body's vasculature. Although many circulatory molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) can also be present in saliva, saliva harbors unique molecular constituents that can be discriminatory for oral and systemic disease screening and detection. Many studies have reported that salivary constituents can discriminate oral diseases (oral cancer and Sjögren's syndrome) and also systemic diseases (lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing important roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the short size of these molecules makes them stable in different body fluids such as urine, blood, and saliva, being not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by RNases. Here, the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva are reviewed for translational applications and basic biological research. The development of noninvasive salivary test (based on ncRNAs profiles) for disease detection could have effective applications into the clinical context with a translational significance as emerging molecular biomarkers for non-invasively disease detection, not only by reducing the cost to the health care system but also by benefitting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Wong
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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12
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Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
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13
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Characterization of salivary proteins of schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patients by top-down proteomics. J Proteomics 2014; 103:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Wu S, Brown JN, Tolić N, Meng D, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhao R, Moore RJ, Pevzner P, Smith RD, Paša-Tolić L. Quantitative analysis of human salivary gland-derived intact proteome using top-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2014; 14:1211-22. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Joseph N. Brown
- Biological Sciences Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Nikola Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Da Meng
- Computational Mathematics Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of BioHealth Informatics; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Ronald J. Moore
- Biological Sciences Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Pavel Pevzner
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland WA USA
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15
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Vitorino R, Ferreira R, Caseiro A, Amado F. Salivary Peptidomics Targeting Clinical Applications. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62650-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Zhang J, Roth MJ, Chang AN, Plymire DA, Corbett JR, Greenberg BM, Patrie SM. Top-Down Mass Spectrometry on Tissue Extracts and Biofluids with Isoelectric Focusing and Superficially Porous Silica Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10377-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402394w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
| | - Michael J. Roth
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
| | - Audrey N. Chang
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
| | - Daniel A. Plymire
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
| | - John R. Corbett
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
| | | | - Steven M. Patrie
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323
Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9072
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17
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Cabras T, Iavarone F, Pirolli D, De Rosa MC, Vitali A, Faa G, Cordaro M, Messana I, Ekström J, Castagnola M. Top-down HPLC-ESI-MS characterization of rat gliadoralin A, a new member of the family of rat submandibular gland glutamine-rich proteins and potential substrate of transglutaminase. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2848-61. [PMID: 23637100 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of rat submandibular saliva secreted under isoprenaline stimulation, a protein with an experimental [M+H](1+) = 10,544.24 m/z was detected (17.5 ± 0.7 min). The MS/MS fragmentation pattern, manually investigated, allowed establishing an internal sequence in agreement with a DNA-derived sequence of an unknown rat protein coded D3Z9M3 (Swiss-Prot). To match the experimental MS/MS fragmentation pattern and protein mass with theoretical data, the removal from the N terminus of the signal peptide and from the C terminus of three amino acid (a.a.) residues (Arg-Ala-Val) and the cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine in pyroglutamic had to be supposed, resulting in a mature protein of 90 a.a. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of the trypsin digest ensured 100% sequence coverage. For the high glutamine content (34/90 = 37.8%) we propose to name this protein rat gliadoralin A 1-90. Low amounts of five different isoforms were sporadically detected, which did not significantly change their relative amounts after stimulation. Gliadoralin A is substrate for transglutaminase-2, having Lys 60 and different Gln residues as major determinants for enzyme recognition. In silico investigation of superior structures evidenced that a small part of the protein adopts an α-helical fold, whereas large segments are unfolded, suggesting an unordered conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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18
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Montaldo C, Giuca MR, Iavarone F, Zampino G, Castagnola M, Messana I. Significant modifications of the salivary proteome potentially associated with complications of Down syndrome revealed by top-down proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1844-52. [PMID: 23533003 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome, a frequent genetic disorder in humans, have increased risk of health problems associated with this condition. One clinical feature of Down syndrome is the increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in comparison with the general population. Because saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health, in the present study the salivary proteome of Down syndrome subjects was investigated to explore modifications with respect to healthy subjects. Whole saliva of 36 Down syndrome subjects, divided in the age groups 10-17 yr and 18-50 yr, was analyzed by a top-down proteomic approach, based on the high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the intact proteins and peptides, and the qualitative and quantitative profiles were compared with sex- and age-matched control groups. The results showed the following interesting features: 1) as opposed to controls, in Down syndrome subjects the concentration of the major salivary proteins of gland origin did not increase with age; as a consequence concentration of acidic proline rich proteins and S cystatins were found significantly reduced in older Down syndrome subjects with respect to matched controls; 2) levels of the antimicrobial α-defensins 1 and 2 and histatins 3 and 5 were significantly increased in whole saliva of older Down syndrome subjects with respect to controls; 3) S100A7, S100A8, and S100A12 levels were significantly increased in whole saliva of Down syndrome subjects in comparison with controls. The increased level of S100A7 and S100A12 may be of particular interest as a biomarker of early onset Alzheimer's disease, which is frequently associated with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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19
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Peng Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Xu Q, Hacker TA, Ge Y. Top-down targeted proteomics for deep sequencing of tropomyosin isoforms. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:187-98. [PMID: 23256820 PMCID: PMC3596867 DOI: 10.1021/pr301054n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosins (Tm) constitute a family of ubiquitous and highly conserved actin-binding proteins, playing essential roles in a variety of biological processes. Tm isoforms produced by multiple Tm encoding genes and alternatively expressed exons along with post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate Tm function. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the functional role of Tm, it is essential to fully characterize Tm isoforms. Herein, we developed a top-down high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics method for comprehensive characterization of Tm isoforms. α-Tm was identified to be the predominant isoform in swine cardiac muscle. We further characterized its sequence and localized the PTMs such as acetylation and phosphorylation as well as amino acid polymorphisms. Interestingly, we discovered a "novel" Tm isoform that does not match with any of the currently available swine Tm sequences. A deep sequencing of this isoform by top-down MS revealed an exact match with mouse β-Tm sequence, suggesting that this "novel" isoform is swine β-Tm which is 100% conserved between swine and mouse. Taken together, we demonstrated that top-down targeted proteomics provides a powerful tool for deep sequencing of Tm isoforms from genetic variations together with complete mapping of the PTM sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Xin Chen
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Han Zhang
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Qingge Xu
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Timothy A. Hacker
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Ying Ge
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
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