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Antoine R, Broyer M, Dugourd P. Metal nanoclusters: from fundamental aspects to electronic properties and optical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2222546. [PMID: 37363801 PMCID: PMC10286677 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2222546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer-protected noble metal clusters, also called nanoclusters, can be produced with the atomic precision and in large-scale quantity and are playing an increasingly important role in the field of nanoscience. To outline the origin and the perspectives of this new field, we overview the main results obtained on free metal clusters produced in gas phase including mainly electronic properties, the giant atom concept, the optical properties, briefly the role of the metal atom (alkali, divalent, noble metal) and finally the atomic structure of clusters. We also discuss the limitations of the free clusters. Then, we describe the field of monolayer-protected metal clusters, the main results, the new offered perspectives, the added complexity, and the role of the ligand beyond the superatom concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodophe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Broyer
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Horita Y, Ishimi M, Negishi Y. Anion-templated silver nanoclusters: precise synthesis and geometric structure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2203832. [PMID: 37251258 PMCID: PMC10215029 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2203832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are gaining much attention in nanoscale materials research because they exhibit size-specific physicochemical properties that are not observed in the corresponding bulk metals. Among them, silver (Ag) NCs can be precisely synthesized not only as pure Ag NCs but also as anion-templated Ag NCs. For anion-templated Ag NCs, we can expect the following capabilities: 1) size and shape control by regulating the central anion (anion template); 2) stabilization by adjusting the charge interaction between the central anion and surrounding Ag atoms; and 3) functionalization by selecting the type of central anion. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods and influences of the central anion on the geometric structure of anion-templated Ag NCs, which include halide ions, chalcogenide ions, oxoanions, polyoxometalate, or hydride/deuteride as the central anion. This summary provides a reference for the current state of anion-templated Ag NCs, which may promote the development of anion-templated Ag NCs with novel geometric structures and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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3
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Packirisamy V, Pandurangan P. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a versatile tool for the separation of nanoclusters. Biotechniques 2023; 74:51-62. [PMID: 36517970 PMCID: PMC9887536 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise nanoclusters comprising 1-100 atoms have emerged as a new class of nanomaterials with intriguing size-dependent physicochemical properties. The significant changes in the properties of nanoclusters were observed in tailoring the number of metal atoms and ligands that determines their functions and applicability. Since 1990, thiolated gold nanoclusters have been studied. The separation of monodispersed clusters was crucial and time-consuming. To address these shortcomings, several separation techniques have made it possible to separate the series of metal nanoclusters with a precise composition of metals and ligands. Among these techniques, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was utilized for hydrophilic cluster separation. This review shall focus on the principle, operation and application of the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique to encourage a greater understanding of the characteristics and usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Packirisamy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Prabhu Pandurangan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India,Author for correspondence:
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4
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Borovikova SA, Shafigulina AD, Revina AA, Buryak AK. The Use of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Laser Desorption/Ionization for Studying Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized in Reverse Micelles. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Liang H, Liu BJ, Tang B, Zhu SC, Li S, Ge XZ, Li JL, Zhu JR, Xiao FX. Atomically Precise Metal Nanocluster-Mediated Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Bi-Jian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Shen Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Xing-Zu Ge
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
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6
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Plath LD, Abroshan H, Zeng C, Kim HJ, Jin R, Bier ME. Mass Spectrometry of Au 10(4- tert-butylbenzenethiolate) 10 Nanoclusters Using Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Reveals Distinct Metastable Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:521-529. [PMID: 35147432 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryodetection mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the Au10(TBBT)10 (TBBT = 4-tert-butylbenzenethiolate) catenane nanocluster. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) process generates distinct fragments that can be arranged into two distinct regimes: (i) in-source fragmentation, which occurs rapidly in a relatively short (<170 ns) time frame, and (ii) metastable fragmentation, which occurs postacceleration during a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis over a longer time frame (>170 ns-250 μs). Using MALDI-TOF MS with superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection, distinct metastable nanocluster fragments were resolved at lower energies deposited into the detector. The results also demonstrated that STJ cryodetection MS can be used to acquire multiple (>10), simultaneous tandem mass spectra in a single experiment. Simulated fragmentation of the Au10 nanocluster using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) revealed the different fragmentation processes and confirmed the MS results. Using both the empirical MS data and AIMD calculations, fragmentation pathways are proposed for Au10(TBBT)10, which terminate with two small, stable ringed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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7
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Cao L, Chen WQ, Zhou LJ, Wang YY, Liu Y, Jiang FL. Regulation of the Enzymatic Activities of Lysozyme by the Surface Ligands of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoclusters: The Role of Hydrophobic Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13787-13797. [PMID: 34779209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials for biological applications would inevitably encounter and interact with biomolecules, which have a profound impact on the properties, functions, and even fates of both nanomaterials and biomolecules. Among the biomolecules, lysozyme (Lys) is of great importance in defending the bacterial intruder and maintaining health. Here, the interactions between fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) (∼2 nm) capped with different surface ligands and Lys were thoroughly investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies showed that dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-capped and glutathione (GSH)-capped AuNCs both quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of Lys by different quenching mechanisms. Agarose gel electrophoresis and zeta-potential assays showed that statistically one DHLA-AuNC could bind one Lys, while one GSH-AuNC could bind 3-4 Lys, providing new examples for the concept of a "protein complex". Activity assays indicated that DHLA-AuNCs heavily inhibited the enzymatic activity of Lys, while GSH-AuNCs had little effect. By synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies, it was deduced that both AuNCs would interact with Lys by electrostatic attractions due to the distinct surface charges, and then DHLA-AuNCs would further interact with Lys by hydrophobic interactions, probably due to the hydrophobic carbon chain of DHLA and the hydrophobic side chains of amino acid residues in Lys, which was proved by the significant secondary structure changes caused by DHLA-AuNCs. Meanwhile, conformational changes induced by GSH-AuNCs with zwitterionic ligands were neglectable. Therefore, this work provided a comprehensive study of the consequences and mechanisms of the interactions between Lys and AuNCs, which was essential for the design and better use of nanomaterials as biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qi Chen
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Jiao Zhou
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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8
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Chang H, Bootharaju MS, Lee S, Kim JH, Kim BH, Hyeon T. To inorganic nanoparticles via nanoclusters: Nonclassical nucleation and growth pathway. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hogeun Chang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S. Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering Soongsil University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Rival JV, Mymoona P, Lakshmi KM, Pradeep T, Shibu ES. Self-Assembly of Precision Noble Metal Nanoclusters: Hierarchical Structural Complexity, Colloidal Superstructures, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005718. [PMID: 33491918 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand protected noble metal nanoparticles are excellent building blocks for colloidal self-assembly. Metal nanoparticle self-assembly offers routes for a wide range of multifunctional nanomaterials with enhanced optoelectronic properties. The emergence of atomically precise monolayer thiol-protected noble metal nanoclusters has overcome numerous challenges such as uncontrolled aggregation, polydispersity, and directionalities faced in plasmonic nanoparticle self-assemblies. Because of their well-defined molecular compositions, enhanced stability, and diverse surface functionalities, nanoclusters offer an excellent platform for developing colloidal superstructures via the self-assembly driven by surface ligands and metal cores. More importantly, recent reports have also revealed the hierarchical structural complexity of several nanoclusters. In this review, the formulation and periodic self-assembly of different noble metal nanoclusters are focused upon. Further, self-assembly induced amplification of physicochemical properties, and their potential applications in molecular recognition, sensing, gas storage, device fabrication, bioimaging, therapeutics, and catalysis are discussed. The topics covered in this review are extensively associated with state-of-the-art achievements in the field of precision noble metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Rival
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Paloli Mymoona
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Kavalloor Murali Lakshmi
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Edakkattuparambil Sidharth Shibu
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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10
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Zaker Y, Bhattarai B, Brewer TR, Bigioni TP. The Role of Oxidation during the Synthesis of Silver-Glutathione Monolayer-Protected Clusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005663. [PMID: 33559268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of metal monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) is still not well understood. It was recently shown that the mechanism of MPC formation involves sequential growth, wherein small MPCs form first and then grow into progressively larger sizes. The sequential growth model does not entirely explain all experimental observations, however. For example, the evolution of MPC product sizes is found to be a non-monotonic function of reaction kinetics, whereas the sequential growth model predicts monotonic behavior. Size evolution of MPCs is studied during synthetic reactions for a wide range of kinetics and it is found that all syntheses began with the sequential growth of MPCs but also found that growth transitioned to degradation if reduction kinetics are fast enough to give way to ambient oxidation. It is identified that MPCs can degrade via oxidation during syntheses and in a manner that is opposite to sequential growth, namely by forming smaller known MPC species from larger MPC species. This sequential degradation process therefore played an important role in determining final MPC products for reactions with fast reduction kinetics. Together, complementary oxidative and reductive processes provide a more complete description of MPC synthesis as well as new tools for controlling metal MPC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeakub Zaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Badri Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Timothy R Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Terry P Bigioni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- The School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
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Zaker Y, Ashenfelter BA, Bhattarai B, Diemler NA, Brewer TR, Bigioni TP. Sequential Growth as a Mechanism of Silver-Glutathione Monolayer-Protected Cluster Formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2002238. [PMID: 32856366 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silver monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) are an important new class of small metal nanoparticles with discrete sizes and unique properties that are eminently tunable; however, a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of MPC formation is still lacking. Here, the basic mechanism by which silver-glutathione MPCs form is established by using real-time in situ optical measurements and ex situ solution-phase analyses to track MPC populations in the reaction mixture. These measurements identify that MPCs grow systematically, increasing in size sequentially as they transform from one known species to another, in contrast to existing models. In the new sequential growth model of MPC formation, the relative stability of each species in the series results in thermodynamic preferences for certain species as well as kinetic barriers to transformations between stable sizes. This model is shown to correctly predict the outcome of silver MPC synthetic reactions. Simple analytic expressions and simulations of rate equations are used to further validate the model and study its nature. The sequential growth model provides insights into how reactions may be directed, based on the interplay between relative MPC stabilities and reaction kinetics, providing tools for the synthesis of particular MPCs in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeakub Zaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian A Ashenfelter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Badri Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Nathan A Diemler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Timothy R Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Terry P Bigioni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- The School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
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Hewitt MA, Hernández H, Johnson GE. ESI-MS Identification of the Cationic Phosphine-Ligated Gold Clusters Au 1-22: Insight into the Gold-Ligand Ratio and Abundance of Larger Clusters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:237-246. [PMID: 33119279 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphine (PPh3)-ligated gold nanoclusters are valuable for a number of potential applications due to their relative ease of synthesis and usefulness in forming advanced cluster architectures. While previous studies have reported cationic PPh3-ligated gold clusters with core sizes of Au1-4, Au6-11, and Au13-14, there has not been definitive identification by mass spectrometry of many larger clusters in the Au12-25 range. Herein, we survey a polydisperse solution of cationic PPh3-ligated gold clusters using high-mass-resolution (M/ΔM = 60,000) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To improve the sensitivity and mass resolution of larger clusters for unambiguous identification, we increased the number of scan averages and reduced the range of mass collection windows to 200 m/z, thereby mitigating potential mass and ion abundance bias resulting from smaller "building block" gold clusters that are present in much higher abundance in solution. In addition to the previously reported clusters, we identify several new species including Au5(PPh3)5+, Au12(PPh3)9HCl2+, Au15(PPh3)9Cl2+, Au16(PPh3)10Cl22+, Au17(PPh3)113+, Au18(PPh3)102+, Au19(PPh3)10Cl2+, Au20(PPh3)12H33+, Au21(PPh3)10Cl2+, and Au22(PPh3)10Cl22+, indicating that a full range of clusters between Au1-22 may be observed in a single polydisperse solution. Considering all of the clusters observed, our findings provide evidence that the Au12-14 size range is a critical transition point in cluster nucleation. While smaller clusters exhibit a 1:1 gold-to-ligand ratio, larger clusters (beginning Au12-14) feature additional gold atoms without an equal number of accompanying ligands. Our results support previous evidence in the literature indicating that the "magic number" icosahedral Au13 geometry is the smallest cluster size where a ligand-less central gold atom is coordinated by a complete shell of 12 surrounding ligated gold atoms, thereby creating a stable "one-shell" cluster. Furthermore, our findings reinforce growing evidence that ligands may be used to actively direct gold cluster size and abundance during synthesis. While for PPh3-ligated systems the most abundant species are Au6-9 clusters, we find that for related methyldiphenylphosphine (PPh2Me) and dimethylphenylphosphine (PPhMe2)-ligated systems the most abundant cluster sizes are Au10-11 and Au12-14, respectively. Together, we demonstrate that reducing the range of m/z collection windows and increasing the number of scan averages dramatically improves instrument sensitivity for cationic gold clusters, enabling thorough characterization of polydisperse solutions that is not possible using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, 1116 Eighth Avenue, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, United States
| | - Heriberto Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, 1116 Eighth Avenue, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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13
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Kawawaki T, Imai Y, Suzuki D, Kato S, Kobayashi I, Suzuki T, Kaneko R, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Atomically Precise Alloy Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:16150-16193. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yukari Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shun Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ibuki Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Taiyo Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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14
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Geczy R, Christensen NJ, Rasmussen KK, Kálomista I, Tiwari MK, Shah P, Yang SW, Bjerrum MJ, Thulstrup PW. Formation and Structure of Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters at Interfacial Binding Sites Facilitating Oligomerization of DNA Hairpins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reka Geczy
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Johan Christensen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Kim K. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ildikó Kálomista
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Manish K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Systems Biology Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Morten J. Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter W. Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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15
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Geczy R, Christensen NJ, Rasmussen KK, Kálomista I, Tiwari MK, Shah P, Yang SW, Bjerrum MJ, Thulstrup PW. Formation and Structure of Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters at Interfacial Binding Sites Facilitating Oligomerization of DNA Hairpins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16091-16097. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reka Geczy
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Johan Christensen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Kim K. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ildikó Kálomista
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Manish K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Systems Biology Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Morten J. Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter W. Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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16
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Li HS, Wei D, Zhao X, Ren X, Zhang D, Ju W. Thermal Stability of Ag 13- Clusters Studied by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4325-4332. [PMID: 32390419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the geometric structures of silver clusters is of great importance in future nanotechnologies due to their superior properties. Nevertheless, some ground-state structures are still in academic debate, partly because the experiments and theoretical calculations are not performed at the same temperatures. For example, silver clusters usually have compact configurations. However, a combined experimental and theoretical study proposed that the most stable structure of Ag13- had a two-coordinated atom. By using the CALYPSO approach for the global minima search followed by first-principles calculations, we discovered that a more compact trilayer Ag13- cluster was the ground state, in accordance with another three works published recently. In addition, its O2 adsorption structure is also energetically favored. By tracing characteristic bond changes in ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we confirmed that, compared with other isomers, this trilayer structure and its O2 adsorption structure also had the highest thermal stability. This work emphasized the thermal stability concept in theoretical calculations, which may be a necessary supplement to explain the experimental observations on cluster science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingju Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Weiwei Ju
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
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17
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Negishi Y, Hashimoto S, Ebina A, Hamada K, Hossain S, Kawawaki T. Atomic-level separation of thiolate-protected metal clusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8017-8039. [PMID: 32207494 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine metal clusters have attracted much attention from the viewpoints of both basic and applied science for many years because of their unique physical/chemical properties and functions, which differ from those of bulk metals. Among these materials, thiolate (SR)-protected gold clusters (Aun(SR)m clusters) have been the most studied metal clusters since 2000 because of their ease of synthesis and handling. However, in the early 2000s, it was not easy to isolate these metal clusters. Therefore, high-resolution separation methods were explored, and several atomic-level separation methods, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), were successively established. These techniques have made it possible to isolate a series of Aun(SR)m clusters, and much knowledge has been obtained on the correlation between the chemical composition and fundamental properties such as the stability, electronic structure, and physical properties of Aun(SR)m clusters. In addition, these high-resolution separation techniques are now also frequently used to evaluate the distribution of the product and to track the reaction process. In this way, high-resolution separation techniques have played an essential role in the study of Aun(SR)m clusters. However, only a few reviews have focused on this work. This review focuses on PAGE, HPLC, and TLC separation techniques, which offer high resolution and repeatability, and summarizes previous studies on the high-resolution separation of Aun(SR)m and related clusters with the purpose of promoting a better understanding of the features and the utility of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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18
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Yin MM, Chen WQ, Lu YQ, Han JY, Liu Y, Jiang FL. A model beyond protein corona: thermodynamics and binding stoichiometries of the interactions between ultrasmall gold nanoclusters and proteins. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4573-4585. [PMID: 32043104 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) will inevitably interact with proteins and form protein coronas once they are exposed to biological fluids. This conventional model for nano-bio interactions has been used for over twenty years. Growing numbers of new nanomaterials are emerging every year. Among them, noble metal nanoclusters (NMNCs) are new types of fluorescent nanomaterials with considerable advantages in biomedical applications. Compared with NPs (typically >10 nm) like Au NPs, carbon nanotubes, etc., NMNCs have ultrasmall sizes (∼2 nm), so when NMNCs are exposed to biological milieu, will they form protein coronas like NPs? Due to a lack of characterization techniques for ultrasmall nanoparticles (USNPs), to date, studies on the binding stoichiometries of USNPs to proteins have been heavily hampered. To address this challenge, we combined the characteristics of various methods and selected human serum albumin (HSA) and transferrin (Trf) as model proteins to study their interactions with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) protected gold nanoclusters (DHLA-AuNCs). Steady-state fluorescence, transient fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were used to study the thermodynamic parameters (K, ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) and interaction mechanisms. The results showed that the intrinsic fluorescence of both proteins was quenched by DHLA-AuNCs, and the quenching process of HSA was an endothermic dynamic process. In contrast, the quenching process of Trf was an exothermic static process. The combination of ITC, agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and zeta potential showed that one HSA could bind 8 ± 1 DHLA-AuNCs and one Trf could bind 7 ± 2 DHLA-AuNCs, which was quite different from the conventional model of protein coronas. Based on these findings, the "protein complex" was termed for proteins upon binding with USNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that DHLA-AuNCs could induce the agglomeration of proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy showed that DHLA-AuNCs had a very minor effect on the secondary structures of HSA and Trf, which demonstrated the good biocompatibility of DHLA-AuNCs at the molecular scale. This work has shed light on a new interaction model beyond the protein corona, indicating a possible biological identity of USNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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19
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Ramsay HS, Silverman MM, Simon D, Oleschuk RD, Stamplecoskie KG. Light activated synthesis of the atomically precise fluorescent silver cluster Ag 18(Capt) 14. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20522-20526. [PMID: 31660569 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters of gold and silver with highly tunable optical and electronic properties are attractive candidates for next generation medical imaging and therapy. Of these two most commonly studied metals, silver clusters often exhibit superior optical properties (i.e. stronger absorbance and higher emission quantum yield). The atomically precise synthesis of these clusters is essential before their use in biological applications can be realized. However, most cluster synthetic routes result in complex mixtures, where isolation and/or characterization can become incredibly challenging. Using photochemistry, we demonstrate a synthetic route for silver thiolate clusters resulting in the isolation of a pure eighteen-atom silver cluster capped by fourteen captopril ligands, Ag18(Capt)14. The facile control over the reduction of Ag(i) salt that this photochemical route affords can be readily applied as a general synthesis for isolating other new, atomically precise clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Ramsay
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Max M Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - David Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Kevin G Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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20
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Abbas MA, Yoon SJ, Kim H, Lee J, Kamat PV, Bang JH. Ag(I)-Thiolate-Protected Silver Nanoclusters for Solar Cells: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Look into the Photoelectrode/Electrolyte Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12492-12503. [PMID: 30838846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic low stability and short excited lifetimes associated with Ag nanoclusters (NCs) are major hurdles that have prevented the full utilization of the many advantages of Ag NCs over their longtime contender, Au NCs, in light energy conversion systems. In this report, we diagnosed the problems of conventional thiolated Ag NCs used for solar cell applications and developed a new synthesis route to form aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-type Ag NCs that can significantly overcome these limitations. A series of Ag(0)/Ag(I)-thiolate core/shell-structured NCs with different core sizes were explored for photoelectrodes, and the nature of the two important interfacial events occurring in Ag NC-sensitized solar cells (photoinduced electron transfer and charge recombination) were unveiled by in-depth spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. This work reveals that the subtle interplay between the light absorbing capability, charge separation dynamics, and charge recombination kinetics in the photoelectrode dictates the solar cell performance. In addition, we demonstrate significant improvement in the photocurrent stability and light conversion efficiency that have not been achieved previously. Our comprehensive understanding of the critical parameters that limit the light conversion efficiency lays a foundation on which new principles for designing Ag NCs for efficient light energy conversion can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abbas
- Nanosensor Research Institute , Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do 15588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Joon Yoon
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Hahkjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Duksung Women's University , Seoul 01369 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Prashant V Kamat
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Jin Ho Bang
- Nanosensor Research Institute , Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do 15588 , Republic of Korea
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21
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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22
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Basu N, Mandal D. Time-dependent emission stokes shift in Au, Ag and Au/Ag fluorescent nanoclusters: evidence of multiple emissive states. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1782-1792. [PMID: 31115403 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Au, Ag and bimetallic Au/Ag nanoclusters were prepared under similar microwave-irradiated synthesis conditions in aqueous solutions, using BSA as a stabilizer. The nanoclusters exhibited strong fluorescence with characteristic emission spectral peak features that suggested the presence of multiple emissive states in each case. Time-resolved emission studies revealed the very rare incidence of the time-dependent emission Stokes shift in metal nanoclusters over a time-scale of ∼10 ns. The shifts were of varying degrees: ∼200 cm-1 for Ag, ∼750 cm-1 for Au and ∼1400 cm-1 for Au/Ag nanoclusters. Application of the Time-Resolved Area Normalized Emission Spectra (TRANES) method confirmed the existence of multiple emissive species in each of the nanoclusters, which also helped to explain the time-dependent emission Stokes shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabaruna Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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23
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Bhattarai B, Zaker Y, Atnagulov A, Yoon B, Landman U, Bigioni TP. Chemistry and Structure of Silver Molecular Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3104-3113. [PMID: 30462479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silver and gold molecular nanoparticles (mNPs) are a relatively new class of molecular materials of fundamental interest. They are high-nuclearity metal-organic compounds, with ligated metal cores, where the different character of bonding in the ligand shell and metal core gives rise to many of the unique properties of these materials. Research has primarily focused on gold mNPs, due to their good stability and the ease with which they may be synthesized and processed. To understand these materials as a general class, however, it will be necessary to broaden research efforts to other metals. Gold and silver are isoelectronic and have the same atomic radius, making the comparison of gold and silver mNPs attractive. The optical and chemical differences of the two metals provide useful contrasts, however, as well as a means to access a wider range of properties. In this Account, we focus on the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of silver mNPs. First, we review the origins and history of the field, from the ill-defined gas-phase metal clusters of the 1980s to the precisely defined mNPs of 1996 and onward. Next, we discuss the role of silver as a complement to gold mNPs in the effort to generalize lessons learned from either material and extend them into new metals. The synthesis of silver mNPs is covered in some detail, noting the choices made as the chemistry and the materials were developed. The importance of coordinating solvents and thermodynamic stability are also noted. The need to reduce solvent use is discussed and a new approach to achieving this goal is presented. Next, the structures of silver mNPs are discussed, including the Ag44 and Ag17 archetypes, and focusing on the successful de novo structure prediction of the latter. Structure and prediction of ligand shell motifs are also discussed. Finally, the postsynthetic chemistry and reactivity of silver mNPs are presented, including some of the first efforts to elucidate reaction mechanisms, beginning in 2012. Silver nanoparticles are gaining in popularity, particularly compared with gold, as the potential for silver to make a technological and economic impact is recognized. The superior optical properties of silver already make it a valuable material for plasmonics, but this may also translate to molecular species for nonlinear optics, sensors, and optoelectronics. The higher reactivity may also lead to a greater diversity of chemistry for silver compared to gold, including as an important broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Conversely, the "ultrastability" of the Ag44 archetype has already enabled unprecedented scale up with molecular precision, and may lead to the first industrial-scale production of metal mNPs. Clearly, silver mNPs are one of the most promising and significant new materials being studied today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yeakub Zaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Aydar Atnagulov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Terry P. Bigioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- The School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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24
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25
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26
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Ramsay H, Simon D, Steele E, Hebert A, Oleschuk RD, Stamplecoskie KG. The power of fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy in the identification and characterization of complex mixtures of fluorescent silver clusters. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42080-42086. [PMID: 35558801 PMCID: PMC9092091 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver and gold clusters have received a lot of recent attention for their use in biomedical imaging. However, crude solutions of clusters are often complex mixtures, leading to discrepancies in their identification and characterization; important factors in determining their utility in biological applications. In the present study, silver clusters were separated for analysis using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, which has previously been implemented in the efficient separation of gold clusters. Using fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that a certain family of glutathione-protected silver clusters, previously thought to be one optically distinct species, is better described as a complex mixture of at least three distinct silver cluster species, each possessing unique optical properties. Based on these findings, EEM spectroscopy can be implemented as a powerful technique for determining the purity of complex mixtures, especially when other techniques, including mass spectrometry, fail to provide adequate characterization of a given material. EEM spectroscopy can be implemented as a powerful technique for determining the purity of complex mixtures, especially when other techniques, including mass spectrometry, fail to provide adequate characterization of a given material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ramsay
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - E. Steele
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - A. Hebert
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
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27
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Xiong R, Die D, Xu YG, Zheng BX, Fu YC. Probing the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of AgnSc (n = 1–16) clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15824-15834. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of AgnSc (n = 1–16) clusters have been studied on the basis of density functional theory and the CALYPSO structure prediction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xiong
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Dong Die
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Yong-Gen Xu
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Ben-Xia Zheng
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Yao-Chun Fu
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
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28
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Ho-Wu R, Yau SH, Goodson T. Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generation in Metal Nanoclusters for Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy Applications. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10073-10080. [PMID: 29016137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) has been established as the principal mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Various dyes, metal nanoparticles, and clusters have been shown to sensitize 1O2. However, metal nanoclusters are even more promising candidates as photosensitizers for this purpose. By understanding the optical properties that lead to efficient 1O2 generation, one can fully realize their potential as PDT photosensitizers. Three different metal nanoclusters, Au25, Ag32, and Au144, are investigated for their 1O2 generation efficiency. The Au144 showed a 1O2 generation rate that is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that for Au25 and Ag32, and several orders of magnitude higher than nanoparticles (>5 nm) due to Au144's high absorption cross section-to-volume ratio. The effectiveness of PDT in live cells with nanoclusters was demonstrated by two-photon excitation compared to one-photon excitation. The implication of these results points toward new efficient two-photon 1O2 sensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Ho-Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sung Hei Yau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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30
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Chang WT, Lee PY, Liao JH, Chakrahari KK, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Eight-Electron Silver and Mixed Gold/Silver Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenium Donor Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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31
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Chang WT, Lee PY, Liao JH, Chakrahari KK, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Eight-Electron Silver and Mixed Gold/Silver Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenium Donor Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10178-10182. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kiran Kumarvarma Chakrahari
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academica Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR-CNRS, 6226 “; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”; University de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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Chakraborty I, Pradeep T. Atomically Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8208-8271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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33
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Liu X, Ding W, Wu Y, Zeng C, Luo Z, Fu H. Penicillamine-protected Ag 20 nanoclusters and fluorescence chemosensing for trace detection of copper ions. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3986-3994. [PMID: 28267164 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09818e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of penicillamine-protected Ag20 nanoclusters (NCs), with properties of high monodispersity, red fluorescence and water solubility. Full characterization of the Ag20 NCs is addressed, along with first-principles optimization calculations, revealing the chemical composition and structure of the as-prepared Ag NCs within a molecular formula [Ag20(DPA)18-H]-. Moreover, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis demonstrates the charge-transfer interactions between the ligand and Ag atoms, and helps in understanding the origins of fluorescence of Ag20 NCs related to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mechanism. Further, fluorescence chemosensing of the Ag20 NCs is demonstrated for tracing copper ions with high sensitivity and selectivity in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Yishi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Chenghui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hongbing Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
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34
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Russier-Antoine I, Bertorelle F, Calin N, Sanader Ž, Krstić M, Comby-Zerbino C, Dugourd P, Brevet PF, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Antoine R. Ligand-core NLO-phores: a combined experimental and theoretical approach to the two-photon absorption and two-photon excited emission properties of small-ligated silver nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1221-1228. [PMID: 28050616 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07989j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the two-photon absorption and excited emission properties of monodisperse ligand stabilized Ag11, Ag15 and Ag31 nanoclusters in aqueous solutions. The nanoclusters were synthesized using a cyclic reduction under oxidative conditions and separated by vertical gel electrophoresis. The two-photon absorption cross-sections of these protected noble metal nanoclusters measured within the biologically attractive 750-900 nm window are several orders of magnitude larger than that reported for commercially available standard organic dyes. The two-photon excited fluorescence spectra are also presented for excitation wavelengths within the same excitation spectral window. They exhibit size-tunability. Because the fundamental photophysical mechanisms underlying these multiphoton processes in ligand protected clusters with only a few metal atoms are not fully understood yet, a theoretical model is proposed to identify the key driving elements. Elements that regulate the dipole moments and the nonlinear optical properties are the nanocluster size, its structure and the charge distribution on both the metal core and the bound ligands. We coined this new class of NLO materials as "Ligand-Core" NLO-phores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Russier-Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Nathalie Calin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Željka Sanader
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Republic of Croatia and Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, HR-21000 Split, Republic of Croatia
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Republic of Croatia
| | - Clothilde Comby-Zerbino
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Republic of Croatia and Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Lyon, France.
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35
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Ramazanov RR, Sych TS, Reveguk ZV, Maksimov DA, Vdovichev AA, Kononov AI. Ag-DNA Emitter: Metal Nanorod or Supramolecular Complex? J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3560-6. [PMID: 27564452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized luminescent metal clusters, in particular, DNA-based Ag clusters, are now employed in a host of applications such as sensing and bioimaging. Despite their utility, the nature of their excited states as well as detailed structures of the luminescent metal-ligand complexes remain poorly understood. We apply a new joint experimental and theoretical approach based on QM/MM-MD simulations of the fluorescence excitation spectra for three Ag clusters synthesized on a 12-mer DNA. Contrary to a previously proposed "rod-like" model, our results show that (1) three to four Ag atoms suffice to form a partially oxidized nanocluster emitting in visible range; (2) charge transfer from Ag cluster to DNA contributes to the excited states of the complexes; and (3) excitation spectra of the clusters are strongly affected by the bonding of Ag atoms to DNA bases. The presented approach can also provide a practical way to determine the structure and properties of other luminescent metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan R Ramazanov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tomash S Sych
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zakhar V Reveguk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Maksimov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A Vdovichev
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei I Kononov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, St. Petersburg State University , 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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36
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Jin R, Zeng C, Zhou M, Chen Y. Atomically Precise Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10346-413. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1953] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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37
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Gan Z, Lin Y, Luo L, Han G, Liu W, Liu Z, Yao C, Weng L, Liao L, Chen J, Liu X, Luo Y, Wang C, Wei S, Wu Z. Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters with Interlocked Staples and a Fully Thiolate-Bound Kernel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11567-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Yuejian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Guangmei Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Facility; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Linhong Weng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Jishi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Facility; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
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38
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Gan Z, Lin Y, Luo L, Han G, Liu W, Liu Z, Yao C, Weng L, Liao L, Chen J, Liu X, Luo Y, Wang C, Wei S, Wu Z. Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters with Interlocked Staples and a Fully Thiolate-Bound Kernel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Yuejian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Guangmei Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Facility; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Linhong Weng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Jishi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Facility; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
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39
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Johnson GE, Laskin J. Understanding ligand effects in gold clusters using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3573-89. [PMID: 27221357 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the influence of phosphine ligands on the size, stability, and reactivity of gold clusters synthesized in solution. Sub-nanometer clusters exhibit size- and composition-dependent properties that are unique from those of larger nanoparticles. The highly tunable properties of clusters and their high surface-to-volume ratio make them promising candidates for a variety of technological applications. However, because "each-atom-counts" toward defining cluster properties it is critically important to develop robust synthesis methods to efficiently prepare clusters of predetermined size. For decades phosphines have been known to direct the size-selected synthesis of gold clusters. Despite the preparation of numerous species it is still not understood how different functional groups at phosphine centers affect the size and properties of gold clusters. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) it is possible to characterize the effect of ligand substitution on the distribution of clusters formed in solution at defined reaction conditions. In addition, ligand exchange reactions on preformed clusters may be monitored using ESI-MS. Collision induced dissociation (CID) may also be employed to obtain qualitative insight into the fragmentation of mixed ligand clusters and the relative binding energies of differently substituted phosphines. Quantitative ligand binding energies and cluster stability may be determined employing surface induced dissociation (SID) in a custom-built Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) based modeling of the SID data allows dissociation energies and entropy values to be extracted. The charge reduction and reactivity of atomically precise gold clusters, including partially ligated species generated in the gas-phase by in source CID, on well-defined surfaces may be explored using ion soft landing (SL) in a custom-built instrument combined with in situ time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Jointly, this multipronged experimental approach allows characterization of the full spectrum of relevant phenomena including cluster synthesis, ligand exchange, thermochemistry, surface immobilization, and reactivity. The fundamental insights obtained from this work will facilitate the directed synthesis of gold clusters with predetermined size and properties for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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40
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Yao H, Iwatsu M. Water-Soluble Phosphine-Protected Au₁₁ Clusters: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Chiral Phase Transfer in a Synergistic Fashion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3284-93. [PMID: 26986535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of atomically precise, water-soluble phosphine-protected gold clusters is still currently limited probably due to a stability issue. We here present the synthesis, magic-number isolation, and exploration of the electronic structures as well as the asymmetric conversion of triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPS)-protected gold clusters. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and elemental analysis result in the primary formation of Au11(TPPS)9Cl undecagold cluster compound. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy clarifies that extremely weak transitions are present in the low-energy region unresolved in the UV-vis absorption, which can be due to the Faraday B-terms based on the magnetically allowed transitions in the cluster. Asymmetric conversion without changing the nuclearity is remarkable by the chiral phase transfer in a synergistic fashion, which yields a rather small anisotropy factor (g-factor) of at most (2.5-7.0) × 10(-5). Quantum chemical calculations for model undecagold cluster compounds are then used to evaluate the optical and chiroptical responses induced by the chiral phase transfer. On this basis, we find that the Au core distortion is ignorable, and the chiral ion-pairing causes a slight increase in the CD response of the Au11 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yao
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Mana Iwatsu
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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41
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Petty JT, Sergev OO, Ganguly M, Rankine IJ, Chevrier DM, Zhang P. A Segregated, Partially Oxidized, and Compact Ag10 Cluster within an Encapsulating DNA Host. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3469-77. [PMID: 26924556 PMCID: PMC6118400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver clusters develop within DNA strands and become optical chromophores with diverse electronic spectra and wide-ranging emission intensities. These studies consider a specific cluster that absorbs at 400 nm, has low emission, and exclusively develops with single-stranded oligonucleotides. It is also a chameleon-like chromophore that can be transformed into different highly emissive fluorophores. We describe four characteristics of this species and conclude that it is highly oxidized yet also metallic. One, the cluster size was determined via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A common silver mass is measured with different oligonucleotides and thereby supports a Ag10 cluster. Two, the cluster charge was determined by mass spectrometry and Ag L3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Respectively, the conjugate mass and the integrated white-line intensity support a partially oxidized cluster with a +6 and +6.5 charge, respectively. Three, the cluster chirality was gauged by circular dichroism spectroscopy. This chirality changes with the length and sequence of its DNA hosts, and these studies identified a dispersed binding site with ∼20 nucleobases. Four, the structure of this complex was investigated via Ag K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. A multishell fitting analysis identified three unique scattering environments with corresponding bond lengths, coordination numbers, and Debye-Waller factors for each. Collectively, these findings support the following conclusion: a Ag10(+6) cluster develops within a 20-nucleobase DNA binding site, and this complex segregates into a compact, metal-like silver core that weakly links to an encapsulating silver-DNA shell. We consider different models that account for silver-silver coordination within the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Orlin O. Sergev
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Mainak Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Ian J. Rankine
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Daniel M. Chevrier
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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42
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Baksi A, Harvey SR, Natarajan G, Wysocki VH, Pradeep T. Possible isomers in ligand protected Ag11cluster ions identified by ion mobility mass spectrometry and fragmented by surface induced dissociation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3805-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric glutathione protected silver clusters have been detected using ion mobility mass spectrometry. This cluster has been fragmented by conventional collision induced dissociation and newly introduced surface induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
| | - Sophie R. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
- School of Chemistry
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS)
- and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai - 600 036
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43
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Sanader Ž, Krstić M, Russier-Antoine I, Bertorelle F, Dugourd P, Brevet PF, Antoine R, Bonačić-Koutecký V. Two-photon absorption of ligand-protected Ag15 nanoclusters. Towards a new class of nonlinear optics nanomaterials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12404-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical and experimental two-photon absorption cross sections of thiolated small silver cluster Ag15L11 exhibiting extraordinary large TPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Sanader
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST)
- University of Split
- HR-21000 Split
- Republic of Croatia
- Faculty of Science
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST)
- University of Split
- HR-21000 Split
- Republic of Croatia
| | - Isabelle Russier-Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière
- UMR CNRS 5306 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
- 69622 Villeurbanne cedex
- France
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Institut Lumière Matière
- UMR CNRS 5306 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
- 69622 Villeurbanne cedex
- France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière
- UMR CNRS 5306 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
- 69622 Villeurbanne cedex
- France
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Institut Lumière Matière
- UMR CNRS 5306 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
- 69622 Villeurbanne cedex
- France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière
- UMR CNRS 5306 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
- 69622 Villeurbanne cedex
- France
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST)
- University of Split
- HR-21000 Split
- Republic of Croatia
- Department of Chemistry
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44
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Niihori Y, Uchida C, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. High-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4251-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes our work on high-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, new findings obtained by those separation, and future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Chihiro Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
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Tominaga C, Hasegawa H, Yamashita K, Arakawa R, Kawasaki H. UV photo-mediated size-focusing synthesis of silver nanoclusters. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we first report the photo-mediated size-focusing synthesis of glutathione (SG)-protected atomically precise Ag nanoclusters (Ag NCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Tominaga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
| | - H. Hasegawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
| | - K. Yamashita
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
| | - R. Arakawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
| | - H. Kawasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
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Yang J, Xia N, Wang X, Liu X, Xu A, Wu Z, Luo Z. One-pot one-cluster synthesis of fluorescent and bio-compatible Ag14 nanoclusters for cancer cell imaging. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18464-18470. [PMID: 26509471 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06421j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule-protected silver nanoclusters have smaller hydrodynamic diameter, and thus may hold greater potential in biomedicine application compared with the same core-sized, macromolecule (i.e. DNA)-protected silver nanoclusters. However, the live cell imaging labeled by small-molecule-protected silver nanoclusters has not been reported until now, and the synthesis and atom-precise characterization of silver nanoclusters have been challenging for a long time. We develop a one-pot one-cluster synthesis method to prepare silver nanoclusters capped with GSH which is bio-compatible. The as-prepared silver nanoclusters are identified to be Ag14(SG)11 (abbreviated as Ag14, SG: glutathione) by isotope-resolvable ESI-MS. The structure is probed by 1D NMR spectroscopy together with 2D COSY and HSQC. This cluster species is fluorescent and the fluorescence quantum yield is solvent-dependent. Very importantly, Ag14 was successfully applied to label lung cancer cells (A549) for imaging, and this work represents the first attempt to image live cells with small-molecule-protected silver nanoclusters. Furthermore, it is revealed that the Ag14 nanoclusters exhibit lower cytotoxicity compared with some other silver species (including silver salt, silver complex and large silver nanoparticles), and the explanation is also provided. The comparison of silver nanoclusters to state-of-the-art labeling materials in terms of cytotoxicity and photobleaching lifetime is also conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.
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Kogo A, Sakai N, Tatsuma T. Photoelectrochemical etching and energy gap control of silver clusters. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14237-40. [PMID: 26239285 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An energy gap of Ag clusters is controlled on the basis of photoinduced electron transfer from the clusters to TiO2. With 2.6 eV light irradiation, Ag32 clusters on TiO2 are oxidized and disappear. With <1.6 eV light, the energy gap of Ag32 is changed from ∼1.4 to ∼1.7 eV because of photoetching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kogo
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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48
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Timerbaev AR. Role of mass spectrometry in the development and medicinal implementation of metal-based nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The properties of Ag nanoclusters are not as well understood as those of their more precious Au cousins. However, a recent surge in the exploration of strategies to tune the physicochemical characteristics of Ag clusters addresses this imbalance, leading to new insights into their optical, luminescence, crystal habit, metal-core, ligand-shell, and environmental properties. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the latest strategies along with a brief introduction of the theoretical framework necessary to understand the properties of silver nanoclusters and the basis for their tuning. The advances in cluster research and the future prospects presented in this Perspective will eventually guide the next large systematic study of nanoclusters, resulting in a single collection of data similar to the periodic table of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakra P Joshi
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Lu Y, Chen W. Application of Mass Spectrometry in the Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10659-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory
of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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