1
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Ott CE, Burns A, Sisco E, Arroyo LE. Targeted fentanyl screening utilizing electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) applied to authentic seized drug casework samples. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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AlMasoud N, Alomar TS, Xu Y, Lima C, Goodacre R. Rapid detection and quantification of paracetamol and its major metabolites using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2023; 148:1805-1814. [PMID: 36938623 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) is an over-the-counter (OTC) drug that is commonly used as an analgesic for mild pain, headache, cold and flu. While in the short term it is a safe and effective medicine, it is sometimes used for attempted suicides particularly in young adults. In such circumstances it is important for rapid diagnosis of overdoses as antidotes can be given to limit liver damage from one of its primary metabolites N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Unfortunately, the demand for rapid and sensitive analytical techniques to accurately monitor the abuse of OTC drugs has significantly risen. Ideally these techniques would be highly specific, sensitive, reproducible, portable and rapid. In addition, an ideal point of care (PoC) test would enable quantitative detection of drugs and their metabolites present in body fluids. While Raman spectroscopy meets these specifications, there is a need for enhancement of the signal because the Raman effect is weak. In this study, we developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) methodology in conjunction with chemometrics to quantify the amount of paracetamol and its main primary metabolites (viz., paracetamol sulfate, p-acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide and NAPQI) in water and artificial urine. The enhancement of the SERS signals was achieved by mixing the drug or xenometabolites with a gold nanoparticle followed by aggregation with 0.045 M NaCl. We found that the SERS data could be collected directly, due to immediate analyte association with the Au surface and colloid aggregation. Accurate and precise measurements were generated, with a limit of detection (LoD) of paracetamol in water and artificial urine at 7.18 × 10-6 M and 2.11 × 10-5 M, respectively, which is well below the limit needed for overdose and indeed normal levels of paracetamol in serum after taking 1 g orally. The predictive values obtained from the analysis of paracetamol in water and artificial urine were also excellent, with the coefficient of determination (Q2) being 0.995 and 0.996, respectively (1 suggests a perfect model). It was noteworthy that when artificial urine was spiked with paracetamol, no aggregating agent was required due to the salt rich medium, which led to spontaneous aggregation. Moreover, for the xenometabolites of paracetamol excellent LoDs were obtained and these ranged from 2.6 × 10-4 M to 5 × 10-5 M with paracetamol sulfate and NAPQI having Q2 values of 0.934 and 0.892 and for p-acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide this was slightly lower at 0.6437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.,Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Taghrid S Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.,Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Yun Xu
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Cassio Lima
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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3
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Melo LMA, Arantes LC, Schaffel IF, Aranha LMS, Conceição NS, Lima CD, Marinho PA, Ferreira RQ, Dos Santos WTP. Electrochemical detection of mephedrone using a graphene screen-printed electrode: a new sensitive and selective approach to identify synthetic cathinones in forensic analysis. Analyst 2023; 148:1552-1561. [PMID: 36880972 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone (MEP) is an illicit stimulant drug that belongs to the synthetic cathinone (SC) class, which has been widely used for recreational purposes and reported in forensic analysis. The preliminary identification of MEP and other SCs in seized samples is of great interest for forensic investigation and a fast and simple screening test for these drugs would be useful for on-site and in-house analyses. In this study, we present the electrochemical detection of MEP in forensic samples using, for the first time, independent redox processes of SCs on a graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE-GP). The proposed method for MEP detection on the SPE-GP was optimized in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (0.1 mol L-1) at pH 10.0 with adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV). The use of the SPE-GP with AdSDPV provides a wide linear range for MEP determination (2.6 to 112 μmol L-1) with a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.3 μmol L-1). The real surface area available for adsorption on the SPE-GP was estimated to be between 3.80 and 5.70 cm2, which provided high sensitivity for the proposed method. Furthermore, good stability of MEP electrochemical responses on the SPE-GP was obtained using the same or different electrodes (N = 3), with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5.0% for both redox processes. Interference studies for a common adulterant (caffeine) and twelve other illicit drugs (phenethylamines, amphetamines, and other SCs) were performed with a highly selective response for MEP detection. Therefore, the SPE-GP with AdSDPV is demonstrated to be a selective and sensitive screening method to detect MEP and other SCs in forensic analysis, providing a fast and simple preliminary identification of these drugs in seized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M A Melo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luciano C Arantes
- Laboratório de Química e Física Forense, Instituto de Criminalística, Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal, 70610-907, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Izabela F Schaffel
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Goiabeiras, 29075910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lívia M S Aranha
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Conceição
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Goiabeiras, 29075910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Camila D Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Pablo A Marinho
- Instituto de Criminalística, Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais, 30180-060, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Q Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Goiabeiras, 29075910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, 39100000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Jiang X, Wu F, Huang X, He S, Han Q, Zhang Z, Liu W. Fabrication of a Molecularly-Imprinted-Polymer-Based Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensing of New Psychoactive Substances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:751. [PMID: 36839120 PMCID: PMC9958802 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As new psychoactive substances (commonly known as "the third generation drugs") have characteristics such as short-term emergence, rapid updating, and great social harmfulness, there is a large gap in the development of their detection methods. Herein, graphite oxide (GO) was first prepared and immobilized with a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, then a new psychoactive substance (4-MEC) was chosen as a template, and then the surface RAFT polymerization of methacrylamide (MAAM) was carried out by using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and divinylbenzene (DVB) as a cross-linker. After the removal of the embedded template, graphene oxide modified by molecularly imprinted polymers (GO-MIPs) was finally obtained. Owing to the specific imprinted cavities for 4-MEC, the satisfactory selectivity and stability of the GO-MIP nanocomposite have been demonstrated. The GO-MIP nanocomposite was then used to fabricate the electrochemical sensor, which displayed a high selectivity in detecting 4-MEC over a linear concentration range between 5 and 60 μg mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.438 μg mL-1. As a result, the GO-MIPs sensor developed an accurate, efficient, convenient, and sensitive method for public security departments to detect illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Fangsheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Qiaoying Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Zihua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhongshan North No. 1 Road, Shanghai 200083, China
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Dowek A, Voisin F, Le L, Tan C, Mallet J, Carn F, Caudron E. Self-assembly of gold nanoparticles by chitosan for improved epinephrine detection using a portable surface enhanced Raman scattering device. Talanta 2023; 251:123752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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González-Hernández J, Ott CE, Arcos-Martínez MJ, Colina Á, Heras A, Alvarado-Gámez AL, Urcuyo R, Arroyo-Mora LE. Rapid Determination of the 'Legal Highs' 4-MMC and 4-MEC by Spectroelectrochemistry: Simultaneous Cyclic Voltammetry and In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:295. [PMID: 35009837 PMCID: PMC8749763 DOI: 10.3390/s22010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic cathinones mephedrone (4-MMC) and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) are two designer drugs that represent the rise and fall effect of this drug category within the stimulants market and are still available in several countries around the world. As a result, the qualitative and quantitative determination of 'legal highs', and their mixtures, are of great interest. This work explores for the first time the spectroelectrochemical response of these substances by coupling cyclic voltammetry (CV) with Raman spectroscopy in a portable instrument. It was found that the stimulants exhibit a voltammetric response on a gold screen-printed electrode while the surface is simultaneously electro-activated to achieve a periodic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate with high reproducibility. The proposed method enables a rapid and reliable determination in which both substances can be selectively analyzed through the oxidation waves of the molecules and the characteristic bands of the electrochemical SERS (EC-SERS) spectra. The feasibility and applicability of the method were assessed in simulated seized drug samples and spiked synthetic urine. This time-resolved spectroelectrochemical technique provides a cost-effective and user-friendly tool for onsite screening of synthetic stimulants in matrices with low concentration analytes for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson González-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (J.G.-H.); (A.L.A.-G.); (R.U.)
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Colby Edward Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - María Julia Arcos-Martínez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain; (M.J.A.-M.); (Á.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Álvaro Colina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain; (M.J.A.-M.); (Á.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Aránzazu Heras
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain; (M.J.A.-M.); (Á.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Ana Lorena Alvarado-Gámez
- Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (J.G.-H.); (A.L.A.-G.); (R.U.)
| | - Roberto Urcuyo
- Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (J.G.-H.); (A.L.A.-G.); (R.U.)
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias e Ingeniería de Materiales (CICIMA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Luis E. Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
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Sinhorini LF, Rodrigues CH, Leite VB, Bruni AT. Synthetic fentanyls evaluation and characterization by infrared spectroscopy employing in silico methods. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Ong TTX, Blanch EW, Jones OAH. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in environmental analysis, monitoring and assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137601. [PMID: 32145632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is usually monitored via mass spectrometry-based approaches. Such techniques are extremely sensitive but have several disadvantages. The instruments themselves are expensive, require specialized training to use and usually cannot be taken into the field. Samples also usually require extensive pre-treatment prior to analysis which can affect the final result. The development of analytical methods that matched the sensitively of mass spectrometry but that could be deployed in the field and require minimal sample processing would be highly advantageous for environmental monitoring. One method that may meet these criteria is Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). This is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough nanostructure surfaces such as gold or silver nanoparticles. SERS gives selective spectral enhancement such that increases in sensitivity of 1010 to 1014 have been reported. While this means SERS is, theoretically at least, capable of single molecule detection such a signal enhancement is hard to achieve in practice. In this review the background of SERS is introduced for the environmental scientist and the recent literature on the detection of several classes of environmental pollutants using this technique is discussed. For heavy metals the lowest limit of detection reported was 0.45 μg/L for Mercury; for pharmaceuticals, 2.4 μg/L for propranolol; for endocrine disruptors, 0.35 μg/L for 17β-estradiol; for perfluorinated compounds, 500 μg/L for perfluorooctanoic acid and for inorganic pollutants, 37g/L for general pesticide markers. The signal enhancements achieved in each case show great promise for the detection of pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations and, although it does not yet routinely match the sensitivity of mass spectrometry. Further work to develop SERS methods and apply them for the detection of contaminants could be of wide benefit for environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T X Ong
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ewan W Blanch
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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9
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Dumont E, De Bleye C, Haouchine M, Coïc L, Sacré PY, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Effect of the functionalisation agent on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum: Case study of pyridine derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 233:118180. [PMID: 32163874 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of functionalised surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates has become common. These surface modifying agents notably act as Raman reporters, as sensors of biological processes (pH, redox probes) or to increase the sensitivity and/or the specificity of SERS detections. However, the effects of the functionalisation agents are deeply examined in very few studies, even though they can affect the aggregation behaviour of the SERS substrate. Moreover, depending on their concentration and on the pH, their spectral signature can be modified and they can even degrade if stored inappropriately. In this context, this paper aims at emphasising the importance of the different aspects previously listed in the selection of a functionalisation agent. Pyridine derivatives were picked out to highlight these parameters, as some of these compounds are commonly used to be grafted onto SERS substrates. Two widespread syntheses of nanoparticles were selected as SERS substrates: citrate-reduced gold and silver nanoparticles. The surface of the nanoparticles was functionalised with several pyridine derivatives at different concentrations and in several solvents. It was observed that the molecules under study had a concentration-dependent effect on nanoparticle aggregation. A stability study was furthermore conducted in order to determine the best preservation conditions of the grafting solutions. In conclusion, this paper shines a light on the relevance of the investigation of the too-often neglected behaviour of the surface modifying agents. Before their application in SERS analyses, parameters such as the label concentration should therefore be included in an experimental design to optimise the sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Dumont
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Merzouk Haouchine
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laureen Coïc
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSanté Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
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Metternich S, Fischmann S, Münster-Müller S, Pütz M, Westphal F, Schönberger T, Lyczkowski M, Zörntlein S, Huhn C. Discrimination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal matrices and of cathinone derivatives by portable and laboratory-based Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Farquharson S, Brouillette C, Smith W, Shende C. A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Library of Important Drugs Associated With Point-of-Care and Field Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:706. [PMID: 31709234 PMCID: PMC6823623 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to measure extremely low concentrations, such as mg/L and below, and the availability of hand-held Raman spectrometers, has led to a significant growth in the number and variety of applications of SERS to real-world problems. Most of these applications involve the measurement of drugs, such as quantifying medication in patients, identifying illicit drugs in impaired drivers, and more recently, identifying drugs used as weapons. Similar to Raman spectroscopy, most of the point-of-care and field applications involve the identification of the drug to determine the course of action. However, unlike Raman spectroscopy, spectral libraries are not readily available to perform the necessary identification. In a large part, this is due to the uniqueness of the commercially available SERS substrates, each of which can produce different spectra for the same drug. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we have measured numerous drugs using the most common, and readily available SERS material and hand-held Raman analyzers, specifically gold colloids and analyzers using 785 nm laser excitation. Here we present the spectra of some 39 drugs of current interest, such as buprenorphine, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, and fentanyl, which we hope will aid in the development of current and future SERS drug analysis applications.
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12
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Quantitative Measurements of Codeine and Fentanyl on a Surface-Enhanced Raman-Active Pad Test. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142578. [PMID: 31315188 PMCID: PMC6680930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The USA is in the midst of an opioid crisis that included over 60,000 overdose fatalities in 2017, mostly unintentional. This is due to excessive use of prescription opioids and the use of very strong synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, mixed with illicit street drugs. The ability to rapidly determine if people or packages entering the country have or contain drugs could reduce their availability, and thereby decrease the use of illicit drugs. In an effort to address this problem, we have been investigating the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect trace amounts of opioids on clothing and packages. Here, we report the measurement of codeine and fentanyl at 100 ng/mL for 5 min on a pad impregnated with gold colloids, as well as a preliminary measurement of 500 pg of fentanyl on a glass surface using one of these pads. The calculated limit of detection for this measurement was 40 pg. This data strongly suggests that these pads, used with portable Raman analyzers, would be invaluable to airport security, drug raids, crime scenes, and forensic analysis.
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13
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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Self-Assembled Au Nanoparticles Arrays for Pesticides Residues Multiplex Detection under Complex Environment. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030426. [PMID: 30871181 PMCID: PMC6473963 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The high reproducibility of trace detection in complex systems is very hard but crucial to analytical technology and science. Here, we present a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform made by large-scale self-assembly of Au nanoparticle (NP) arrays at the cyclohexane/water interface and its use for pesticides residues trace detection. The analyte molecules spontaneously localize into the Au NPs’ nanogaps during the self-assembly process, yielding excellent Raman signal enhancement by surface effects, and possibly both by the concentration of the analytes into the array and by plasmonic hot-spot formation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrate a good uniformity of interparticle distances (2–3 nm) in the Au NP arrays. SERS experiments on crystal violet (CV) molecules demonstrated that the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the band intensities at 1173, 1376, and 1618 cm−1 were 6.3%, 6.4%, and 6.9%, respectively, indicating high reproducibility of the substrate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that two pesticides dissolved in organic and aqueous phases could be simultaneously detected, suggesting an excellent selectivity and universality of this method for multiplex detection. Our SERS platform opens vast possibilities for repeatability and sensitivity detection of targets in various complex fields.
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14
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Gerace E, Seganti F, Luciano C, Lombardo T, Di Corcia D, Teifel H, Vincenti M, Salomone A. On-site identification of psychoactive drugs by portable Raman spectroscopy during drug-checking service in electronic music events. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:50-56. [PMID: 30614092 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have burst into the marketplace, making both the scientific community and people who use drugs lacking of adequate information about their diffusion and effects. In this scenario, drug-checking services have been recently proposed to assist harm reduction policies and provide a global description of the circulating drugs. DESIGN AND METHODS The results obtained by a portable Raman spectroscopy device on 472 alleged drugs within the first formal implementation of drug checking in Italy, are reported. The testing was made through a plastic bag held by the applicant and containing the alleged drug. The substance identification was executed by comparison with a spectral library. RESULTS Illicit substances were detected in 304 samples. Findings included MDMA (106 samples), ketamine (87 samples), cocaine (51 samples), amphetamine (47 samples), methamphetamine (two samples), heroin (two samples) and NPS (nine samples). Two samples were identified as precursors of psychoactive substances. Identification of a non-controlled substance occurred in 38 samples. Output of inconclusive result was recorded from 128 samples tested on-site, from which the applicant allowed us to collect a small portion in 68 cases, for a delayed laboratory analysis by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Drug checking by Raman spectroscopy proved effective to identify psychoactive drugs including NPS and track the drug distribution in various recreational settings. The field testing activity revealed the presence of several NPS in the nightlife scenario, often in replacement of traditional illicit drugs, thus posing a high overdose risk and a life-threatening situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gerace
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Seganti
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Clemente Luciano
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Tonia Lombardo
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Corcia
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Universiy of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Universiy of Turin, Turin, Italy
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15
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Razavipanah I, Alipour E, Deiminiat B, Rounaghi GH. A novel electrochemical imprinted sensor for ultrasensitive detection of the new psychoactive substance “Mephedrone”. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 119:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Yu B, Ge M, Li P, Xie Q, Yang L. Development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy application for determination of illicit drugs: Towards a practical sensor. Talanta 2018; 191:1-10. [PMID: 30262036 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely applied to identify or detect illicit drugs, because of the ability for highly specific molecular fingerprint and independence of aqueous solutions impact. We summarize the progress in determination of illicit drugs using SERS, including trace illicit drugs, suspicious objects and drugs or their metabolites in real biological system (urine, saliva and so on). Even though SERS detection of illicit drugs in real samples still remains a huge challenge because of the complex unknown environment, the efficient sample separation and the improved hand-held Raman analyzer will provide the possibility to make SERS a practically analytical technique. Moreover, we put forward a prospective overview for future perspectives of SERS as a practical sensor for illicit drugs determination. Perhaps the review is not exhaustive, we expect to help researchers to understand the evolution and challenges in this field and further interest in promoting Raman and SERS as a practical analyzer for convenient and automated illicit drugs identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Yu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Meihong Ge
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Qiwen Xie
- Institute of Forensic of Anhui Public Security Department, Hefei 230061, PR China.
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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17
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Sensitive and simple determination of zwitterionic morphine in human urine based on liquid-liquid micro-extraction coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2018; 186:427-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Goodacre R, Graham D, Faulds K. Recent developments in quantitative SERS: Moving towards absolute quantification. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Couto RAS, Gonçalves LM, Carvalho F, Rodrigues JA, Rodrigues CMP, Quinaz MB. The Analytical Challenge in the Determination of Cathinones, Key-Players in the Worldwide Phenomenon of Novel Psychoactive Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:372-390. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. S. Couto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Beatriz Quinaz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Cailletaud J, De Bleye C, Dumont E, Sacré PY, Netchacovitch L, Gut Y, Boiret M, Ginot YM, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Critical review of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications in the pharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:458-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Subaihi A, Trivedi DK, Hollywood KA, Bluett J, Xu Y, Muhamadali H, Ellis DI, Goodacre R. Quantitative Online Liquid Chromatography–Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (LC-SERS) of Methotrexate and its Major Metabolites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6702-6709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Subaihi
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Drupad K. Trivedi
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - James Bluett
- Arthritis
Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal
Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- NIHR
Manchester Musculoskeletal BRU, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WU, U.K
| | - Yun Xu
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - David I. Ellis
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
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22
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Burrows ND, Harvey S, Idesis FA, Murphy CJ. Understanding the Seed-Mediated Growth of Gold Nanorods through a Fractional Factorial Design of Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1891-1907. [PMID: 27983861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of simple, aqueous protocols for the synthesis of anisotropic metal nanoparticles, research into many promising, valuable applications of gold nanorods has grown considerably, but a number of challenges remain, including gold-particle yield, robustness to minor impurities, and precise control of gold nanorod surface chemistry. Herein we present the results of a composite fractional factorial series of experiments designed to screen seven additional potential avenues of control and to understand the seed-mediated silver-assisted synthesis of gold nanorods. These synthesis variables are the amount of sodium borohydride used and the rate of stirring when producing seed nanoparticles, the age of and the amount of seeds added, the reaction temperature, the amounts of silver nitrate and ascorbic acid added, and the age of the reduced growth solution before seed nanoparticles are added to initiate rod formation. This statistical experimental design and analysis method, besides determining which experimental variables are important and which are not when synthesizing gold nanorods (and quantifying their effects), gives further insight into the mechanism of growth by measuring the degree to which variables interact with each other by mapping out their mechanistic connections. This work demonstrates that when forming gold nanorods by the reduction of auric ions by ascorbic acid onto seed nanoparticles, ascorbic acid determines how much gold is reduced, and the amount of seeds determine how it is divided, yet both influence the intrinsic growth rates, in both width and length, of the forming nanorods. Furthermore, this work shows that the reduction of gold proceeds via direct reduction on the surface of seeds and not through a disproportionation reaction. Further control over the length of gold nanorods can be achieved by tuning the amount of silver nitrate or the reaction temperature. This work shows that silver does not directly influence rod length or width, and a new primary role for silver is proposed as a catalyst promoting the reduction of gold on the ends of forming nanorods. Furthermore, this silver catalyst is removed from the reaction by adsorption onto the surface of the growing nanorod. This work also demonstrates the importance of freshly prepared silver nitrate and ascorbic acid solutions, free from even a few hours of photodegradation, in preparing gold nanorods with high shape purity and gold yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Samantha Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Fred A Idesis
- Department of Chemistry, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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23
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Guirguis A, Girotto S, Berti B, Stair JL. Identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) using handheld Raman spectroscopy employing both 785 and 1064nm laser sources. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:113-123. [PMID: 28260646 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in the field is challenging due not only to the plethora of substances available, but also as a result of the chemical complexity of products and the chemical similarity of NPS analogues. In this study, handheld Raman spectroscopy and the use of two excitation wavelengths, 785 and 1064nm, were evaluated for the identification of 60 NPS products. The products contained a range of NPS from classes including the aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, benzodiazepines, and piperidines & pyrrolidines. Identification was initially assessed using the instruments' in built algorithm (i.e., % HQI) and then further by visual inspection of the Raman spectra. Confirmatory analysis was preformed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For the 60 diverse products, an NPS was successfully identified via the algorithm in 11 products (18%) using the 785nm source and 29 products (48%) using the 1064nm source. Evaluation of the Raman spectra showed that increasing the excitation wavelength from 785 to 1064nm improved this 'first pass' identification primarily due to a significant reduction in fluorescence, which increased S/N of the characteristic peaks of the substance identified. True positive correlations between internet products and NPS signatures ranged from 57.0 to 91.3% HQI with typical RSDs<10%. Tablet formulations and branded products were particularly challenging as a result of low NPS concentration and high chemical complexity, respectively. This study demonstrates the advantage of using a 1064nm source with handheld Raman spectroscopy for improved 'first pass' NPS identification when minimal spectral processing is required, such as when working in field. Future investigations will focus on the use of mixture algorithms, effect of NPS concentration, and further improvement of spectral libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Guirguis
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Sarah Girotto
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Benedetta Berti
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Jacqueline L Stair
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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24
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Subaihi A, Muhamadali H, Mutter ST, Blanch E, Ellis DI, Goodacre R. Quantitative detection of codeine in human plasma using surface-enhanced Raman scattering via adaptation of the isotopic labelling principle. Analyst 2017; 142:1099-1105. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with the isotopic labelling (IL) principle has been used for the quantification of codeine spiked into both water and human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Subaihi
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Shaun T. Mutter
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - David I. Ellis
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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25
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Halouzka V, Halouzkova B, Jirovsky D, Hemzal D, Ondra P, Siranidi E, Kontos AG, Falaras P, Hrbac J. Copper nanowire coated carbon fibers as efficient substrates for detecting designer drugs using SERS. Talanta 2016; 165:384-390. [PMID: 28153271 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Miniature Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) sensors were fabricated by coating the carbon fiber microelectrodes with copper nanowires. The coating procedure, based on anodizing the copper wire in ultrapure water followed by cathodic deposition of the anode-derived material onto carbon fiber electrodes, provides a "clean" copper nanowire network. The developed miniature (10µm in diameter and 2mm in length) and nanoscopically rough SERS substrates are applicable in drug sensing, as shown by the detection and resolving of a range of seized designer drugs in trace amounts (microliter volumes of 10-10-10-12M solutions). The copper nanowire modified carbon microfiber substrates could also find further applications in biomedical and environmental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Halouzka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacky University, Faculty of Science, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czechia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Barbora Halouzkova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - David Jirovsky
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacky University, Faculty of Science, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dusan Hemzal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 775 09 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Eirini Siranidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos," 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios G Kontos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos," 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos," 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Jan Hrbac
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
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26
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Mostowtt T, McCord B. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a method for the toxicological analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Talanta 2016; 164:396-402. [PMID: 28107947 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (K2, spice) present problems in forensic investigations because standard presumptive methods, such as immunoassays, are insufficiently specific for the wide range of potential target compounds. This issue can lead to problems with low sensitivity and yield false negative results. A potential solution to this problem is surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this study we demonstrate the analysis of a set of structurally similar synthetic cannabinoids using SERS. The procedure involves mixing the analyte with gold nanoparticles prepared in a solution containing alkali or alkaline earth salt solutions. The salts produce aggregation of the nanoparticles with a resultant spectral enhancement due to the formation of spectral hotspots with enhanced field effects within the aggregate. Among the salts tested, 0.0167M MgCl2 produced the lowest limit of detection and best overall sensitivity. The method produces clearly distinguishable spectra for each synthetic cannabinoid with detection limits as low as 18ng/mL. Spiked urine samples were also analyzed following a cleanup procedure involving support liquid extraction. When using a portable Raman system, a higher concentration of MgCl2 was needed to produce similar a LOD. The results demonstrate that this procedure has great potential as a method for presumptive screening of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus Mostowtt
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP304, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP304, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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27
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Subaihi A, Almanqur L, Muhamadali H, AlMasoud N, Ellis DI, Trivedi DK, Hollywood KA, Xu Y, Goodacre R. Rapid, Accurate, and Quantitative Detection of Propranolol in Multiple Human Biofluids via Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10884-10892. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Subaihi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Laila Almanqur
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Ellis
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Drupad K. Trivedi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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28
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Armitage EG, Southam AD. Monitoring cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment efficacy using metabolomics and lipidomics. Metabolomics 2016; 12:146. [PMID: 27616976 PMCID: PMC4987388 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular metabolism is altered during cancer initiation and progression, which allows cancer cells to increase anabolic synthesis, avoid apoptosis and adapt to low nutrient and oxygen availability. The metabolic nature of cancer enables patient cancer status to be monitored by metabolomics and lipidomics. Additionally, monitoring metabolic status of patients or biological models can be used to greater understand the action of anticancer therapeutics. OBJECTIVES Discuss how metabolomics and lipidomics can be used to (i) identify metabolic biomarkers of cancer and (ii) understand the mechanism-of-action of anticancer therapies. Discuss considerations that can maximize the clinical value of metabolic cancer biomarkers including case-control, prognostic and longitudinal study designs. METHODS A literature search of the current relevant primary research was performed. RESULTS Metabolomics and lipidomics can identify metabolic signatures that associate with cancer diagnosis, prognosis and disease progression. Discriminatory metabolites were most commonly linked to lipid or energy metabolism. Case-control studies outnumbered prognostic and longitudinal approaches. Prognostic studies were able to correlate metabolic features with future cancer risk, whereas longitudinal studies were most effective for studying cancer progression. Metabolomics and lipidomics can help to understand the mechanism-of-action of anticancer therapeutics and mechanisms of drug resistance. CONCLUSION Metabolomics and lipidomics can be used to identify biomarkers associated with cancer and to better understand anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Andrew D. Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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29
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Ma Y, Liu H, Mao M, Meng J, Yang L, Liu J. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Liquid Interfacial Nanoparticle Arrays for Multiplex Detecting Drugs in Urine. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8145-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Ma
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Chongqing
Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Molecular
Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular
Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mei Mao
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juan Meng
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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30
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Alharbi O, Xu Y, Goodacre R. Detection and quantification of the opioid tramadol in urine using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2016; 140:5965-70. [PMID: 26194152 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an on going requirement for the detection and quantification of illicit substances. This is in particular the case for law enforcement where portable screening methods are needed and there has been recent interest in breath tests for a range of narcotics. In this study we first developed surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the detection of tramadol in water and establish robust and reproducible methods based on silver hydroxylamine colloid. We used 0.5 M NaCl as the aggregating agent, with the pH ∼ 7.0 and SERS data were collected immediately (i.e., the analyte association and colloid aggregation times were zero). The limit of detection was rather high and calculated to be 5 × 10(-4) M which would not be practical in the field. Undeterred we continued with spiking tramadol in artificial urine and found that no aggregating agent or modification of pH was necessary. Indeed aggregation occurred spontaneously due to the complexity of the medium which is rich in multiple salts, which are commonly used for SERS. We estimated the limit of detection in artificial urine to be 2.5 × 10(-6) M which is equivalent to 657.5 ng mL(-1) and very close to the levels typically found in individuals who use tramadol for pain relief. We believe this opens up opportunities for testing SERS in real world samples and this will be an area of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alharbi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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31
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Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst 2016; 140:4932-48. [PMID: 26031385 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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32
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Fisk H, Westley C, Turner NJ, Goodacre R. Achieving optimal SERS through enhanced experimental design. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2016; 47:59-66. [PMID: 27587905 PMCID: PMC4984853 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the current limitations surrounding surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is the perceived lack of reproducibility. SERS is indeed challenging, and for analyte detection, it is vital that the analyte interacts with the metal surface. However, as this is analyte dependent, there is not a single set of SERS conditions that are universal. This means that experimental optimisation for optimum SERS response is vital. Most researchers optimise one factor at a time, where a single parameter is altered first before going onto optimise the next. This is a very inefficient way of searching the experimental landscape. In this review, we explore the use of more powerful multivariate approaches to SERS experimental optimisation based on design of experiments and evolutionary computational methods. We particularly focus on colloidal-based SERS rather than thin film preparations as a result of their popularity. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fisk
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Chloe Westley
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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33
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Muehlethaler C, Leona M, Lombardi JR. Review of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications in Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2015; 88:152-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Muehlethaler
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Marco Leona
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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34
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Alharbi O, Xu Y, Goodacre R. Simultaneous multiplexed quantification of caffeine and its major metabolites theobromine and paraxanthine using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8253-61. [PMID: 26345445 PMCID: PMC4604501 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantitative measurement of drugs and their metabolites is important as this can be used to establish long-term abuse of illicit materials as well as establish accurate drug dosing for legal therapeutics. However, the levels of drugs and xenometabolites found in human body fluids necessitate methods that are highly sensitive as well as reproducible with the potential for portability. Raman spectroscopy does offer excellent reproducibility, portability and chemical specificity, but unfortunately, the Raman effect is generally too weak unless it is enhanced. We therefore developed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and combined it with the powerful machine learning technique of artificial neural networks to enable rapid quantification of caffeine and its two major metabolites theobromine and paraxanthine. We established a three-way mixture analysis from 10−5 to 10−7 mol/dm3, and excellent predictions were generated for all three analytes in tertiary mixtures. The range we selected reflects the levels found in human body fluids, and the typical errors for our portable SERS analysis were 1.7 × 10−6 mol/dm3 for caffeine, 8.8 × 10−7 mol/dm3 for theobromine and 9.6 × 10−7 mol/dm3 for paraxanthine. We believe this demonstrates the exciting prospect of using SERS for the quantitative analysis of multiple analytes simultaneously without recourse to lengthy and time-consuming chromatography, a method that often has to be combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alharbi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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35
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Sørensen KM, Westley C, Goodacre R, Engelsen SB. Simultaneous quantification of the boar-taint compounds skatole and androstenone by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and multivariate data analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7787-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Han Z, Liu H, Wang B, Weng S, Yang L, Liu J. Three-Dimensional Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Hotspots in Spherical Colloidal Superstructure for Identification and Detection of Drugs in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4821-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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37
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Dong R, Weng S, Yang L, Liu J. Detection and Direct Readout of Drugs in Human Urine Using Dynamic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Support Vector Machines. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2937-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronglu Dong
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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38
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Zhou MJ, Bouazzaoui S, Jones LE, Goodrich P, Bell SEJ, Sheldrake GN, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Fletcher NC. Isolation and structural determination of non-racemic tertiary cathinone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9629-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the dynamic resolution of racemic tertiary cathinones is demonstrated through co-crystallization with enantiopure aromatic tartaric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-J. Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - S. Bouazzaoui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - L. E. Jones
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - P. Goodrich
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - S. E. J. Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - G. N. Sheldrake
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - P. N. Horton
- University of Southampton
- Chemistry Department
- EPSRC National Crystallography Service
- Southampton
- UK
| | - S. J. Coles
- University of Southampton
- Chemistry Department
- EPSRC National Crystallography Service
- Southampton
- UK
| | - N. C. Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
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39
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Mabbott S, Alharbi O, Groves K, Goodacre R. Application of surface enhanced Raman scattering to the solution based detection of a popular legal high, 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI). Analyst 2015; 140:4399-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00591d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering together with a portable Raman spectrometer is utilised as an analytical tool for the detection of ‘legal high’ MDAI contained in solution at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mabbott
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Omar Alharbi
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Kate Groves
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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40
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Cowcher DP, Jarvis R, Goodacre R. Quantitative Online Liquid Chromatography-Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Purine Bases. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9977-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Cowcher
- School
of Chemistry and Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester, M1
7DN, U.K
| | - Roger Jarvis
- School
of Chemistry and Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester, M1
7DN, U.K
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School
of Chemistry and Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester, M1
7DN, U.K
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41
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Strano Rossi S, Odoardi S, Gregori A, Peluso G, Ripani L, Ortar G, Serpelloni G, Romolo FS. An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1904-1916. [PMID: 25088134 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are rapidly spreading worldwide, and forensic laboratories are often requested to identify new substances for which no reference standards or analytical data are available. This article describes an analytical approach that was adopted in Italy by a few collaborative centres of the Italian Early Warning System for Drugs, which has contributed many alerts for the identification of different classes of NPSs in the last 24 months. METHODS Seized crystals and powders were initially analysed via single quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), followed by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) in the positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode at 100,000 full width at half maximum resolution (FWHM) without fragmentation to elucidate the elemental compositions of unknown molecules. Different fragmentation voltages during LC/HRMS were applied to study the accurate masses of the obtained characteristic fragments. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were performed to identify specific isomers when necessary. RESULTS Some interesting examples of unknown NPSs from seizures later identified in our laboratories are reported, with special focus on those cases where analytical standards were not available during analyses. These cases include cathinones, such as 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), methylone, bk-MBDB (butylone), 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), flephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and pentedrone, methoxetamine, apinaca or AKB48, benzydamine, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), 5-MeO-N,N-dialkyl tryptamines, such as 5-MeO-DALT and 5-MeOMIPT, benzofurans, such as 6-APB and 4-APB, and diphenidine (identified for the first time in Europe). CONCLUSIONS The identification of NPSs in confiscated materials was successfully achieved via GC/MS coupled with LC/HRMS and, in a few cases, NMR analyses. The availability of GC/MS libraries is of great assistance in the identification of new drugs. Alternatively, the study of characteristic molecule fragments combined with the determination of their accurate masses can be a useful approach to identify unknown samples not previously analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strano Rossi
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy L.go F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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42
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Smith JP, Metters JP, Khreit OIG, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic Electrochemistry Applied to the Sensing of New Psychoactive Substances: Electroanalytical Sensing of Synthetic Cathinones and Analytical Validation in the Quantification of Seized Street Samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9985-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P. Smith
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancashire, U.K
| | - Jonathan P. Metters
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancashire, U.K
| | - Osama I. G. Khreit
- Strathclyde Institute
of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Oliver B. Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancashire, U.K
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancashire, U.K
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43
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Li YS, Church JS. Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of food and pharmaceutical nanomaterials. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:29-48. [PMID: 24673902 PMCID: PMC9359147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman scattering is an inelastic phenomenon. Although its cross section is very small, recent advances in electronics, lasers, optics, and nanotechnology have made Raman spectroscopy suitable in many areas of application. The present article reviews the applications of Raman spectroscopy in food and drug analysis and inspection, including those associated with nanomaterials. Brief overviews of basic Raman scattering theory, instrumentation, and statistical data analysis are also given. With the advent of Raman enhancement mechanisms and the progress being made in metal nanomaterials and nanoscale metal surfaces fabrications, surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy has become an extra sensitive method, which is applicable not only for analysis of foods and drugs, but also for intracellular and intercellular imaging. A Raman spectrometer coupled with a fiber optics probe has great potential in applications such as monitoring and quality control in industrial food processing, food safety in agricultural plant production, and convenient inspection of pharmaceutical products, even through different types of packing. A challenge for the routine application of surface enhanced Raman scattering for quantitative analysis is reproducibility. Success in this area can be approached with each or a combination of the following methods: (1) fabrication of nanostructurally regular and uniform substrates; (2) application of statistic data analysis; and (3) isotopic dilution.
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44
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Zhang X, Lin C, Liu Q, Liang A. An ultrasensitive SERS method for the determination of ozone using a nanogold sol as substrate and rhodamine S as probe. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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45
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Smith JP, Metters JP, Irving C, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic electrochemistry: the electroanalytical sensing of synthetic cathinone-derivatives and their accompanying adulterants in “legal high” products. Analyst 2014; 139:389-400. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Alharbi O, Xu Y, Goodacre R. Simultaneous multiplexed quantification of nicotine and its metabolites using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2014; 139:4820-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a SERS approach that can simultaneously detect the drug nicotine along with its two major metabolites cotinine andtrans-3′-hydroxycotinine without recourse to lengthy chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alharbi
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
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47
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Gracie K, Correa E, Mabbott S, Dougan JA, Graham D, Goodacre R, Faulds K. Simultaneous detection and quantification of three bacterial meningitis pathogens by SERS. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52875h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the use of a SERS based DNA detection assay for the multiplexed, quantification of three bacterial meningitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gracie
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Dougan
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
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48
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De Bleye C, Dumont E, Rozet E, Sacré PY, Chavez PF, Netchacovitch L, Piel G, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Determination of 4-aminophenol in a pharmaceutical formulation using surface enhanced Raman scattering: From development to method validation. Talanta 2013; 116:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Cowcher DP, Xu Y, Goodacre R. Portable, Quantitative Detection of Bacillus Bacterial Spores Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3297-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303657k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Cowcher
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN United Kingdom
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN United Kingdom
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50
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Zheng J, Pang S, Labuza TP, He L. Semi-quantification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering using a handheld Raman spectrometer: a feasibility study. Analyst 2013; 138:7075-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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