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Guthrie JD, Rowell CER, Anyaeche RO, Alzarieni KZ, Kenttämaa HI. Characterization of the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass by using tandem mass spectrometry experiments, model compounds, and quantum chemical calculations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:369-408. [PMID: 36727592 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived degraded lignin and cellulose serve as possible alternatives to fossil fuels for energy and chemical resources. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass generates bio-oil that needs further refinement. However, as pyrolysis causes massive degradation to lignin and cellulose, this process produces very complex mixtures. The same applies to degradation methods other than fast pyrolysis. The ability to identify the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass is of great importance to be able to optimize methodologies for the conversion of these mixtures to transportation fuels and valuable chemicals. Studies utilizing tandem mass spectrometry have provided invaluable, molecular-level information regarding the identities of compounds in degraded biomass. This review focuses on the molecular-level characterization of fast pyrolysis and other degradation products of lignin and cellulose via tandem mass spectrometry based on collision-activated dissociation (CAD). Many studies discussed here used model compounds to better understand both the ionization chemistry of the degradation products of lignin and cellulose and their ions' CAD reactions in mass spectrometers to develop methods for the structural characterization of the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass. Further, model compound studies were also carried out to delineate the mechanisms of the fast pyrolysis reactions of lignocellulosic biomass. The above knowledge was used to assign likely structures to many degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Ruth O Anyaeche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kawthar Z Alzarieni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Zhang D, Loomer M, Gamez G. Quantitative analysis of biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks via laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow high-resolution ambient mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 268:125333. [PMID: 37931586 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a diode laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis (LAMP) technique coupled with FAPA high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is demonstrated for fast chemical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. The solid lignocellulosic biomass can be analyzed directly with minimal sample preparation. The mass spectra of the pyrolysis products are interpreted with the aid of data visualization tools such as Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots and van Krevelen plots. Furthermore, quantitation of lignin/cellulose/hemicellulose, sugar contents of glucan/xylan/galactan/arabinan and lignin monomeric unit S/G is achieved with good accuracy and precision, through multivariate analysis methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Michael Loomer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA.
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3
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Conder CJ, Mistry S, Jawale H, Wenthold PG. Probing the Pyrolysis of Guaiacol and Dimethoxybenzenes Using Collision-Induced Dissociation Charge-Remote Fragmentation Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7168-7178. [PMID: 36173651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of lignin model compounds has been examined using mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation charge-remote fragmentation (CID-CRF). The model compounds guaiacol and o- and m-dimethoxybenzene containing a remote sulfonate (SO3-) charge group undergo CID by dissociation without the involvement of the anionic group. The first dissociation for all three compounds is loss of methyl radical to form phenoxy radicals. Subsequent dissociation pathways depend on the specific structures being examined The dissociation pathways are compared to those observed upon gas-phase pyrolysis that have been reported previously. While the pathways are largely similar, there are some important differences that are explained by changes in dissociation barriers due to the effect of adding the charged group. This work shows that CID-CRF is an effective approach for tracking the thermolysis of lignin model compounds while eliminating secondary reactions that normally convolute such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Conder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Sabyasachy Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harshal Jawale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Paul G Wenthold
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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4
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Zhu L, Cui C, Liu H, Zhou Z, Qi F. Thermochemical depolymerization of lignin: Process analysis with state-of-the-art soft ionization mass spectrometry. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.982126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin valorization via thermochemical approaches has the potential to produce renewable fuels and value-added chemicals, which are of great significance to the sustainable development of human beings. During the thermochemical depolymerization which involves acid-catalyzed, alkali-catalyzed, oxidative, reductive, pyrolytic, and other reactions, the lignin structure will undergo a series of bond cleavage, condensation, and functional group changes, while the mechanism is still unclear. To improve the efficiency, the analysis of the evolution of intermediates during depolymerization is very important, among which soft ionization mass spectrometry plays a vital role. This review aims to summarize the research progress of process analysis of lignin depolymerization in both gas-phase, typically thermal and catalytic pyrolysis, and liquid-phase via online mass spectrometry. The challenges and our insights into the future development of the lignin valorization as well as soft ionization mass spectrometry methods are also discussed.
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5
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Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of carbohydrates in food: An update since 2013. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462496. [PMID: 34492577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates in foods and other matrices plays vital roles in their diverse biological functions. Carbohydrates serve not only as functional substances but also as structural materials, such as components of membranes, and participate in cellular recognition. The fact that carbohydrates are indispensable has contributed to the need for pretreatment and analytical methods to be developed for their characterization. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of carbohydrate pretreatment and determination methods in various matrices. The pretreatment methods include simple and more developed approaches (e.g., solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and different microextraction methods, among others). The analytical methods include those by liquid chromatography (including high-performance anion-exchange chromatography), capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography, and others. Different pretreatment methods and determination approaches are updated, compared, and discussed. Moreover, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospects.
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6
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Xu L, Ma X, Murria P, Talpade A, Sheng H, Meilan R, Chapple C, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Fast Determination of the Lignin Monomer Compositions of Genetic Variants of Poplar via Fast Pyrolysis/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2546-2551. [PMID: 34463497 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The proportional content of the phenylpropanoid monomeric units (4-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S)) in lignin is of paramount importance in germ plasm screening and for evaluating the results of plant breeding and genetic engineering. This content is usually determined using a tedious and slow (2 days/sample) method involving derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) combined with GC/MS or NMR analysis. We report here a fast mass spectrometric method for the determination of the monomer content. This method is based on the fast pyrolysis of a lignin sample inside the ion source area of a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The evaporated pyrolysis products are promptly deprotonated via negative-ion mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ((-)APCI) and analyzed by the mass spectrometer to determine the monomer content. The results obtained for the wild-type and six genetic variants of poplar were consistent with those obtained by the DFRC method. However, the mass spectrometry method requires only a small amount of sample (50 μg) and the use of only small amounts of three benign chemicals, methanol, water, and ammonium hydroxide, as opposed to DFRC that requires substantially larger amounts of sample (10 mg or more) and large amounts of several hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, the mass spectrometry method is substantially faster (3 min/sample), more precise, and the data interpretation is more straightforward as only nine ions measured by the mass spectrometer are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Abhijit Talpade
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Analytical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Meilan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rakesh Agrawal
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W Nicholas Delgass
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Stummann M, Høj M, Davidsen B, Hansen A, Hansen L, Wiwel P, Schandel C, Gabrielsen J, Jensen P, Jensen A. Effect of the catalyst in fluid bed catalytic hydropyrolysis. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Chen X, Zhu L, Cui C, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Qi F. In Situ Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometric Monitoring of Initial Pyrolysis Products of Biomass in Real Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:603-606. [PMID: 31846300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the initial and intermediate pyrolysis products of biomass is essential for the mechanistic investigation of biomass pyrolysis and further optimization of upgrading processes. The conventional method can only detect the final products, which do not resemble the initial or intermediate pyrolysis products. Here, we introduce a direct orifice sampling combined with atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) for in situ online analysis of the evolved volatile initial products from the pyrolysis of biomass. Pyrolysis experiments of both dimeric model compound (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, GGGE) and poplar wood were carried out to validate the generality of the method. Generally, secondary reactions can be reduced by shortening the distance between the sample and sampling orifice. Large molecular-weight initial products up to trimers were detected during the pyrolysis of poplar wood, and no initial products larger than trimers were detected. It is inferred that in situ APPI immediately after sample extraction ensures efficient and effective product detection. Furthermore, the present work offers a promising feasible method for online tracing of reaction intermediates not only in pyrolysis but also in various reactive processes (e.g., catalytic reaction, oxidation) under operando conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Cunhao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
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9
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Yu Z, Murria P, Easton MW, Degenstein JC, Zhu H, Xu L, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Exploring the Reaction Mechanisms of Fast Pyrolysis of Xylan Model Compounds via Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9149-9157. [PMID: 31545607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A commercial fast pyrolysis probe coupled with a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer was employed to identify the initial reactions and products of fast pyrolysis of xylobiose and xylotriose, model compounds of xylans. Fragmentation of the reducing end by loss of an ethenediol molecule via ring-opening and retro-aldol condensation was found to be the dominant pyrolysis pathway for xylobiose, and the structure of the product-β-d-xylopyranosylglyceraldehyde-was identified by comparing collision-activated dissociation of the ionized product and an ionized authentic compound. This intermediate can undergo further decomposition via the loss of formaldehyde to form β-d-xylopyranosylglycolaldehyde. In addition, the mechanisms of reactions leading to the loss of a water molecule or dissociation of the glycosidic linkages were explored computationally. These reactions are proposed to occur via pinacol ring contraction and/or Maccoll elimination mechanisms.
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10
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Yu ZJ, Easton MW, Murria P, Xu L, Ding D, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Kenttämaa HI. Molecular-Level Understanding of the Major Fragmentation Mechanisms of Cellulose Fast Pyrolysis: An Experimental Approach Based on Isotopically Labeled Model Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7037-7050. [PMID: 31064180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the feasibility of various mechanisms possibly involved in cellulose fast pyrolysis is challenging. Therefore, selectively 13C-labeled cellotriose, 18O-labeled cellobiose, and 13C- and 18O-doubly-labeled cellobiose were synthesized and subjected to fast pyrolysis in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a linear quadrupole ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer. The initial products were immediately quenched, ionized using ammonium cations, and subsequently analyzed using the mass spectrometer. The loss or retention of isotope labels upon pyrolysis unambiguously revealed three major competing mechanisms-sequential losses of glycolaldehyde/ethenediol molecules from the reducing end (the reducing-end unraveling mechanism), hydroxymethylene-assisted glycosidic bond cleavage (HAGBC mechanism), and Maccoll elimination. Important discoveries include the following: (1) Reducing-end unraveling is the predominant mechanism occurring at the reducing end; (2) Maccoll elimination facilitates the cleaving of aglyconic bonds, and it is the mechanism leading to formation of reducing carbohydrates; 3) HAGBC occurs for glycosides but not at the reducing end of cellodextrins; 4) HAGBC and water loss are the predominant reactions for fast pyrolysis of 1,6-anhydrocellodextrins; and 5) HAGBC can proceed after reducing-end unraveling but unraveling does not occur once the HAGBC reaction pathway is initiated. Moreover, hydrolysis was conclusively ruled out for fast pyrolysis of cellobiose, cellotriose, and 1,6-anhydrocellodextrins up to cellotetraosan. No radical reactions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan J Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Mckay W Easton
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Duanchen Ding
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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11
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The Influence of Active Phase Loading on the Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Ethylene Glycol over Promoted MoS2/MgAl2O4 Catalysts. Top Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-019-01169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Keturakis CJ, Lapina OB, Shubin AA, Terskikh VV, Papulovskiy E, Yudaev IV, Paukshtis EA, Wachs IE. Pyrolysis of the Cellulose Fraction of Biomass in the Presence of Solid Acid Catalysts: An Operando Spectroscopy and Theoretical Investigation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:4044-4059. [PMID: 30338653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass pyrolysis by solid acid catalysts is one of many promising technologies for sustainable production of hydrocarbon liquid fuels and value-added chemicals, but these complex chemical transformations are still poorly understood. A series of well-defined model SiO2 -supported alumina catalysts were synthesized and molecularly characterized, under dehydrated conditions and during biomass pyrolysis, with the aim of establishing fundamental catalyst structure-activity/selectivity relationships. The nature and corresponding acidity of the supported AlOx nanostructures on SiO2 were determined with 27 Al/1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy of chemisorbed CO, and DFT calculations. Operando time-resolved IR-Raman-MS spectroscopy studies revealed the molecular transformations taking place during biomass pyrolysis. The molecular transformations during biomass pyrolysis depended on both the domain size of the AlOx cluster and molecular nature of the biomass feedstock. These new insights allowed the establishment of fundamental structure-activity/selectivity relationships during biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Keturakis
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
- Current address: Cummins Emission Solutions, Stoughton, WI, 53589, USA
| | - Olga B Lapina
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Shubin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Evgeniy Papulovskiy
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V Yudaev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenii A Paukshtis
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Israel E Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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13
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Easton MW, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Dehydration Pathways for Glucose and Cellobiose During Fast Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8071-8085. [PMID: 30216724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mckay W. Easton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J. Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Sica VP, Mahony C, Baker TR. Multi-Detector Characterization of Grape Seed Extract to Enable in silico Safety Assessment. Front Chem 2018; 6:334. [PMID: 30155459 PMCID: PMC6102626 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Demands for increased analytical rigor have been growing within the botanical and dietary supplement industry due to concerns relative to safety, efficacy, and quality. Adulteration, ambiguous definitions, and insufficient perspective on safety are some of the major issues that arise when selecting a botanical extract. Herein, our comprehensive analytical approach is detailed for the selection of grape seed extracts. This approach provided characterization for the constituents above a threshold of toxicological concern by subjecting the extract to UHPLC-UV-CAD-HRMS and GC-FID & GC-HRMS. Thus, constituents within a wide range of volatility were evaluated. Furthermore, the extract was compared to authenticated botanical materials to confirm that no adulteration took place and was also compared to other grape seed extract sources to confirm that the material falls within the general profile. Finally, these data were cleared via an in silico safety assessment based on the list of constituents above the threshold of toxicological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Sica
- Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company Technical Centres Ltd, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Baker
- Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States
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15
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Duangkaew P, Inoue S, Aki T, Nakashimada Y, Okamura Y, Tajima T, Matsumura Y. Real-Time Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Hydrothermal Reaction Products. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pattasuda Duangkaew
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
| | - Shuhei Inoue
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of
Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashimada
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of
Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of
Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Takahisa Tajima
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of
Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Yukihiko Matsumura
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
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16
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Sheng H, Murria P, Degenstein JC, Tang W, Riedeman JS, Hurt MR, Dow A, Klein I, Zhu H, Nash JJ, Abu‐Omar M, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Initial Products and Reaction Mechanisms for Fast Pyrolysis of Synthetic G‐Lignin Oligomers with β‐O‐4 Linkages via On‐Line Mass Spectrometry and Quantum Chemical Calculations. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - John C. Degenstein
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - James S. Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Matthew R. Hurt
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Alex Dow
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Ian Klein
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - John J. Nash
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Mahdi Abu‐Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Rakesh Agrawal
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Fabio H. Ribeiro
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Reactive Liftoff of Crystalline Cellulose Particles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11238. [PMID: 26057818 PMCID: PMC4460903 DOI: 10.1038/srep11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The condition of heat transfer to lignocellulosic biomass particles during thermal processing at high temperature (>400 °C) dramatically alters the yield and quality of renewable energy and fuels. In this work, crystalline cellulose particles were discovered to lift off heated surfaces by high speed photography similar to the Leidenfrost effect in hot, volatile liquids. Order of magnitude variation in heat transfer rates and cellulose particle lifetimes was observed as intermediate liquid cellulose droplets transitioned from low temperature wetting (500-600 °C) to fully de-wetted, skittering droplets on polished surfaces (>700 °C). Introduction of macroporosity to the heated surface was shown to completely inhibit the cellulose Leidenfrost effect, providing a tunable design parameter to control particle heat transfer rates in industrial biomass reactors.
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Degenstein JC, Murria P, Easton M, Sheng H, Hurt M, Dow AR, Gao J, Nash JJ, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Fast pyrolysis of 13C-labeled cellobioses: gaining insights into the mechanisms of fast pyrolysis of carbohydrates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1909-14. [PMID: 25562626 DOI: 10.1021/jo5025255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fast-pyrolysis probe/tandem mass spectrometer combination was utilized to determine the initial fast-pyrolysis products for four different selectively (13)C-labeled cellobiose molecules. Several products are shown to result entirely from fragmentation of the reducing end of cellobiose, leaving the nonreducing end intact in these products. These findings are in disagreement with mechanisms proposed previously. Quantum chemical calculations were used to identify feasible low-energy pathways for several products. These results provide insights into the mechanisms of fast pyrolysis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Degenstein
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Degenstein JC, Hurt M, Murria P, Easton M, Choudhari H, Yang L, Riedeman J, Carlsen MS, Nash JJ, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Mass spectrometric studies of fast pyrolysis of cellulose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:321-326. [PMID: 26307712 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fast pyrolysis probe/linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer combination was used to study the primary fast pyrolysis products (those that first leave the hot pyrolysis surface) of cellulose, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose, as well as of cellobiosan, cellotriosan, and cellopentosan, at 600°C. Similar products with different branching ratios were found for the oligosaccharides and cellulose, as reported previously. However, identical products (with the exception of two) with similar branching ratios were measured for cellotriosan (and cellopentosan) and cellulose. This result demonstrates that cellotriosan is an excellent small-molecule surrogate for studies of the fast pyrolysis of cellulose and also that most fast pyrolysis products of cellulose do not originate from the reducing end. Based on several observations, the fast pyrolysis of cellulose is suggested to initiate predominantly via two competing processes: the formation of anhydro-oligosaccharides, such as cellobiosan, cellotriosan, and cellopentosan (major route), and the elimination of glycolaldehyde (or isomeric) units from the reducing end of oligosaccharides formed from cellulose during fast pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Degenstein
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Matt Hurt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - McKay Easton
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | | | - Linan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - James Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Mark S Carlsen
- D epartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - John J Nash
- Dep artment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Rakesh Agrawal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - W Nicholas Delgass
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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