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Expanding the Knowledge Related to Flavors and Fragrances by Means of Three-Dimensional Preparative Gas Chromatography and Molecular Spectroscopy. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As universally known, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) allows us to acquire spectra that can be searched in specific databases to attain qualitative information on a peak of interest. When not present in databases, structure elucidation is required before including a new component in a library: from that moment, scientists all around the world will be able to identify the new molecule with analytical confidence after GC-MS analysis. Conversely, if data are not shared in commercial databases, even if a molecule is studied and elucidated, it appears to be unknown or only identifiable on the basis of third-party data taken from the literature, which is a serious limitation. The present paper deals with a case that confirms this assumption. A component of Myrtus communis L. volatile fraction was tentatively identified based on literature data. Despite this, reliable identification could not be achieved due to the lack of a corresponding spectrum in commercial MS databases. Afterwards, the target component was isolated in a reasonable quantity and with a high degree of purity for downstream characterization by spectroscopic techniques. For this purpose, preparative (prep) GC may appear insufficient for the isolation of volatile components from highly complex samples. In this study, a prep-MDGC system was implemented for the isolation of the compound of interest from myrtle oil, consisting of three wide-bore columns of different selectivity coupled by means of Deans switch transfer devices. Based on the NMR and GC-FTIR data acquired, the unknown compound was identified as 2,2,5,5,7,7-hexamethyl-3,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4,6(2H,5H)-dione. Noticeably, this is a known molecule, yet its mass spectrum had never been registered into MS databases and thus was not available to the scientific community. Finally, the spectrum was included for the first time in a commercial library, namely the FFNSC 5.0 MS database. The aim of the present study was to highlight the opportunity to make analytical data quickly available in a reliable way by registering them in searchable MS databases to improve the identification means for researchers all over the world.
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Ionic liquids as gas chromatographic stationary phases: how can they change food and natural product analyses? Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:17-25. [PMID: 31838558 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of natural products often consists of complex mixtures of isomeric and/or homologous components with similar structural and physical characteristics (e.g. mono- and sesquiterpenoids) that are not easy to separate simultaneously with conventional GC stationary phases, even when used with multidimensional systems. The introduction of ionic liquids (ILs) as stationary phases has opened up new perspectives in this field as their unique solvation properties result in uncommon selectivity, which is completely different to that of classic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-based columns. Because of their peculiar selectivity and high inertness, IL-based columns have already found several applications in the natural product field in mono- and multidimensional GC and preparative GC, leading to the exhaustive analysis of complex samples (including aqueous solutions), and the separation of challenging pair(s) of compounds. This article provides an overview of how IL-based columns can be exploited in the fields of food and natural products, explores the wide range of applications that have already been developed and highlights the main features of these promising stationary phases, which are expected to be further extended in the near future, in particular, for routine use. Graphical abstract.
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Sciarrone D, Schepis A, De Grazia G, Rotondo A, Alibrando F, Cipriano RR, Bizzo H, Deschamps C, Sidisky LM, Mondello L. Collection and identification of an unknown component from Eugenia uniflora essential oil exploiting a multidimensional preparative three-GC system employing apolar, mid-polar and ionic liquid stationary phases. Faraday Discuss 2019; 218:101-114. [PMID: 31120047 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00234g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present research deals with the collection and structural elucidation of an unknown component, accounting for about 35% of the essential oil obtained upon distillation of the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L., harvested during summer (January, 2017) in Paraná State (Southern Brazil). A multidimensional gas chromatographic preparative system, based on the coupling of three GC systems equipped with apolar, PEG and ionic liquid-based stationary phases, was successfully applied for the isolation of the chromatographic band relative to the unknown molecule. The use of wide-bore columns allowed for an increased sample capacity compared to conventional micro-bore columns, thus the injection of a neat sample was feasible, greatly reducing the total collection time. A higher chromatographic efficiency was afforded by the use of a multidimensional approach in the heart-cut mode, exploiting the different selectivity of three stationary phases, which ensured the attainment of a highly pure fraction. In only five runs, more than 3 milligrams were collected, with an average purity greater then 95%. Finally, the unknown component was subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and condensed phase Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, leading to the identification of 6-ethenyl-6-methyl-3,5-di(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one. The presented approach has been demonstrated to be effective for the isolation and structural elucidation of unknown molecules in complex samples, which will allow for further in-depth studies, like biological evaluation or pharmacological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Sciarrone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Mazzucotelli M, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C. Ionic liquids as stationary phases for gas chromatography—Unusual selectivity of ionic liquids with a phosphonium cation and different anions in the flavor, fragrance and essential oil analyses. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1583:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Multidimensional Gas Chromatography in Essential Oil Analysis. Part 1: Technical Developments. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nan H, Anderson JL. Ionic liquid stationary phases for multidimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sciarrone D, Schepis A, Zoccali M, Donato P, Vita F, Creti D, Alpi A, Mondello L. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry/Quadrupole MS with a Low-Bleed Ionic Liquid Secondary Column for the Authentication of Truffles and Products Containing Truffle. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6610-6617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Schepis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donato Creti
- Enrico Giotti S.p.A., a Subsidiary of McCormick & Company, Inc., Via Pisana 592, 50018, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Alpi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari, Agro-ambientali, Laboratorio di Fisiologia Vegetale, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., Via Leonardo Sciascia CoopFede, Pal. B, 98168, Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Analysis of essential oils and fragrances with a new generation of highly inert gas chromatographic columns coated with ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1495:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang S, Shi X, Xu G. Online Three Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method for the Separation of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1433-1438. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyuan Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Sciarrone D, Pantò S, Donato P, Mondello L. Improving the productivity of a multidimensional chromatographic preparative system by collecting pure chemicals after each of three chromatographic dimensions. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:80-85. [PMID: 27863713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced sample collection capability of a heart-cutting three-dimensional GC-prep system is reported. In its original configuration, a highly pure component can be usually collected after the last (3D) column outlet by means of a dedicated preparative station. The latter is located after the last chromatographic column, and this poses the requirement for multiple heart cuts even for those components showing satisfactory degree of purity after the first (or second) separation dimension. The feasibility to collect pure components after each chromatographic dimension is here described, employing a three-dimension MDGC system equipped with high-temperature valves, located inside the first and second GC ovens, with the aim to improve the productivity of the collection procedure. In addition to a commercial preparative collector located at the 3D outlet, two laboratory-made collection systems were applied in the first and second dimension, reached by the effluent to be collected trough a high-temperature valve switching the heart-cut fraction between either the detector (FID), or the collector. Highly pure sesquiterpene components were collected, namely: patchouli alcohol after the first column [poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane)], α-bulnesene after a second column coated with high molecular weight polyethylene glycol, and α-guaiene after an ionic-liquid based column (SLB-IL60), used as the third dimension. Purity levels ranging from 85 to 95% were achieved with an average collection recovery of 90% (n=5). The following average amounts were collected per run: 160μg for α-guaiene, 295μg for α-bulnesene, and 496μg for patchouli alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di "Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina, Polo Annunziata-viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Pantò
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata-viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento di "Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali", University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di "Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina, Polo Annunziata-viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata-viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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Four-stage (low-)flow modulation comprehensive gas chromatographyquadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of recently-highlighted cosmetic allergens. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ragonese C, Sciarrone D, Grasso E, Dugo P, Mondello L. Enhanced resolution of Mentha piperita
volatile fraction using a novel medium-polarity ionic liquid gas chromatography stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:537-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ragonese
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Elisa Grasso
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata; viale Annunziata; 98168 - Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata; viale Annunziata; 98168 - Messina Italy
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Performance evaluation of a versatile multidimensional chromatographic preparative system based on three-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-two-dimensional gas chromatography for the collection of volatile constituents. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:96-103. [PMID: 26410184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research deals with the multi-collection of the most important sesquiterpene alcohols belonging to sandalwood essential oil, as reported by the international regulations: (Z)-α-santalol, (Z)-α-trans bergamotol, (Z)-β-santalol, epi-(Z)-β-santalol, α-bisabolol, (Z)-lanceol, and (Z)-nuciferol. A versatile multidimensional preparative system, based on the hyphenation of liquid and gas chromatography techniques, was operated in the LC-GC-GC-prep or GC-GC-GC-prep configuration, depending on the concentration to be collected from the sample, without any hardware or software modification. The system was equipped with a silica LC column in combination with polyethylene glycol-poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane)-medium polarity ionic liquid or β-cyclodextrin based GC stationary phases. The GC-GC-GC-prep configuration was exploited for the collection of four components, by using a conventional split/splitless injector, while the LC-GC-GC-prep approach was applied for three low abundant components (<5%), in order to increase the quantity collected within a single run, by the LC injection of a high sample amount. All target compounds, whose determination is hampered by the unavailability of commercial standards, were collected at milligram levels and with a high degree of purity (>87%).
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Sciarrone D, Pantò S, Ragonese C, Dugo P, Mondello L. Evolution and status of preparative gas chromatography as a green sample-preparation technique. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Belhassen E, Filippi JJ, Brévard H, Joulain D, Baldovini N. Volatile constituents of vetiver: a review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Belhassen
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
| | - Jean-Jacques Filippi
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
| | - Hugues Brévard
- Robertet S.A.; 37, avenue Sidi Brahim, B.P. 52100 06131 Grasse France
| | - Daniel Joulain
- SCBZ Conseil; Les Micocouliers - F3, 99 avenue Sidi Brahim 06130 Grasse France
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
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