1
|
Elhassan MM, Glasco DL, Sheelam A, Mahmoud AM, Hegazy MA, Mowaka S, Bell JG. Potentiometric detection of apomorphine in human plasma using a 3D printed sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 248:115971. [PMID: 38154328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist that is used for the management of Parkinson's disease and has been proven to effectively decrease the off-time duration, where the symptoms recur, in Parkinson's disease patients. This paper describes the design and fabrication of the first potentiometric sensor for the determination of apomorphine in bulk and human plasma samples. The fabrication protocol involves stereolithographic 3D printing, which is a unique tool for the rapid fabrication of low-cost sensors. The solid-contact apomorphine ion-selective electrode combines a carbon-mesh/thermoplastic composite as the ion-to-electron transducer and a 3D printed ion-selective membrane, doped with the ionophore calix[6]arene. The sensor selectively measures apomorphine in the presence of other biologically present cations - sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium - as well as the commonly prescribed Parkinson's pharmaceutical, levodopa (L-Dopa). The sensor demonstrated a linear, Nernstian response, with a slope of 58.8 mV/decade over the range of 5.0 mM-9.8 μM, which covers the biologically (and pharmaceutically) relevant ranges, with a limit of detection of 2.51 μM. Moreover, the apomorphine sensor exhibited good stability (minimal drift of just 188 μV/hour over 10 h) and a shelf-life of almost 4 weeks. Experiments performed in the presence of albumin, the main plasma protein to which apomorphine binds, demonstrate that the sensor responds selectively to free-apomorphine (i.e., not bound or complexed forms). The utility of the sensor was confirmed through the successful determination of apomorphine in spiked human plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Elhassan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA; Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt
| | - Dalton L Glasco
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Anjaiah Sheelam
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Amr M Mahmoud
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Mowaka
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jeffrey G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macedo DS, Rodopoulos T, Vepsäläinen M, Bajaj S, Hogan CF. More Accurate Measurement of Return Peak Current in Cyclic Voltammetry Using Diffusional Baseline Fitting. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1530-1537. [PMID: 38226588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The difficulty associated with accurately measuring the height of the back peak (Ipb) in cyclic voltammetry (CV) has long plagued electrochemists. Most commonly, Ipb is measured by extrapolating a linear fit from a selected region of a voltammogram after the switching potential (Eλ), but without substantial separation between the peak potential (Ep) and Eλ, this approach always overestimates the background current and so underestimates Ipb. Moreover, experimental conditions can present challenges for this method as an appropriate region for linear fitting is often lacking due to neighboring peaks or solvent electrolysis current. Here, we present a new method for finding the baseline current for the back peak in CV experiments. By examining the CV data as a function of time rather than potential, it is possible to fit a generalized Cottrell or Shoup-Szabo equation to the current decay of the forward peak and extrapolate this function as a baseline for the return peak. This approach was tested by using simulated and experimental data in a variety of conditions, including data demonstrating linear and radial diffusional control. We found that the method allows for more accurate determination of back peak currents, especially when linear fits are complicated by narrow electrochemical windows or radial diffusion. A user-friendly Python program was written to automatically find an appropriate fitting range for this analysis and measure peak currents. We have made this program available to the electrochemical community at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Macedo
- Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Theo Rodopoulos
- Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Samridhi Bajaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borkar N, Mu H, Holm R. Challenges and trends in apomorphine drug delivery systems for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:507-517. [PMID: 32104425 PMCID: PMC7032113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic debilitating disease affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. The severity of PD is correlated to the degree of dopaminergic neuronal loss. Apomorphine has a similar chemical structure as the neurotransmitter dopamine and has been used for the treatment of advanced PD patients. In PD patients, apomorphine is normally administered subcutaneously with frequent injections because of the compound's extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. There is, hence, a large unmet need for alternative administrative routes for apomorphine to improve patient compliance. The present review focuses on the research and development of alternative delivery of apomorphine, aiming to highlight the potential of non-invasive apomorphine therapy in PD, such as sublingual delivery and transdermal delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nrupa Borkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark. Tel.: +45 71444174.
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ishiba H, Noguchi T, Shu K, Ohno H, Honda K, Kondoh Y, Osada H, Fujii N, Oishi S. Investigation of the inhibitory mechanism of apomorphine against MDM2–p53 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2571-2574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Ackaert OW, De Graan J, Capancioni R, Dijkstra D, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a novel series of dopamine agonistsin vitro: physicochemical considerations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:709-20. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.06.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Ackaert
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith RV, Humphrey DW. Determination of Apomorphine in Tablets Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718108055473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
8
|
Picada JN, Roesler R, Henriques JAP. Genotoxic, neurotoxic and neuroprotective activities of apomorphine and its oxidized derivative 8-oxo-apomorphine. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:477-86. [PMID: 15962173 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomorphine is a dopamine receptor agonist proposed to be a neuroprotective agent in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that apomorphine displays both antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions, and might have either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system. Some of the neurotoxic effects of apomorphine are mediated by its oxidation derivatives. In the present review, we discuss recent studies from our laboratory in which the molecular, cellular and neurobehavioral effects of apomorphine and its oxidized derivative, 8-oxo-apomorphine-semiquinone (8-OASQ), were evaluated in different experimental models, i.e., in vitro genotoxicity in Salmonella/microsome assay and WP2 Mutoxitest, sensitivity assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, neurobehavioral procedures (inhibition avoidance task, open field behavior, and habituation) in rats, stereotyped behavior in mice, and Comet assay and oxidative stress analyses in mouse brain. Our results show that apomorphine and 8-OASQ induce differential mutagenic, neurochemical and neurobehavioral effects. 8-OASQ displays cytotoxic effects and oxidative and frameshift mutagenic activities, while apomorphine shows antimutagenic and antioxidant effects in vitro. 8-OASQ induces a significant increase of DNA damage in mouse brain tissue. Both apomorphine and 8-OASQ impair memory for aversive training in rats, although the two drugs showed a different dose-response pattern. 8-OASQ fails to induce stereotyped behaviors in mice. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of evidence from studies by other groups. We propose that the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of dopamine agonists might be mediated, in part, by their oxidized metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Picada
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lopes MILE, Saffi J, Echeverrigaray S, Henriques JAP, Salvador M. Mutagenic and antioxidant activities of Croton lechleri sap in biological systems. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 95:437-445. [PMID: 15507372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 07/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sap of Croton lechleri Muell.-Arg (Euphorbiaceae), called Dragon's blood, is used in folk medicine as a cicatrizant, anti-inflammatory and to treat cancer. In this research, the antioxidant activity of Croton lechleri sap was evaluated against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and against maize plantlets treated with the oxidative agents apomorphine and hydrogen peroxide. The mutagenic activity of the sap was also analyzed using the Salmonella/microsome assay (Salmonella typhimurium TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535) and in cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that Croton lechleri sap possesses significant antioxidant activity against the oxidative damages induced by apomorphine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under all the conditions studied. However, in the case of hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant activity of the sap was detected only in cells in the stationary phase of growth. The sap was also able to protect cells of the maize plantlets from the toxic effect of apomorphine. This sap showed mutagenic activity for strain TA1535 of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of metabolic activation and a weak mutagenic activity for strain TA98. These strains detect base pair substitutions and frameshift mutations, respectively. Mutagenicity was also observed in a haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV185-14c for the lys1-1, his1-7 locus-specific reversion and hom3-10 frameshift mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inez Lopes e Lopes
- Instituto de Biotecnologia da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garrido JMPJ, Delerue-Matos C, Borges F, Macedo TRA, Oliveira-Brett AM. Flow Injection Electrochemical Determination of Apomorphine. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
11
|
Garrido JMPJ, Delerue-Matos C, Borges MFM, Macedo TRA, Oliveira-Brett AM. Oxidative behaviour of apomorphine and its metabolites. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 55:113-4. [PMID: 11786353 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(01)00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of apomorphine is quite complex due to interactions with proteins and other tissue components that affect its pharmacokinetic profile. The electrochemical oxidation mechanism of apomorphine and of some synthesised apomorphine derivatives was studied. It was found to be related to the reaction of o-diphenol and tertiary amine groups and strongly dependent on pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M P J Garrido
- CEQUP/Dep. Eng. Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua S. Tomé, 4200-485 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
van der Geest R, Kruger P, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, van Laar T, Bodde HE, Danhof M. Assay of R-apomorphine, S-apomorphine, apocodeine, isoapocodeine and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in plasma and urine of patients with Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 702:131-41. [PMID: 9449564 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods are described for the selective, rapid and sensitive determination of R- and S-apomorphine, apocodeine and isoapocodeine and the glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates in plasma and urine. The methods involve liquid-liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are determined after enzymatic hydrolysis. For the assay of R- and S-apomorphine a 10 microm Chiralcel OD-R column is used and the voltage of the detector is set at 0.7 V. The mobile phase is a mixture of aqueous phase (pH 4.0)-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). At a flow-rate of 0.9 ml min(-1) the total run time is ca. 15 min. The detection limits are 0.3 and 0.6 ng ml(-1) for R- and S- apomorphine, respectively (signal-to-noise ratio 3). The intra- and inter-assay variations are <5% in the concentration range of 2.5-25 ng ml(-1) for plasma samples, and <4% in the concentration range of 40-400 ng ml(-1) for urine samples. For the assay of apomorphine, apocodeine and isoapocodeine, a 5 microm C18 column was used and the voltage of the detector set at 0.825 V. Ion-pairing chromatography was used. The mobile phase is a mixture of aqueous phase (pH 3.0)-acetonitrile (75:25, v/v). At a flow-rate of 0.8 ml min(-1) the total run time is ca. 14 min. The detection limits of this assay are 1.0 ng ml(-1) for apomorphine and 2.5 ng ml(-1) for both apocodeine and isoapocodeine (signal-to-noise ratio 3). The inter-assay variations are 5% in the concentration range of 5-40 ng ml(-1) for plasma samples and 7% in the concentration range of 50-500 ng ml(-1) for urine samples. The glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of the various compounds are hydrolysed by incubation of the samples with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase type H-1, respectively. Hydrolysis was complete after 5 h of incubation. No measurable degradation of apomorphine, apocodeine and isoapocodeine occurred during the incubation. A pharmacokinetic study of apomorphine, following the intravenous infusion of 30 microg kg(-1) for 15 min in a patient with Parkinson's disease, demonstrates the utility of the methods: both the pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent drug and the appearance of apomorphine plus metabolites in urine could be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R van der Geest
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmacology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Erdogdu G, Mark HB, Karagözler AE. Voltammetric Resolution of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine at Conducting Polymer Electrodes. ANAL LETT 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719608001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Lampen P, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and electrochemical or spectrophotometric determination of R(-)N-n-propylnorapomorphine and R(-)10,11-methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine in primate plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 426:283-94. [PMID: 3392141 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine receptor agonist R(-)N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) and its proposed pro-drug R(-)10,11-methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (MDO-NPA) were isolated simultaneously from monkey plasma using a solid-phase extraction procedure. R(-)Apomorphine (APO) and R(-)10,11-methylenedioxyaporphine (MDO-APO) were added as internal standards, and separation and quantification were by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical or ultraviolet detection of the free catechol and MDO compounds, respectively. The detection limits for NPA and MDO-NPA in plasma were 0.5 and 10 ng/ml and the coefficient of variation (S.D./mean) within assays and between days of assays for both drugs was 5.6% or less. Quantification of plasma levels of NPA and MDO-NPA was possible at ranges of 2-1000 and 40-5000 ng/ml, respectively, including concentrations found after intravenous administration of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lampen
- Section of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Catalysis of slow charge transfer reactions at polypyrrole-coated glassy carbon electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(86)80154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Kutner W, Meyer TJ, Murray RW. Electrochemical and electrocatalytic reactions of a ruthenium oxo complex in solution and in cation exchange beads in carbon paste electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(85)80057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Bianchi G, Landi M. Determination of apomorphine in rat plasma and brain by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 338:230-5. [PMID: 4019649 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Wingard LB. Immobilized drugs and enzymes in biochemical pharmacology. Perspectives and critique. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:2647-52. [PMID: 6354191 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|