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Dunkle MN, Benedetti C, Pijcke P, van Belzen R, Boekwa M, Mitsios M, Ruitenbeek M, Bellos G. Comparing different methods for olefin quantification in pygas and plastic pyrolysis oils: Gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet detection versus comprehensive gas chromatography versus bromine number titration. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464569. [PMID: 38091845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In steam cracking, upstream pyrolysis oil hydroprocessing, and in many downstream processes, olefinic content is key to assess process performance and process safety risk associated with highly exothermic reactions. When looking to plastic pyrolysis oils as a potential feedstock, as well as downstream products such as pyrolysis gasoline (pygas), these materials contain unsaturated hydrocarbons which are not present in fossil feedstocks. Pygas is a product of pyrolysis and exhibits a large number of chemical structural similarities with plastic pyrolysis oils, especially in terms of olefins structure. Quantification of the unsaturation content (olefins and di-olefins) is extremely important in industry, hence the focus of this manuscript. Detailed hydrocarbon analysis with flame ionization detection is inadequate to fully characterize the hydrocarbon composition of such samples, especially when peaks are closely eluting, or even co-eluting. In this study, the gas chromatography coupled to vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) detection method previously described for the analysis of liquid hydrocarbon streams1 and plastic pyrolysis oils2 has been compared with comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) and the industry standard for olefin quantification (i.e., bromine number titration). Although based on different methodologies, a correlation between the olefin content obtained from GC-VUV and the bromine number titration method is hereby presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Dunkle
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cesare Benedetti
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Pijcke
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon van Belzen
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Mbambo Boekwa
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Marios Mitsios
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Bellos
- Dow Benelux BV, P.O. Box 48, 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
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Trinklein TJ, Jiang J, Synovec RE. Profiling Olefins in Gasoline by Bromination Using GC×GC-TOFMS Followed by Discovery-Based Comparative Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9407-9414. [PMID: 35728566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An analytical workflow for the analysis of olefins in gasoline that combines selective bromination and comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) with discovery-based analysis is reported. First, a standard mix containing n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, and aromatic species was brominated and quantified using % reacted as a metric for each compound class, defined as the difference in the total peak area between the brominated and original samples normalized to the original sample. The average % reacted (1 s.d.) values were -1.45% (2.8%) for the alkanes, 99.5% (0.4%) for the alkenes, and 6.7% (11.6%) for the aromatics, demonstrating excellent selectivity toward the alkenes with only minor aromatic bromination. The bromination chemistry was then applied to gasoline, followed by GC×GC-TOFMS analysis of the original and brominated gasoline. This GC×GC-TOFMS data set was then submitted to the supervised discovery tool tile-based F-ratio analysis (FRA), which reduced the large data set to only the chromatographic regions which distinguish between the original and brominated gasoline samples. FRA discovered 314 hits, 56 of which were determined statistically significant using combinatorial null distribution analysis (CNDA), a permutation-based significance test. Since the brominated olefins elute in an uncrowded region of the 2D chromatogram and have no signal in the original sample, their discoverability was greatly increased relative to the original olefins. By combining the information gained from brominated olefin standards and the structured patterns of the GC×GC separations, the top hits were identified as the dibromoalkane products of mono-olefins, with five C5 mono-olefins identified on a species level. The analytical workflow has broad implications for using selective reaction chemistries to facilitate supervised discovery by targeting desired compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Hodgkins RP, Koseoglu OR, Adam FM. Hydrodearylation of Heavy Alkyl-Bridged Noncondensed Alkyl Aromatics to Recover High-Value Mono-Aromatics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Faisal S, Maity PK, Zang Q, Rolfe A, Hanson PR. Synthesis of High-Load, Hybrid Silica-Immobilized Heterocyclic Benzyl Phosphate (Si-OHBP) and Triazolyl Phosphate (Si-OHTP) Alkylating Reagents. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:394-8. [PMID: 27300761 PMCID: PMC4943333 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of new ROMP-derived silica-immobilized heterocyclic phosphate reagents and their application in purification-free protocols is reported. Grafting of norbornenyl norbornenyl-functionalized (Nb-tagged) silica particles with functionalized Nb-tagged heterocyclic phosphate monomers efficiently yield high-load, hybrid silica-immobilized oligomeric heterobenzyl phosphates (Si-OHBP) and heterotriazolyl phosphates (Si-OHTP) as efficient alkylation agents. Applications of these reagents for the diversification of N-, O-, and S-nucleophilic species, for efficient heterobenzylation and hetero(triazolyl)methylation have been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Faisal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, United States
- The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034 Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel
Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Pradip K. Maity
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, United States
- The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034 Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel
Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Qin Zang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, United States
- The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034 Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel
Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alan Rolfe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, United States
- The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034 Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel
Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Paul R. Hanson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, United States
- The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034 Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel
Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Maity PK, Faisal S, Rolfe A, Stoianova D, Hanson PR. Silica-Supported Oligomeric Benzyl Phosphate (Si-OBP) and Triazole Phosphate (Si-OTP) Alkylating Reagents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9942-50. [PMID: 26430955 PMCID: PMC4848109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of silica-supported oligomeric benzyl phosphates (Si-OBP(n)) and triazole phosphates (Si-OTP(n)) using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for use as efficient alkylating reagents is reported. Ease of synthesis and grafting onto the surface of norbornenyl-tagged (Nb-tagged) silica particles has been demonstrated for benzyl phosphate and triazole phosphate monomers. It is shown that these silica polymer hybrid reagents, Si-OBP(n) and Si-OTP(n), can be used to carry out alkylation reactions with an array of different nucleophiles to afford the corresponding benzylated and (triazolyl)methylated products in good yield and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Saqib Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alan Rolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Paul R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Minato H, Higosaki N, Isobe C. Polymerization of Naphthalene and Reactions of Polynaphthalene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1969. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.42.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wurziger J, Ostertag H. Chemische Veränderungen tierischer und pflanzlicher Fette bei der Hitzebehandlung und Betrachtungen zur Beurteilung der physiologischen Eigenschaften. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19600621001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ishida K. Solvent Selectivity of Liquid Ammonia for Pure HydrocarbonsTie-Line Data and Comparison of Selectivity with Other Solvents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1957. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.30.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wurziger J, Lindemann E. Erfahrungen mit Importschmalz I: Beiträge zur Untersuchung und Beurteilung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1953. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19530550316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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