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Tomasetti B, Lauzin C, Delcorte A. Enhancing Ion Signals and Improving Matrix Selection in Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with Microvolume Expansion Using Large Argon Clusters. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13620-13628. [PMID: 37610942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular environment has an important impact on the ionization mechanism in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In complex samples, desorption/ionization, and thus the detection of a molecular signal, can be hampered by molecular entanglement, ionization-suppressive neighbors, or even an unfavorable sample substrate. Here, a method called microvolume expansion is developed to overcome these negative effects. Large argon clusters are able to transfer biomolecules from a target to a collector in vacuum. In this study, argon gas cluster ion beams (Arn+-GCIB with n centered around 3000 or 5000) are used to expand a microvolume from the sample to a collector, which is a material ideally enhancing the ionization yield. The collector is then analyzed using a liquid metal ion gun. The signal amplification factor corresponding to the expansion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid on collectors partially covered with acidic matrices was evaluated as an initial proof of concept. In one experiment, the PC expansion on a pattern of four drop-casted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization matrices led to the selection of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic (CHCA) as the optimal candidate for cationic PC detection. The ion signal is increased by at least three orders of magnitude when PC was expanded using 10 keV Ar3000+ and Ar5000+ on a sublimated layer of CHCA. Finally, the expansion of the gray matter of a mouse on different materials (Si, Au-coated Si, CHCA, and polyethylene) was achieved with varying degrees of success, demonstrating the potential of the method to further analyze complex and fragile biological assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tomasetti
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Clément Lauzin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Fangma Y, Liu M, Liao J, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Dissecting the brain with spatially resolved multi-omics. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:694-710. [PMID: 37577383 PMCID: PMC10422112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted spatially resolved multi-omics technologies, including spatial genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, as powerful tools to decipher the spatial heterogeneity of the brain. Here, we focus on two major approaches in spatial transcriptomics (next-generation sequencing-based technologies and image-based technologies), and mass spectrometry imaging technologies used in spatial proteomics and spatial metabolomics. Furthermore, we discuss their applications in neuroscience, including building the brain atlas, uncovering gene expression patterns of neurons for special behaviors, deciphering the molecular basis of neuronal communication, and providing a more comprehensive explanation of the molecular mechanisms underlying central nervous system disorders. However, further efforts are still needed toward the integrative application of multi-omics technologies, including the real-time spatial multi-omics analysis in living cells, the detailed gene profile in a whole-brain view, and the combination of functional verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Fangma
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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3
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Nezhad ZS, Salazar JP, Pryce RS, Munter LM, Chaurand P. Absolute quantification of cholesterol from thin tissue sections by silver-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6947-6954. [PMID: 35953724 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential to all animal life, and its dysregulation is observed in many diseases. For some of these, the precise determination of cholesterol's histological location and absolute abundance at cellular length scales within tissue samples would open the door to a more fundamental understanding of the role of cholesterol in disease onset and progression. We have developed a fast and simple method for absolute quantification of cholesterol within brain samples based on the sensitive detection and mapping of cholesterol by silver-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AgLDI MSI) from thin tissue sections. Reproducible calibration curves were generated by depositing a range of cholesterol-D7 concentrations on brain homogenate tissue sections combined with the homogeneous spray deposition of a non-animal steroid reference standard detectable by AgLDI MSI to minimize experimental variability. Results obtained from serial brain sections gave consistent cholesterol quantitative values in very good agreement with those obtained with other mass spectrometry-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Saadati Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Rachel S Pryce
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lisa M Munter
- Dept of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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4
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Noun M, Akoumeh R, Abbas I. Cell and Tissue Imaging by TOF-SIMS and MALDI-TOF: An Overview for Biological and Pharmaceutical Analysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-26. [PMID: 34809729 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been demonstrated in cell and tissue research since 1970. MSI can reveal the spatial distribution of a wide range of atomic and molecular ions detected from biological sample surfaces, it is a powerful and valuable technique used to monitor and detect diverse chemical and biological compounds, such as drugs, lipids, proteins, and DNA. MSI techniques, notably matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), witnessed a dramatic upsurge in studying and investigating biological samples especially, cells and tissue sections. This advancement is attributed to the submicron lateral resolution, the high sensitivity, the good precision, and the accurate chemical specificity, which make these techniques suitable for decoding and understanding complex mechanisms of certain diseases, as well as monitoring the spatial distribution of specific elements, and compounds. While the application of both techniques for the analysis of cells and tissues is thoroughly discussed, a briefing of MALDI-TOF and TOF-SIMS basis and the adequate sampling before analysis are briefly covered. The importance of MALDI-TOF and TOF-SIMS as diagnostic tools and robust analytical techniques in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and toxicology fields is highlighted through representative published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manale Noun
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission - NCSR, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Akoumeh
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission - NCSR, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Imane Abbas
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission - NCSR, Beirut, Lebanon
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5
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Gulin AA, Nadtochenko VA, Pogorelova VN, Melnikov MY, Pogorelov AG. Sample Preparation of Biological Tissues and Cells for the Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482006009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Lim H, Lee SY, Moon DW, Kim JY. Preparation of cellular samples using graphene cover and air-plasma treatment for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28432-28438. [PMID: 35529615 PMCID: PMC9071169 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05205d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on sample preparation methods based on plasma treatment for an improvement of multiple molecular ion images of cellular membranes in the ToF-SIMS method. The air-plasma treatment of fixed cellular samples efficiently removed the organic residues of any solutions used during sample preparation and improved the quality of ToF-SIMS images due to the resulting clean surface. We also studied cell preparation methods that combine single-layer graphene covering with air-plasma treatment to achieve a synergistic effect that eliminates background spectra by organic impurities while minimizing morphological cell deformation in a vacuum environmental analysis. When the cellular sample on the glass substrate is completely covered with the single-layer graphene, the cells trapped between the graphene and the substrate can effectively reduce morphological deformation by slow-dehydration. After slow-dehydration of cells is completed inside the graphene-cover, the covered graphene layer can be peeled off by air-plasma treatment, and the unwanted organic residues on the surface of cells and substrate can also be removed by plasma cleaning, thereby much improving ion imaging of cells with the ToF-SIMS method. It is confirmed that the cell samples in which the graphene-cover was removed by air-plasma treatment maintained their morphology well in comparison with the rapid air-dried cells in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ToF-SIMS images. Cell preparation methods that combine a single-layer graphene cover with air-plasma treatment for improvement of ToF-SIMS imaging.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333 Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Division of Technology Business, National Institute for Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Moon
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333 Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333 Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea .,Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333 Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
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7
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Gilmore IS, Heiles S, Pieterse CL. Metabolic Imaging at the Single-Cell Scale: Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:201-224. [PMID: 30848927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that every cell, even of the same type, is different. This complexity, when additionally combined with the variety of different cell types in tissue, is driving the need for spatially resolved omics at the single-cell scale. Rapid advances are being made in genomics and transcriptomics, but progress in metabolomics lags. This is partly because amplification and tagging strategies are not suited to dynamically created metabolite molecules. Mass spectrometry imaging has excellent potential for metabolic imaging. This review summarizes the recent advances in two of these techniques: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and their convergence in subcellular spatial resolution and molecular information. The barriers that have held back progress such as lack of sensitivity and the breakthroughs that have been made including laser-postionization are highlighted as well as the future challenges and opportunities for metabolic imaging at the single-cell scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; k
| | - Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cornelius L Pieterse
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; k
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8
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Yoon S, Lee TG. Biological tissue sample preparation for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:24. [PMID: 30467706 PMCID: PMC6153193 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging is an analytical technique rapidly expanding in use in biological studies. This technique is based on high spatial resolution (50-100 nm), high surface sensitivity (1-2 nm top-layer), and statistical analytic power. In mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), sample preparation is a crucial step to maintaining the natural state of the biomolecules and providing accurate spatial information. However, a number of problems associated with temperature changes in tissue samples such as loss of original distribution due to undesired molecular migration during the sample preparation or reduced ionization efficiency make it difficult to accurately perform MSI. Although frozen hydrate analysis is the ideal sample preparation method to eliminate the effects of temperature, this approach is hindered by mechanical limitations. Alternatively, an adhesive-tape-supported mounting and freeze-drying preparation has been proposed. This paper provides a concise review of the sample preparation procedures, a review of current issues, and proposes efficacious solutions for ToF-SIMS imaging in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Yoon
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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9
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Van Nuffel S, Elie N, Yang E, Nouet J, Touboul D, Chaurand P, Brunelle A. Insights into the MALDI Process after Matrix Deposition by Sublimation Using 3D ToF-SIMS Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1907-1914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Van Nuffel
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ethan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julius Nouet
- UMR
GEOPS 8148 - Géosciences Paris Sud, Université Paris-Sud/CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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10
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Kim JY, Seo ES, Kim H, Park JW, Lim DK, Moon DW. Atmospheric pressure mass spectrometric imaging of live hippocampal tissue slices with subcellular spatial resolution. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2113. [PMID: 29235455 PMCID: PMC5727394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a high spatial resolution mass spectrometry (MS) system that allows us to image live hippocampal tissue slices under open-air atmospheric pressure (AP) and ambient temperature conditions at the subcellular level. The method is based on an efficient desorption process by femtosecond (fs) laser assisted with nanoparticles and a subsequent ionization step by applying nonthermal plasma, termed AP nanoparticle and plasma assisted laser desorption ionization (AP-nanoPALDI) MS method. Combining the AP-nanoPALDI with microscopic sample scanning, MS imaging with spatial resolution of 2.9 µm was obtained. The observed AP-nanoPALDI MS imaging clearly revealed the differences of molecular composition between the apical and basal dendrite regions of a hippocampal tissue. In addition, the AP-nanoPALDI MS imaging showed the decrease of cholesterol in hippocampus by treating with methyl β-cyclodextrin, which exemplifies the potential of AP-nanoPALDI for live tissue imaging for various biomedical applications without any chemical pretreatment and/or labeling process. Ambient mass spectrometry-based approaches have found application in biology and medicine. Here the authors report a mass spectrometric imaging method (ambient nanoPALDI) for live hippocampal tissues, based on gold nanorodassisted femtosecond laser desorption and subsequent non-thermal plasma induced ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Seo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Moon
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kim SH, Kim J, Lee YJ, Lee TG, Yoon S. Sample Preparation of Corn Seed Tissue to Prevent Analyte Relocations for Mass Spectrometry Imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1729-1732. [PMID: 28508286 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Corn seed tissue sections were prepared by the tape support method using an adhesive tape, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was performed. The effect of heat generated during sample preparation was investigated by time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging of corn seed tissue prepared by the tape support and the thaw-mounted methods. Unlike thaw-mounted sample preparation, the tape support method does not cause imaging distortion because of the absence of heat, which can cause migration of the analytes on the sample. By applying the tape-support method, the corn seed tissue was prepared without structural damage and MSI with accurate spatial information of analytes was successfully performed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Kim
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sohee Yoon
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Popczun NJ, Breuer L, Wucher A, Winograd N. On the SIMS Ionization Probability of Organic Molecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1182-1191. [PMID: 28265969 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of improved secondary ion yields for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments drives innovation of new primary ion sources, instrumentation, and post-ionization techniques. The largest factor affecting secondary ion efficiency is believed to be the poor ionization probability (α+) of sputtered material, a value rarely measured directly, but estimated to be in some cases as low as 10-5. Our lab has developed a method for the direct determination of α+ in a SIMS experiment using laser post-ionization (LPI) to detect neutral molecular species in the sputtered plume for an organic compound. Here, we apply this method to coronene (C24H12), a polyaromatic hydrocarbon that exhibits strong molecular signal during gas-phase photoionization. A two-dimensional spatial distribution of sputtered neutral molecules is measured and presented. It is shown that the ionization probability of molecular coronene desorbed from a clean film under bombardment with 40 keV C60 cluster projectiles is of the order of 10-3, with some remaining uncertainty arising from laser-induced fragmentation and possible differences in the emission velocity distributions of neutral and ionized molecules. In general, this work establishes a method to estimate the ionization efficiency of molecular species sputtered during a single bombardment event. Graphical Abstract <!-- [INSERT GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT TEXT HERE] -->.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Popczun
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Lars Breuer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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13
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Rakowska PD, Seah MP, Vorng JL, Havelund R, Gilmore IS. Determination of the sputtering yield of cholesterol using Arn(+) and C60(+(+)) cluster ions. Analyst 2016; 141:4893-901. [PMID: 27299934 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00791k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sputtering yield of cholesterol films on silicon wafers is measured using Arn(+) and C60(+(+)) ions in popular energy (E) and cluster size (n) ranges. It is shown that the C60(+(+)) ions form a surface layer that stabilizes the film so that a well-behaved profile is obtained. On the other hand, the Arn(+) gas clusters leave the material very clean but, at room temperature, the layer readily restructures into molecular bilayers, so that, although a useful measure may be made of the sputtering yield, the profiles become much more complex. This restructuring does not occur at room temperature normally but results from the actions of the beams in the sputtering process for profiling in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Better profiles may be made by reducing the sample temperature to -100 °C. This is likely to be necessary for many lower molecular weight materials (below 1000 Da) to avoid the movement of molecules. Measurements for cholesterol films on 37 nm of amiodarone on silicon are even better behaved and show the same sputtering yields at room temperature as those films directly on silicon at -100 °C. The yields for both C60(+(+)) and Arn(+) fit the Universal Equation to a standard deviation of 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Rakowska
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - M P Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - J-L Vorng
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - R Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - I S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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14
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Study of cholesterol and vitamin E levels in broiler meat from different feeding regimens by TOF-SIMS. Biointerphases 2016; 11:02A326. [PMID: 26964532 DOI: 10.1116/1.4943619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of chicken meat, which is one of the most widely consumed meats in the world, has been the subject of research and studies for many years. There are several ways to improve the quality of this type of meat, including changing the concentrations of individual molecular components. Such important components of meat are inter alia, cholesterol, vitamin E, and some fatty acids such as ω-3 and ω-6. Manipulation of ingredient levels may be achieved by enriching chicken feed with elements of different types such as vegetable oils, garlic, or selenium. Thus far, various biochemical and biophysical methods have been used to study quality of different meat types, especially broiler meat. Here, the authors demonstrate the use of high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) mass spectrometry to assess how variations in animal nutrition affect concentrations of specific lipids in the meat, such as cholesterol and vitamin E. In the presented experiment, there were four different dietary treatments. Feed for animals in the first group was supplemented with soy oil in 50%, the second group's feed was supplemented with linseed oil in 50%, a combination of these two oils in the proportion of 44%:56% was used for the third group, and in the reference group, animals were fed with beef tallow. From each group, four individuals were selected for further analysis. Positive and negative ion mass spectra were generated from the pectoralis superficialis muscle tissue of the left carcass side of each one animal. Using TOF-SIMS with a bismuth cluster ion source (Bi3 (+)), and based on characteristic peaks for cholesterol in the positive mode and vitamin E in the negative mode, the authors have illustrated the relationship of these lipids levels to the various feeding regimens. Simultaneously, the authors characterized the varying dependences on the concentrations of measured lipids in fat and muscle fibers. The cholesterol concentration in muscle fibers was the lowest in the group fed with soybean oil and the highest in reference group IV (tallow feed). In the fatty region, the highest level of cholesterol was found in the third group. The highest concentrations of vitamin E were found in the fibers of the first group and the fat region of the second group. The obtained results show that SIMS imaging is a useful approach for assessing changes in lipid concentrations in the meat tissue from animals on different diets and provides a foundation for future research.
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15
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Razo IB, Sheraz SNR, Henderson A, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC. Mass spectrometric imaging of brain tissue by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry--How do polyatomic primary beams C₆₀⁺, Ar₂₀₀₀⁺, water-doped Ar₂₀₀₀⁺ and (H₂O)₆₀₀₀⁺ compare? RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1851-62. [PMID: 26411506 PMCID: PMC4989468 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE To discover the degree to which water-containing cluster beams increase secondary ion yield and reduce the matrix effect in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging of biological tissue. METHODS The positive SIMS ion yields from model compounds, mouse brain lipid extract and mouse brain tissue together with mouse brain images were compared using 20 keV C60(+), Ar2000(+), water-doped Ar2000(+) and pure (H2O)6000(+) primary beams. RESULTS Water-containing cluster beams where the beam energy per nucleon (E/nucleon) ≈ 0.2 eV are optimum for enhancing ion yields dependent on protonation. Ion yield enhancements over those observed using Ar2000(+) lie in the range 10 to >100 using the (H2 O)6000 (+) beam, while with water-doped (H2O)Ar2000(+) they lie in the 4 to 10 range. The two water-containing beams appear to be optimum for tissue imaging and show strong evidence of increasing yields from molecules that experience matrix suppression under other primary beams. CONCLUSIONS The application of water-containing primary beams is suggested for biological SIMS imaging applications, particularly if the beam energy can be raised to 40 keV or higher to further increase ion yield and enhance spatial resolution to ≤1 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Berrueta Razo
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sadia née Rabbani Sheraz
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicholas P Lockyer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John C Vickerman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Gamble LJ, Graham DJ, Bluestein B, Whitehead NP, Hockenbery D, Morrish F, Porter P. ToF-SIMS of tissues: "lessons learned" from mice and women. Biointerphases 2015; 10:019008. [PMID: 25708638 PMCID: PMC4327923 DOI: 10.1116/1.4907860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image cells and tissues with chemical and molecular specificity could greatly expand our understanding of biological processes. The subcellular resolution mass spectral imaging capability of time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has the potential to acquire chemically detailed images. However, the complexities of biological systems combined with the sensitivity of ToF-SIMS require careful planning of experimental methods. Tissue sample preparation methods of formalin fixation followed by paraffin embedding (FFPE) and OCT embedding are compared. Results show that the FFPE can potentially be used as a tissue sample preparation protocol for ToF-SIMS analysis if a cluster ion pre-sputter is used prior to analysis and if nonlipid related tissue features are the features of interest. In contrast, embedding tissue in OCT minimizes contamination and maintains lipid signals. Various data acquisition methodologies and analysis options are discussed and compared using mouse breast and diaphragm muscle tissue. Methodologies for acquiring ToF-SIMS 2D images are highlighted along with applications of multivariate analysis to better identify specific features in a tissue sections when compared to H&E images of serial sections. Identification of tissue features is necessary for researchers to visualize a molecular map that correlates with specific biological features or functions. Finally, lessons learned from sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis methods developed using mouse models are applied to a preliminary analysis of human breast tumor tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J Gamble
- Department of Bioengineering, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Building, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Department of Bioengineering, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Building, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - Blake Bluestein
- Department of Bioengineering, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Building, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - Nicholas P Whitehead
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Box 357290, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | | | - Peggy Porter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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17
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Three-dimensional imaging of lipids and metabolites in tissues by nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2063-71. [PMID: 25395201 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of tissue sections is a new frontier in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Here, we report on fast 3D imaging of lipids and metabolites associated with mouse uterine decidual cells and embryo at the implantation site on day 6 of pregnancy. 2D imaging of 16-20 serial tissue sections deposited on the same glass slide was performed using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI)-an ambient ionization technique that enables sensitive localized analysis of analytes on surfaces without special sample pretreatment. In this proof-of-principle study, nano-DESI was coupled to a high-resolution Q-Exactive instrument operated at high repetition rate of >5 Hz with moderate mass resolution of 35,000 (m/Δm at m/z 200), which enabled acquisition of the entire 3D image with a spatial resolution of ∼150 μm in less than 4.5 h. The results demonstrate localization of acetylcholine in the primary decidual zone (PDZ) of the implantation site throughout the depth of the tissue examined, indicating an important role of this signaling molecule in decidualization. Choline and phosphocholine-metabolites associated with cell growth-are enhanced in the PDZ and abundant in other cellular regions of the implantation site. Very different 3D distributions were obtained for fatty acids (FA), oleic acid and linoleic acid (FA 18:1 and FA 18:2), differing only by one double bond. Localization of FA 18:2 in the PDZ indicates its important role in decidualization while FA 18:1 is distributed more evenly throughout the tissue. In contrast, several lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) observed in this study show donut-like distributions with localization around the PDZ. Complementary distributions with minimal overlap were observed for LPC 18:0 and FA 18:2 while the 3D image of the potential precursor phosphatidylcholine 36:2 (PC 36:2) showed a significant overlap with both LPC 18:0 and FA 18:2.
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18
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Bich C, Touboul D, Brunelle A. Cluster TOF-SIMS imaging as a tool for micrometric histology of lipids in tissue. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:442-51. [PMID: 24265115 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in instrumentation, ion beams or analyzers, for cluster time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging are described here. The methods which are employed to increase the sensitivity or to perform three-dimensional analyses in the organic materials are also illustrated. This review shows the improvements made for lipid imaging by cluster TOF-SIMS in various types of material and applications, and gives reasons for the expansion of its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bich
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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19
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Carlred L, Gunnarsson A, Solé-Domènech S, Johansson B, Vukojević V, Terenius L, Codita A, Winblad B, Schalling M, Höök F, Sjövall P. Simultaneous Imaging of Amyloid-β and Lipids in Brain Tissue Using Antibody-Coupled Liposomes and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9973-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5019145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carlred
- Chemistry,
Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, P.O. Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden
- Department
of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Department
of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Santiago Solé-Domènech
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Johansson
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alina Codita
- Department
of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KI Alzheimer Disease Research
Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department
of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KI Alzheimer Disease Research
Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department
of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjövall
- Chemistry,
Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, P.O. Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden
- Department
of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Tian H, Fletcher JS, Thuret R, Henderson A, Papalopulu N, Vickerman JC, Lockyer NP. Spatiotemporal lipid profiling during early embryo development of Xenopus laevis using dynamic ToF-SIMS imaging. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1970-80. [PMID: 24852167 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d048660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging has been used for the direct analysis of single intact Xenopus laevis embryo surfaces, locating multiple lipids during fertilization and the early embryo development stages with subcellular lateral resolution (∼4 μm). The method avoids the complicated sample preparation for lipid analysis of the embryos, which requires selective chemical extraction of a pool of samples and chromatographic separation, while preserving the spatial distribution of biological species. The results show ToF-SIMS is capable of profiling multiple components (e.g., glycerophosphocholine, SM, cholesterol, vitamin E, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol) in a single X. laevis embryo. We observe lipid remodeling during fertilization and early embryo development via time course sampling. The study also reveals the lipid distribution on the gamete fusion site. The methodology used in the study opens the possibility of studying developmental biology using high resolution imaging MS and of understanding the functional role of the biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John S Fletcher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Raphael Thuret
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John C Vickerman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicholas P Lockyer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is capable of providing detailed atomic and molecular characterization of the surface chemistry of (bio)molecular samples. It is one of a range of mass spectrometry imaging techniques that combine the high sensitivity and specificity of mass spectrometry with the capability to view the distribution of analytes within solid samples. The technique is particularly suited to the detection and imaging of small molecules such as lipids and other metabolites. A limit of detection in the ppm range and spatial resolution <1 μm can be obtained. Recent progress in instrumental developments, including new cluster ion beams, the implementation of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and the application of multivariate data analysis protocols promise further advances. This chapter presents a brief overview of the technique and methodology of SIMS using exemplar studies of biological cells and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Lockyer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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22
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Brison J, Robinson MA, Benoit DS, Muramoto S, Stayton PS, Castner DG. TOF-SIMS 3D imaging of native and non-native species within HeLa cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10869-77. [PMID: 24131300 PMCID: PMC3889863 DOI: 10.1021/ac402288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a non-native chemical species, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was imaged within single HeLa cells using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). z-corrected 3D images were reconstructed that accurately portray the distribution of intracellular BrdU as well as other intracellular structures. The BrdU was localized to the nucleus of cells, whereas structures composed of CxHyOz(-) species were located in bundles on the periphery of cells. The CxHyOz(-) subcellular features had a spatial resolution at or slightly below a micrometer (900 nm), as defined by the distance between the 16% and 84% intensities in a line scan across the edge of the features. Additionally, important parameters influencing the quality of the HeLa cell 3D images were investigated. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed that the HeLa cells were sputtered at a rate of approximately 4 nm per 10(13) C60(+) ions/cm(2) at 10 keV and a 45° incident angle. Optimal 3D images were acquired using a Bi3(+) liquid metal ion gun operating in the simultaneous high mass and spatial resolution mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Brison
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
| | | | - Shin Muramoto
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653
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23
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Shen K, Mao D, Garrison BJ, Wucher A, Winograd N. Depth Profiling of Metal Overlayers on Organic Substrates with Cluster SIMS. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10565-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402658r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shen
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dan Mao
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andreas Wucher
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Physics, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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24
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Bich C, Havelund R, Moellers R, Touboul D, Kollmer F, Niehuis E, Gilmore IS, Brunelle A. Argon Cluster Ion Source Evaluation on Lipid Standards and Rat Brain Tissue Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7745-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4009513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bich
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS,
Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington, Middlesex, TW11
0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Touboul
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS,
Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Felix Kollmer
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenbergstr.15, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Ewald Niehuis
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenbergstr.15, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington, Middlesex, TW11
0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS,
Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Robinson MA, Castner DG. Characterization of sample preparation methods of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts for ToF-SIMS analysis. Biointerphases 2013; 8:15. [PMID: 24706128 PMCID: PMC4000548 DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The information that is obtained from single cells during time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis is influenced by the method that was used to prepare the cells. The removal of extracellular media before analysis is necessary, but the rinsing technique should not damage the plasma membrane of the cell. The presence of intracellular salts reduced the secondary ion yield an average of 2.6-fold during Bi3 (+)/C60 (++) depth profiles. Chemical fixation followed by rinsing removed a majority of the intracellular salts, "recovering" the positive secondary ion yields. The formaldehyde-fixation process removed a majority of the intracellular Cl(-), but other key anions were not removed in significant amounts. The data presented here is consistent the anion neutralization mechanism largely responsible for the lower ion yields. All of the organic secondary ions that were detected in the freeze-dried cells were also detected in the formaldehyde-fixed cells, suggesting that the fixation process did not remove any molecular species to an extent that is detectable by ToF-SIMS. Compared to freeze dried cells, well preserved, frozen-hydrated cells showed little increase, or a decreased yield, for most low mass ions, but an increased yield for larger mass fragments. This is consistent with a reduced damage cross section at cryogenic analysis temperatures, although proton donation from water and reduction the salt effects in the presence of water likely also play roles. Numerous ions detected from the frozen-hydrated cells were not detected from the freeze dried cells, however many of these ions were attributed to chemical combinations of water, salts and the ammonium acetate rinsing solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington 98195 Seattle, WAUSA, USA,
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26
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Sheraz née Rabbani S, Barber A, Fletcher JS, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC. Enhancing secondary ion yields in time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry using water cluster primary beams. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5654-8. [PMID: 23718847 PMCID: PMC3686110 DOI: 10.1021/ac4013732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Low secondary ion yields from organic
and biological molecules
are the principal limitation on the future exploitation of time of
flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) as a surface and
materials analysis technique. On the basis of the hypothesis that
increasing the density of water related fragments in the ion impact
zone would enhance proton mediated reactions, a prototype water cluster
ion beam has been developed using supersonic jet expansion methodologies
that enable ion yields using a 10 keV (H2O)1000+ beam to be compared with those obtained using a 10 keV
Ar1000+ beam. The ion yields from four standard
compounds, arginine, haloperidol, DPPC, and angiotensin II, have been
measured under static+ and high ion dose conditions. Ion yield enhancements
relative to the argon beam on the order of 10 or more have been observed
for all the compounds such that the molecular ion yield per a 1 μm
pixel can be as high as 20, relative to 0.05 under an argon beam.
The water beam has also been shown to partially lift the matrix effect
in a 1:10 mixture of haloperidol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
(DPPC) that suppresses the haloperidol signal. These results provide
encouragement that further developments of the water cluster beam
to higher energies and larger cluster sizes will provide the ion yield
enhancements necessary for the future development of TOF-SIMS.
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27
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Fletcher JS, Vickerman JC. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Characterizing Complex Samples in Two and Three Dimensions. Anal Chem 2012; 85:610-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303088m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Fletcher
- Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - John C. Vickerman
- Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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28
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, Chang HY, You YW, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Effect of Cosputtering and Sample Rotation on Improving C60+ Depth Profiling of Materials. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9318-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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29
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Keskin S, Piwowar A, Hue J, Shen K, Winograd N. Relative ion yields in mammalian cell components using C 60 SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012; 45:244-247. [PMID: 25140069 DOI: 10.1002/sia.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to better understand the influence of molecular environment on the relative ion yields of membrane lipid molecules found in high abundance in a model mammalian cell line, RAW264.7. Control lipid mixtures were prepared to simulate lipid-lipid interactions in the inner and outer leaflet of cell membranes. Compared with its pure film, the molecular ion yields of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine are suppressed when mixed with 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. In the mixture, proton competition between 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine led to lower ionization efficiency. The possible mechanism for ion suppression was also investigated with 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The formation of a hydroxyl bond in lipid mixtures confirms the mechanism involving proton exchange with the surrounding environment. Similar effects were observed for lipid mixtures mimicking the composition of the inner leaflet of cell membranes. The secondary molecular ion yield of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine was observed to be enhanced in the presence of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Keskin
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Alan Piwowar
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hue
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Kan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
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30
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Passarelli MK, Winograd N. Lipid imaging with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1811:976-90. [PMID: 21664291 PMCID: PMC3199347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) now allow for the examination and characterization of lipids directly from biological materials. The successful application of SIMS-based imaging in the investigation of lipids directly from tissue and cells are demonstrated. Common complications and technical pitfalls are discussed. In this review, we examine the use of cluster ion sources and cryogenically compatible sample handling for improved ion yields and to expand the application potential of SIMS. Methodological improvements, including pre-treating the sample to improve ion yields and protocol development for 3-dimensional analyses (i.e. molecular depth profiling), are also included in this discussion. New high performance SIMS instruments showcasing the most advanced instrumental developments, including tandem MS capabilities and continuous ion beam compatibility, are described and the future direction for SIMS in lipid imaging is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Passarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
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31
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Brenes DA, Postawa Z, Wucher A, Blenkinsopp P, Garrison BJ, Winograd N. Fluid Flow and Effusive Desorption: Dominant Mechanisms of Energy Dissipation after Energetic Cluster Bombardment of Molecular Solids. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:2009-2014. [PMID: 21860689 PMCID: PMC3158660 DOI: 10.1021/jz200708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The angular distribution of intact organic molecules desorbed by energetic C(60) primary ions was probed both experimentally and with molecular dynamics computer simulations. For benzo[a]pyrene, the angular distribution of intact molecules is observed to peak at off-normal angles. Molecular dynamics computer simulations on a similar system show the mechanism of desorption involves fast deposition of energy followed by fluid-flow and effusive-type emission of intact molecules. The off-normal peak in the angular distribution is shown to arise from emission of intact molecules from the rim of a crater formed during the cluster impact. This signature is unique for molecules because fragmentation processes remove molecules that would otherwise eject at directions near-normal to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Brenes
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, University Park, PA 16802, USAdab390@psu
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Paul Blenkinsopp
- Ionoptika Ltd., Epsilon House, Chilworth Science Park, Southampton SO53 4NF, U.K.
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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32
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Fletcher JS, Rabbani S, Henderson A, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC. Three-dimensional mass spectral imaging of HeLa-M cells--sample preparation, data interpretation and visualisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:925-932. [PMID: 21416529 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToFSIMS) is being applied increasingly to the study of biological systems where the chemical specificity of mass spectrometry and the high lateral resolution imaging capabilities can be exploited. Here we report a comparison of two cell sample preparation methods and demonstrate how they influence the outcome of the ToFSIMS analysis for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of biological cells using our novel buncher-ToF instrument (J105 3D Chemical Imager) equipped with a C(60) primary ion beam. Cells were analysed fixed and freeze-dried and non-fixed, frozen-hydrated. It is concluded that maintaining the cells in a non-fixed frozen-hydrated state during the analysis helps reduce chemical redistribution, producing cleaner spectra and improved chemical contrast in both 2D and 3D imaging. Insights into data interpretation are included and we present methods for 3D reconstruction of the data using multivariate analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Fletcher
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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33
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From pixel to voxel: a deeper view of biological tissue by 3D mass spectral imaging. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:313-32. [PMID: 21320052 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional mass spectral imaging (3D MSI) is an exciting field that grants the ability to study a broad mass range of molecular species ranging from small molecules to large proteins by creating lateral and vertical distribution maps of select compounds. Although the general premise behind 3D MSI is simple, factors such as choice of ionization method, sample handling, software considerations and many others must be taken into account for the successful design of a 3D MSI experiment. This review provides a brief overview of ionization methods, sample preparation, software types and technological advancements driving 3D MSI research of a wide range of low- to high-mass analytes. Future perspectives in this field are also provided to conclude that the outlook for 3D MSI is positive and promises ever-growing applications in the biomedical field with continuous developments of this powerful analytical tool.
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34
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Zheng L, Wucher A, Winograd N. Retrospective sputter depth profiling using 3D mass spectral imaging. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011; 43:10.1002/sia.3509. [PMID: 24347744 PMCID: PMC3863432 DOI: 10.1002/sia.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A molecular multilayer stack composed of alternating Langmuir-Blodgett films was analyzed by ToF-SIMS imaging in combination with intermediate sputter erosion using a focused C60+ cluster ion beam. From the resulting dataset, depth profiles of any desired lateral portion of the analyzed field-of-view can be extracted in retrospect, allowing the influence of the gating area on the apparent depth resolution to be assessed. In a similar way, the observed degradation of depth resolution with increasing depth of the analyzed interface can be analyzed in order to determine the 'intrinsic' depth resolution of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiliang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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35
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Lu C, Wucher A, Winograd N. Ionization effects in molecular depth profiling of trehalose films using buckminsterfullerene (C 60) cluster ions. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011; 43:10.1002/sia.3449. [PMID: 24347742 PMCID: PMC3863430 DOI: 10.1002/sia.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salts play a mysterious role in desorption mass spectrometry, especially in biological samples.[1] We used trehalose films doped with a peptide as a well defined model system to investigate the ionization effects in organic molecular depth profiling. Sodium salts at 1% level were added into the solution used to produce the trehalose films, and depth profiles were obtained with a C60 ion source. The results show that the protonated molecular ion signal from the peptide and the quasimolecular ion signal of trehalose are significantly suppressed by the addition of salts, whereas the signals representing salt clusters and salt adducts of trehalose are formed in both positive and negative modes. The formation of protonated molecular ions is found to correlate with the ratio between protonated and bare water ions, suggesting that the latter can be used as an indicator for the accumulation of protons liberated by the ion bombardment. In experiments where no salt was added, it is shown that the surface variation of the protonated molecular ion signal strongly depends upon the water content of the trehalose film.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A. Wucher
- Faculty of Physicsk, University Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - N. Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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36
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Lu C, Wucher A, Winograd N. Molecular depth profiling of buried lipid bilayers using C(60)-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:351-8. [PMID: 21121691 PMCID: PMC3075603 DOI: 10.1021/ac102525v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An organic delta layer system made of alternating Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of barium arachidate (AA) and barium dimyristoyl phosphatidate (DMPA) was constructed to elucidate the factors that control depth resolution in molecular depth profile experiments. More specifically, one or several bilayers of DMPA (4.4 nm) were embedded in relatively thick (51 to 105 nm) multilayer stacks of AA, resulting in a well-defined delta layer model system closely resembling a biological membrane. 3-D imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) depth profile analysis was performed on this system using a focused buckminsterfullerene (C(60)) cluster ion beam. The delta layer depth response function measured in these experiments exhibits similar features as those determined in inorganic depth profiling, namely an asymmetric shape with quasi-exponential leading and trailing edges and a central Gaussian peak. The effects of sample temperature, primary ion kinetic energy, and incident angle on the depth resolution were investigated. While the information depth of the acquired SIMS spectra was found to be temperature independent, the depth resolution was found to be significantly improved at low temperature. Ion induced mixing is proposed to be largely responsible for the broadening, rather than topography, as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM); therefore, depth resolution can be optimized using lower kinetic energy, glancing angle, and liquid nitrogen temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
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37
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De Mondt R, Vercammen Y, Dardenne R, Vangaever F, Van Luppen J, Van Vaeck L. Ultra-low-angle microtomy to back up S-SIMS molecular depth profiling with C 60
+
and Bi n
+
for the nanoscale analysis of high-tech industrial materials. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Vickerman JC. Molecular imaging and depth profiling by mass spectrometry—SIMS, MALDI or DESI? Analyst 2011; 136:2199-217. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an00008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Fletcher JS, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC. Developments in molecular SIMS depth profiling and 3D imaging of biological systems using polyatomic primary ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:142-74. [PMID: 20077559 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In principle mass spectral imaging has enormous potential for discovery applications in biology. The chemical specificity of mass spectrometry combined with spatial analysis capabilities of liquid metal cluster beams and the high yields of polyatomic ion beams should present unprecedented ability to spatially locate molecular chemistry in the 100 nm range. However, although metal cluster ion beams have greatly increased yields in the m/z range up to 1000, they still have to be operated under the static limit and even in most favorable cases maximum yields for molecular species from 1 µm pixels are frequently below 20 counts. However, some very impressive molecular imaging analysis has been accomplished under these conditions. Nevertheless although molecular ions of lipids have been detected and correlation with biology is obtained, signal levels are such that lateral resolution must be sacrificed to provide a sufficient signal to image. To obtain useful spatial resolution detection below 1 µm is almost impossible. Too few ions are generated! The review shows that the application of polyatomic primary ions with their low damage cross-sections offers hope of a new approach to molecular SIMS imaging by accessing voxels rather than pixels to thereby increase the dynamic signal range in 2D imaging and to extend the analysis to depth profiling and 3D imaging. Recent data on cells and tissue analysis suggest that there is, in consequence, the prospect that a wider chemistry might be accessible within a sub-micron area and as a function of depth. However, these advances are compromised by the pulsed nature of current ToF-SIMS instruments. The duty cycle is very low and results in excessive analysis times, and maximum mass resolution is incompatible with maximum spatial resolution. New instrumental directions are described that enable a dc primary beam to be used that promises to be able to take full advantage of all the capabilities of the polyatomic ion beam. Some new data are presented that suggest that the aspirations for these new instruments will be realized. However, although prospects are good, the review highlights the continuing challenges presented by the low ionization efficiency and the complications that arise from matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Fletcher
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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40
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Wehbe N, Houssiau L. Comparative Study of the Usefulness of Low Energy Cs+, Xe+, and O2+ Ions for Depth Profiling Amino-Acid and Sugar Films. Anal Chem 2010; 82:10052-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101696c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimer Wehbe
- Research Centre in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61, rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurent Houssiau
- Research Centre in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61, rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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41
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Inutan ED, Richards AL, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, McEwen CN, Trimpin S. Laserspray ionization, a new method for protein analysis directly from tissue at atmospheric pressure with ultrahigh mass resolution and electron transfer dissociation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.000760. [PMID: 20855542 PMCID: PMC3033668 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laserspray ionization (LSI) mass spectrometry (MS) allows, for the first time, the analysis of proteins directly from tissue using high performance atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometers. Several abundant and numerous lower abundant protein ions with molecular masses up to ∼20,000 Da were detected as highly charged ions from delipified mouse brain tissue mounted on a common microscope slide and coated with 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone as matrix. The ability of LSI to produce multiply charged ions by laser ablation at atmospheric pressure allowed protein analysis at 100,000 mass resolution on an Orbitrap Exactive Fourier transform mass spectrometer. A single acquisition was sufficient to identify the myelin basic protein N-terminal fragment directly from tissue using electron transfer dissociation on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) Velos. The high mass resolution and mass accuracy, also obtained with a single acquisition, are useful in determining protein molecular weights and from the electron transfer dissociation data in confirming database-generated sequences. Furthermore, microscopy images of the ablated areas show matrix ablation of ∼15 μm-diameter spots in this study. The results suggest that LSI-MS at atmospheric pressure potentially combines speed of analysis and imaging capability common to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and soft ionization, multiple charging, improved fragmentation, and cross-section analysis common to electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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42
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Piwowar AM, Fletcher JS, Kordys J, Lockyer NP, Winograd N, Vickerman JC. Effects of Cryogenic Sample Analysis on Molecular Depth Profiles with TOF-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8291-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Piwowar
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Fletcher
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Kordys
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Lockyer
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Vickerman
- Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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43
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Chaurand P, Cornett DS, Angel PM, Caprioli RM. From whole-body sections down to cellular level, multiscale imaging of phospholipids by MALDI mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:O110.004259. [PMID: 20736411 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o110.004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in instrumentation and sample preparation approaches have recently expanded the potential of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to the analysis of phospholipids and other endogenous metabolites naturally occurring in tissue specimens. Here we explore some of the requirements necessary for the successful analysis and imaging of phospholipids from thin tissue sections of various dimensions by MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We address methodology issues relative to the imaging of whole-body sections such as those cut from model laboratory animals, sections of intermediate dimensions typically prepared from individual organs, as well as the requirements for imaging areas of interests from these sections at a cellular scale spatial resolution. We also review existing limitations of MALDI imaging MS technology relative to compound identification. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on important issues relative to data exploitation and management that need to be solved to maximize biological understanding of the tissue specimen investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chaurand
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8575, USA
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44
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Mass spectrometric imaging of small molecules. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:425-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Fletcher JS, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC. Molecular SIMS imaging; spatial resolution and molecular sensitivity: have we reached the end of the road? Is there light at the end of the tunnel? SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Mouhib T, Delcorte A, Poleunis C, Bertrand P. C60 molecular depth profiling of bilayered polymer films using ToF-SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Postawa Z, Rzeznik L, Paruch R, Russo MF, Winograd N, Garrison BJ. Depth profiling by cluster projectiles as seen by computer simulations. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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48
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Poerschke D, Wucher A. Depth profiling of anodic tantalum oxide films with gold cluster ions. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Kurczy ME, Piehowsky PD, Willingham D, Molyneaux KA, Heien ML, Winograd N, Ewing AG. Nanotome cluster bombardment to recover spatial chemistry after preparation of biological samples for SIMS imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:833-6. [PMID: 20219392 PMCID: PMC2856613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A C(60)(+) cluster ion projectile is employed for sputter cleaning biological surfaces to reveal spatio-chemical information obscured by contamination overlayers. This protocol is used as a supplemental sample preparation method for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging of frozen and freeze-dried biological materials. Following the removal of nanometers of material from the surface using sputter cleaning, a frozen-patterned cholesterol film and a freeze-dried tissue sample were analyzed using ToF-SIMS imaging. In both experiments, the chemical information was maintained after the sputter dose, due to the minimal chemical damage caused by C(60)(+) bombardment. The damage to the surface produced by freeze-drying the tissue sample was found to have a greater effect on the loss of cholesterol signal than the sputter-induced damage. In addition to maintaining the chemical information, sputtering is not found to alter the spatial distribution of molecules on the surface. This approach removes artifacts that might obscure the surface chemistry of the sample and are common to many biological sample preparation schemes for ToF-SIMS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Kurczy
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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50
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Delcorte A, Bertrand P, Garrison BJ, Hamraoui K, Mouhib T, Restrepo OA, Santos CN, Yunus S. Probing soft materials with energetic ions and molecules: from microscopic models to the real world. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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