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Meelua W, Wanjai T, Jitonnom J. Exploring the effect of Zr/B ratio on the stability and reactivity of activated ε-caprolactone complexes: A DFT, QTAIM and NCI study. J Mol Graph Model 2025; 136:108960. [PMID: 39879845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2025.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Monomer insertion, leading to the formation of an activated monomer complex, is a critical step in cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of cyclic monomers, such as ε-caprolactone (CL). In this study, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the structural and electronic properties of four activated complexes at two Zr:B ratios (1:2 and 1:1), where Zr is the cationic zirconocene catalyst, Cp₂ZrMe⁺, and B is the borate cocatalyst, [MeB(C6F5)3]‒ or [B(C6F5)4]‒. Steric hindrance at the reactive site was analyzed using topographic steric maps, while inter- and intramolecular interactions of the complex systems were examined through the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analyses. The 1:2 ratio exhibited significant steric hindrance above and below the monomer plane, restricting access to the Cp₂ZrMe⁺ catalytic site and potentially limiting monomer insertion. In contrast, the 1:1 ratio displayed reduced steric congestion and stronger localized attractive forces at the catalytic site, facilitating better interactions with monomers and solvents. Conceptual DFT descriptors revealed that 1:1 systems had smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, lower hardness, and higher electrophilicity, with 1:1@[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻ identified as the most reactive complex. QTAIM identified key hydrogen bonding interactions, and the Zr-OCL bonds, distinguishing stability and reactivity across Zr:B ratios. These findings provide valuable insights into the steric and electronic effects on monomer-activated species, enabling the optimization of Zr:B ratios and cocatalyst conditions for improved polymerization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijitra Meelua
- Demonstration School, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand; Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Tanchanok Wanjai
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Jitrayut Jitonnom
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
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2
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Giordana A, Priola E, Mahmoudi G, Doustkhah E, Gomila RM, Zangrando E, Diana E, Operti L, Frontera A. Exploring coinage bonding interactions in [Au(CN) 4] - assemblies with silver and zinc complexes: a structural and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2025. [PMID: 39998881 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp04818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
This study investigates the non-covalent interactions between [Au(CN)4]- anions and silver and zinc complexes, with a particular focus on coinage bonding interactions. Four new complexes, [Ag2(pyNP)2][Au(CN)4]2 (1) [Zn(bipy)3][Au(CN)4]2 (2), [Zn(phen)3][Au(CN)4]2 (3) and [Zn(terpy)(H2O)3][Au(CN)4]2 (4), were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, including their X-ray solid-state structures, where pyNP is (2-(2-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine, bipy is 2,2' bipyridine, phen is 1,10'-phenantroline and terpy is terpyridine. The [Au(CN)4]- anion exhibits unique anion⋯anion interactions, despite the electrostatic repulsion, forming stable 1D supramolecular polymers in the solid state. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations, this work characterizes the coordination and non-covalent bonding modes, including Au⋯N coinage bonds. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA), QTAIM, and NCIplot methods were applied to understand the energetics and bonding nature. The study reveals that electrostatic and dispersion forces play critical roles in stabilizing these assemblies, especially in the formation of π-stacking and T-shaped dimers. These findings offer insights into the design of new materials leveraging coinage bonding in molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giordana
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Priola
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Ghodrat Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55136-83111, Maragheh, Iran.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
- Department of Technical Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan
| | - Esmail Doustkhah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University ofTrieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eliano Diana
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Operti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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3
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Gomila RM, Frontera A. The matere bond. Dalton Trans 2025; 54:3095-3105. [PMID: 39791328 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt03302g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
This perpective delves into the emerging field of matere bonds, a novel type of noncovalent interaction involving group 7 elements such as manganese, technetium, and rhenium. Matere bonds, a new member of the σ-hole family where metal atoms act as electron acceptors, have been shown experimentally and theoretically to play significant roles in the self-assembly and stabilization of supramolecular structures both in solid-state and solution-phase environments. This perspective article explores the physical nature of these interactions, emphasizing their directionality and structural influence in various supramolecular architectures. Recent studies have expanded the understanding of matere bonds beyond classical metal-ligand coordination, highlighting their potential in crystal engineering and catalysis. This perspective article also examines the occurrence of matere bonds in biological systems, particularly within manganese-containing proteins, where they contribute to the structural integrity and catalytic activity. Theoretical and computational analyses, including molecular electrostatic potential surfaces and density functional theory, further elucidate the properties and applications of matere bonds, offering new insights for the design of advanced materials and biomimetic systems. This comprehensive overview underscores the versatility of matere bonds, paving the way for future innovations in supramolecular chemistry involving metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
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Shen Z, Li X, Zeng Y, Zhang X. Influence of Noncovalent Interaction on the Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Metal Centers in [M II(S 2CNEt 2) 2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt). J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:10796-10807. [PMID: 39652712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
A systematic theoretical study was performed on the electrophilic and nucleophilic properties of Group 10 square-planar metal compounds [MII(S2CNEt2)2] (M = Ni 1, Pd 2, and Pt 3) and their complexes. The nucleophilic metal center and coordinated sulfur atom in [M(S2CNEt2)2] facilitate the formation of metal-involving and conventional noncovalent bonds. The presence a heavier metal center results in a more negative electrostatic potential and a larger nucleophilicity, which in turn leads to the formation of stronger metal-involving noncovalent bonds than those formed by a lighter metal center. The NiII center was observed to display electrophilic-nucleophilic dualism with regard to noncovalent interactions, forming both a metal-involving halogen bond (Ni···I) with iodine chloride (ICl) and a semicoordination bond (Ni···N) with N-bases. The nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of the NiII center are enhanced in the ternary complexes LB···1···XCl (X = H, I; LB = NH3, NHCH2, pyridine) due to the push-pull mechanism. The N···Ni semicoordination bond exerts a push effect on the dz2 orbital of the NiII center, while the Ni···X noncovalent bond provides a symbiotic pull effect on this orbital. Furthermore, the formation of metal-involving noncovalent bonds may enhance the electrophilic ability of the PdII and PtII center, resulting in the formation of stable ternary complexes Py···2/3···XCl (X = H, I), which are characterized by M···N and M···X interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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5
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Allis DG, Torvisco A, Webb CC, Gillett-Kunnath MM, Ruhlandt-Senge K. Azobenzene as an Effective Ligand in Europium Chemistry-A Synthetic and Theoretical Study. Molecules 2024; 29:5187. [PMID: 39519828 PMCID: PMC11547820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of two novel europium-azobenzene complexes that demonstrate the effectiveness of this ligand for stabilizing reactive, redox-active metals are reported. With the family of rare earth metals receiving attention due to their potential as catalysts, critical components in electronic devices, and, more recently, in biomedical applications, a detailed understanding of factors contributing to their coordination chemistry is of great importance for customizing their stability and reactivity. This study introduces azobenzene as an effective nonprotic ligand system that provides novel insights into rare earth metal coordination preferences, including factors contributing to the coordinative saturation of the large, divalent europium centers. The two compounds demonstrate the impact of the solvent donors (tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethoxyethane (DME)) on the overall coordination chemistry of the target compounds. Apart from the side-on coordination of the doubly-reduced azobenzene and the anticipated N-N bond elongation due to decreased bond order, the two compounds demonstrate the propensity of the europium centers towards limited metal-π interactions. The target compounds are available by direct metallation in a straightforward manner with good yields and purity. The compounds demonstrate the utility of the azobenzene ligands, which may function as singly- or doubly-reduced entities in conjunction with redox-active metals. An initial exploration into the computational modeling of these and similar complexes for subsequent property prediction and optimization is performed through a methodological survey of structure reproduction using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G. Allis
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cody C. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | | | - Karin Ruhlandt-Senge
- Department for Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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6
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Gusak MY, Kinzhalov MA, Frontera A, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Metal-Induced Enhancement of Tetrel Bonding. The Case of C⋅⋅⋅X-Ir III (X=Cl, Br) Tetrel Bond Involving a Methyl Group. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400421. [PMID: 38788128 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In X-ray structures of the isomorphic mer-[IrX3(THT)(CNXyl)2] (X=Cl 1, Br 2; THT=tetrahydrothiophene; Xyl=2,6-Me2C6H3-) complexes, we revealed short intermolecular contacts between the C-atom of an isocyanide methyl group and halide ligands of another molecule. Geometrical consideration of the X-ray data and analysis of appropriate DFT studies allowed the attribution of these contacts to CMe⋅⋅⋅X-IrIII (X=Cl, Br) tetrel bond. Specifically, through the application of DFT calculations and various theoretical models, the presence of tetrel bonding interactions was validated, and the contribution of the CMe⋅⋅⋅X-IrIII interaction was assessed. The reinforcement of the tetrel bond upon the isocyanide coordination to iridium(III) is substantiated by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface calculations. To distinguish the tetrel bonding characteristics of CMe⋅⋅⋅X-IrIII (X=Cl, Br) interactions from conventional hydrogen bonding, we employed multiple computational methodologies, including Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis and Electron Localization Function (ELF) analysis. Additionally, Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA) was applied to selected model systems to explore the underlying physical nature of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Gusak
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5., 07122, Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, 656049, Barnaul, Russian Federation
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7
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Cheranyova AM, Zelenkov LE, Baykov SV, Izotova YA, Ivanov DM, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Intermolecular Metal-Involving Pnictogen Bonding: The Case of σ-(Sb III)-Hole···d z2[Pt II] Interaction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14943-14957. [PMID: 39066736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cocrystallizations of trans-[PtX'2(NCNR2)2] (R2 = Me2, X' = Cl 1a, Br 1b, I 1c; R2 = (CH2)5, X' = I 2c) with SbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) gave 1:2 cocrystals 1a·2SbCl3, 1b·2SbBr3, 1c·2SbCl3, 1c·2SbBr3, 1c·2SbI3, and 2c·2SbI3. In all six X-ray structures, the association of the molecular coformers is achieved mainly by SbIII···dz2[PtII] metal-involving intermolecular pnictogen bonding. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (based on experimentally determined geometries) using both gas-phase and solid-state approximations revealed that a σ-(Sb)-hole interacts with an area of negative potential associated with the dz2-orbital of the positively charged platinum(II) sites, thus forming a pnictogen bond whose energy falls in the range between -7.3 and -16.9 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Cheranyova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Lev E Zelenkov
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Sergey V Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Izotova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil M Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
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8
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Soldatova NS, Radzhabov AD, Ivanov DM, Burguera S, Frontera A, Abramov PA, Postnikov PS, Kukushkin VY. Key-to-lock halogen bond-based tetragonal pyramidal association of iodonium cations with the lacune rims of beta-octamolybdate. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12459-12472. [PMID: 39118643 PMCID: PMC11304769 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01695e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure-directing "key-to-lock" interaction of double σ-(IIII)-hole donating iodonium cations with the O-flanked pseudo-lacune rims of [β-Mo8O26]4- gives halogen-bonded iodonium-beta-octamolybate supramolecular associates. In the occurrence of their tetragonal pyramidal motifs, deep and broad σ-(IIII)-holes of a cation recognize the molybdate backbone, which provides an electronic pool localized around the two lacunae. The halogen-bonded I⋯O linkages in the structures were thoroughly studied computationally and classified as two-center, three-center bifurcated, and unconventional "orthogonal" I⋯O halogen bonds. In the latter, the O-atom approaches orthogonally the C-IIII-C plane of an iodonium cation and this geometry diverge from the IUPAC criteria for the identification of the halogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Soldatova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
| | - Amirbek D Radzhabov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
| | - Daniil M Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Sergi Burguera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) 07122 Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) 07122 Spain
| | - Pavel A Abramov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Av. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemical Technology Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9 Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University Barnaul 656049 Russian Federation
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9
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Grödler D, Burguera S, Frontera A, Strub E. Investigating Recurrent Matere Bonds in Pertechnetate Compounds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400100. [PMID: 38385852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript we evaluate the X-ray structure of five new pertechnetate derivatives of general formula [M(H2O)4(TcO4)2], M=Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn (compounds 1-5) and one perrhenate compound Zn(H2O)4(ReO4)2 (6). In these complexes the metal center exhibits an octahedral coordination with the pertechnetate units as axial ligands. All compounds exhibit the formation of directional Tc⋅⋅⋅O Matere bonds (MaBs) that propagate the [M(H2O)4(TcO4)2], into 1D supramolecular polymers in the solid state. Such 1D polymers are linked, generating 2D layers, by combining additional MaBs and hydrogen bonds (HBs). Such concurrent motifs have been analyzed theoretically, suggesting the noncovalent σ-hole nature of the MaBs. The interaction energies range from weak (~ -2 kcal/mol) for the MaBs to strong (~ -30 kcal/mol) for the MaB+HB assemblies, where HB dominates. In case of M=Zn, the corresponding perrhenate Zn(H2O)4(ReO4)2 complex, has been also synthesized for comparison purposes, resulting in the formation of an isostructural X-ray structure, corroborating the structure-directing role of Matere bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Grödler
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Nuclear Chemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 45, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sergi Burguera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), SPAIN
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), SPAIN
| | - Erik Strub
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Nuclear Chemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 45, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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Meelua W, Linnolahti M, Jitonnom J. Mechanism of cationic ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone using metallocene/borate catalytic systems: a DFT and NCI study on chain initiation, propagation and termination. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11715-11727. [PMID: 38605894 PMCID: PMC11008195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive DFT investigation on the cationic ring-opening polymerisation (CROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL) using zirconocene/borate catalyst systems. All possible pathways of the interaction between cationic species [Cp2ZrMe+] and counteranions, [A-] = [MeB(C6F5)3]- and [B(C6F5)4]-, were examined during chain initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The calculations reveal an active chain-end mechanism with O-alkyl bond cleavage of the polymerisation. The catalytic performance of the two counteranions is found to be identical, and they influence the initial process through stabilisation of the cationic species via non-covalent interactions (NCI), with the [MeB(C6F5)3]- anion stabilising the catalyst-monomer complex more effectively than the [B(C6F5)4]- anion by 24.3 kJ mol-1. The first two propagations are likely the rate-determining step, with calculated free-energy barriers of 61.4-71.2 and 73.9-80.6 kJ mol-1 with and without the anions (A-), respectively. The presence of the counteranion significantly affects the third propagation rate, lowering the barriers up to 20 kJ mol-1. Comparison of the first termination and the third propagation shows that they are not competitive, with the termination being less facile. We also studied the initiation and propagation steps for the hafnocene catalyst and found that the Hf catalyst slightly favours the CL CROP in comparison to the Zr catalyst. Analysis of solvent and dispersion interaction demonstrates that both factors play an important role in the process. NCI analysis reveals weak (van der Waals) interactions at the contacts between the cationic species and the counteranions during the reaction course. Overall, our results offer insights into the structures and interactions involved in the polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijitra Meelua
- Demonstration School, University of Phayao Phayao 56000 Thailand
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao Phayao 56000 Thailand
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Campus Yliopistokatu 7 FI-80100 Joensuu Finland
| | - Jitrayut Jitonnom
- Unit of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science and Catalysis, and Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao Phayao 56000 Thailand
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11
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Baykov SV, Semenov AV, Presnukhina SI, Tarasenko MV, Shetnev AA, Frontera A, Boyarskiy VP, Kukushkin VY. Hybrid 2D Supramolecular Organic Frameworks (SOFs) Assembled by the Cooperative Action of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding and π⋯π Stacking Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2062. [PMID: 38396739 PMCID: PMC10889172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cis- and trans-isomers of 6-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (cis-A and trans-A) were obtained by the reaction of 3,4-dichloro-N'-hydroxybenzimidamide and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. Cocrystals of cis-A with appropriate solvents (cis-A‧½(1,2-DCE), cis-A‧½(1,2-DBE), and cis-A‧½C6H14) were grown from 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBE), and a n-hexane/CHCl3 mixture and then characterized by X-ray crystallography. In their structures, cis-A is self-assembled to give a hybrid 2D supramolecular organic framework (SOF) formed by the cooperative action of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, Cl⋯O halogen bonding, and π⋯π stacking. The self-assembled cis-A divides the space between the 2D SOF layers into infinite hollow tunnels incorporating solvent molecules. The energy contribution of each noncovalent interaction to the occurrence of the 2D SOF was verified by several theoretical approaches, including MEP and combined QTAIM and NCIplot analyses. The consideration of the theoretical data proved that hydrogen bonding (approx. -15.2 kcal/mol) is the most important interaction, followed by π⋯π stacking (approx. -11.1 kcal/mol); meanwhile, the contribution of halogen bonding (approx. -3.6 kcal/mol) is the smallest among these interactions. The structure of the isomeric compound trans-A does not exhibit a 2D SOF architecture. It is assembled by the combined action of hydrogen bonding and π⋯π stacking, without the involvement of halogen bonds. A comparison of the cis-A structures with that of trans-A indicated that halogen bonding, although it has the lowest energy in cis-A-based cocrystals, plays a significant role in the crystal design of the hybrid 2D SOF. The majority of the reported porous halogen-bonded organic frameworks were assembled via iodine and bromine-based contacts, while chlorine-based systems-which, in our case, are structure-directing-were unknown before this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Artem V. Semenov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Sofia I. Presnukhina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Marina V. Tarasenko
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia; (M.V.T.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Anton A. Shetnev
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia; (M.V.T.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Vadim P. Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
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12
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Groslambert L, Cornaton Y, Ditte M, Aubert E, Pale P, Tkatchenko A, Djukic JP, Mamane V. Affinity of Telluronium Chalcogen Bond Donors for Lewis Bases in Solution: A Critical Experimental-Theoretical Joint Study. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302933. [PMID: 37970753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Telluronium salts [Ar2 MeTe]X were synthesized, and their Lewis acidic properties towards a number of Lewis bases were addressed in solution by physical and theoretical means. Structural X-ray diffraction analysis of 21 different salts revealed the electrophilicity of the Te centers in their interactions with anions. Telluroniums' propensity to form Lewis pairs was investigated with OPPh3 . Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy suggested that telluroniums can bind up to three OPPh3 molecules. Isotherm titration calorimetry showed that the related heats of association in 1,2-dichloroethane depend on the electronic properties of the substituents of the aryl moiety and on the nature of the counterion. The enthalpies of first association of OPPh3 span -0.5 to -5 kcal mol-1 . Study of the affinity of telluroniums for OPPh3 by state-of-the-art DFT and ab-initio methods revealed the dominant Coulombic and dispersion interactions as well as an entropic effect favoring association in solution. Intermolecular orbital interactions between [Ar2 MeTe]+ cations and OPPh3 are deemed insufficient on their own to ensure the cohesion of [Ar2 MeTe ⋅ Bn ]+ complexes in solution (B=Lewis base). Comparison of Grimme's and Tkatchenko's DFT-D4/MBD-vdW thermodynamics of formation of higher [Ar2 MeTe ⋅ Bn ]+ complexes revealed significant molecular size-dependent divergence of the two methodologies, with MBD yielding better agreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Groslambert
- LASYROC, UMR 7177 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Cornaton
- LCSOM, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matej Ditte
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | | | - Patrick Pale
- LASYROC, UMR 7177 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- LCSOM, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Mamane
- LASYROC, UMR 7177 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Alvarado-Castillo MA, Cortés-Mendoza S, Barquera-Lozada JE, Delgado F, Toscano RA, Ortega-Alfaro MC, López-Cortés JG. Well-defined Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands catalyzed a highly endoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2231-2241. [PMID: 38193761 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and catalytic application of a new family of dinuclear Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands. The Cu(I) complexes (4a-d) were obtained in good yields and their catalytic properties were evaluated in the1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and electron-deficient alkenes. The air-stable complexes 4a-d exhibited high endo-diasteroselectivity to obtain substituted pyrrolidines, and the catalytic system showed excellent reactivity and wide substitution tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Alvarado-Castillo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
- Departamento de Química Organica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, S/N, CdMx, 11340, Mexico
| | - Salvador Cortés-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - José E Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Departamento de Química Organica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, S/N, CdMx, 11340, Mexico
| | - Ruben A Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - M Carmen Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 CdMx, Mexico
| | - José G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
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14
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Kinzhalov MA, Kinzhalova EI, Karnoukhova VA, Ananyev IV, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Kukushkin VY, Bokach NA. Triiodide-Based Chair-Like Copper Complex Assembled by Halogen Bonding. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:191-202. [PMID: 38108293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of the dimeric [Cu2(μ-I)2(CNXyl)4] (Xyl = 2,6-Me2C6H3, 1) and polymeric catena-[Cu(μ-I)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2] (2) complexes with I2 at different molar ratios between the reactants resulted in a series of (RNC)2CuI-based crystal polyiodides formed along with gradual accumulation of iodine, namely the cocrystals [1·I2]·[Cu(μ1,1-I3)(CNXyl)2]2 followed by the generation of [Cu(μ1,3-I3)(CNXyl)2]2·2I2 (5·2I2) or [Cu(μ1,1-I3)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2]2 and then [Cu(μ1,3-I3)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2]n·n/2I2. The polyiodide 5·2I2 exhibits a novel supramolecular motif─a purely inorganic halogen-bonded Cu2(μ1,3-I3)2 core in the chair conformation. The X-ray structure of 5·2I2 featuring I···I contacts was analyzed by a set of theoretical methods and attributed to moderately strong halogen bonding (from -3.2 to -3.9 kcal/mol); these interactions determine the supramolecular architecture of 5·2I2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Av., Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina I Kinzhalova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina A Karnoukhova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 28, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Leninsky Prospect, 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Baleares, Spain
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Av., Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
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15
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Smirnov AS, Katlenok EA, Mikherdov AS, Kryukova MA, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Halogen Bonding Involving Isomeric Isocyanide/Nitrile Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13324. [PMID: 37686131 PMCID: PMC10487382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanobenzene (1), 1,4-diisocyanobenzene (2), and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (3) were co-crystallized with 1,3,5-triiodotrifluorobenzene (1,3,5-FIB) to give three cocrystals, 1·1,3,5-FIB, 2·2(1,3,5-FIB), and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB), which were studied by X-ray diffraction. A common feature of the three structures is the presence of I···Cisocyanide or I···Nnitrile halogen bonds (HaBs), which occurs between an iodine σ-hole and the isocyanide C-(or the nitrile N-) atom. The diisocyanide and dinitrile cocrystals 2·2(1,3,5-FIB) and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB) are isostructural, thus providing a basis for accurate comparison of the two types of noncovalent linkages of C≡N/N≡C groups in the composition of structurally similar entities and in one crystal environment. The bonding situation was studied by a set of theoretical methods. Diisocyanides are more nucleophilic than the dinitrile and they exhibit stronger binding to 1,3,5-FIB. In all structures, the HaBs are mostly determined by the electrostatic interactions, but the dispersion and induction components also provide a noticeable contribution and make the HaBs attractive. Charge transfer has a small contribution (<5%) to the HaB and it is higher for the diisocyanide than for the dinitrile systems. At the same time, diisocyanide and dinitrile structures exhibit typical electron-donor and π-acceptor properties in relation to the HaB donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Smirnov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Eugene A. Katlenok
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Alexander S. Mikherdov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Mariya A. Kryukova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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16
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Mears KL, Power PP. London Dispersion Effects on the Stability of Heavy Tetrel Molecules. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301247. [PMID: 37263972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) interactions, which stem from long-range electron correlations arising from instantaneously induced dipoles can occur between neighboring atoms or molecules, for example, between H atoms within ligand C-H groups. These interactions are currently of interest as a new method of stabilizing long bonds and species with unusual oxidation states. They can also limit reactivity by installing LD enhanced groups into organic frameworks or ligand substituents. Here, we address the most recent advances in the design of LD enhanced ligands, the sterically counterintuitive structures that can be generated and the consequences that these interactions can have on the structures and reactivity of sterically crowded heavy group 14 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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17
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Guo SM, Huh S, Coehlo M, Shen L, Pieters G, Baudoin O. A C-H activation-based enantioselective synthesis of lower carbo[n]helicenes. Nat Chem 2023; 15:872-880. [PMID: 37024717 PMCID: PMC10239729 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of carbohelicenes has fascinated generations of molecular chemists and has been exploited in a wide range of applications. Their strong circularly polarized luminescence has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to promising applications in new optical materials. Although the enantioselective synthesis of fused carbo- and heterohelicenes has been achieved, a direct catalytic enantioselective method allowing the synthesis of lower, non-fused carbo[n]helicenes (n = 4-6) is still lacking. We report here that Pd-catalysed enantioselective C-H arylation in the presence of a unique bifunctional phosphine-carboxylate ligand provides a simple and general access to these lower carbo[n]helicenes. Computational mechanistic studies indicate that both the C-H activation and reductive elimination steps contribute to the overall enantioselectivity. The observed enantio-induction seems to arise from a combination of non-covalent interactions and steric repulsion between the substrate and ligand during the two key reductive elimination steps. The photophysical and chiroptical properties of the synthesized scalemic [n]helicenes have been systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soohee Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Coehlo
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Hamdaoui M, Liu F, Cornaton Y, Lu X, Shi X, Zhang H, Liu J, Spingler B, Djukic JP, Duttwyler S. An Iridium-Stabilized Borenium Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18359-18374. [PMID: 36173688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of new organometallic systems based on polyhedral boron clusters has the potential to solve challenging chemical problems such as the stabilization of reactive intermediates and transition-state-like species postulated for E-H (E = H, B, C, Si) bond activation reactions. We report on facile and clean B-H activation of a hydroborane by a new iridium boron cluster complex. The product of this reaction is an unprecedented and fully characterized transition metal-stabilized boron cation or borenium. Moreover, this intermediate bears an unusual intramolecular B···H interaction between the hydrogen originating from the activated hydroborane and the cyclometallated metal-bonded boron atom of the boron cluster. This B···H interaction is proposed to be an arrested insertion of hydrogen into the Bcage-metal bond and the initiation step for iridium "cage-walking" around the upper surface of the boron cluster. The "cage-walking" process is supported by the hydrogen-deuterium exchange observed at the boron cluster, and a mechanism is proposed on the basis of theoretical methods with a special focus on the role of noncovalent interactions. All new compounds were isolated and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Key compounds were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Hamdaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yann Cornaton
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Instrumentation Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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19
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Aliyarova IS, Tupikina EY, Soldatova NS, Ivanov DM, Postnikov PS, Yusubov M, Kukushkin VY. Halogen Bonding Involving Gold Nucleophiles in Different Oxidation States. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15398-15407. [PMID: 36137295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of diaryliodonium tetrachloroaurates (or, in the recent terminology, tetrachloridoaurates), [(p-XC6H4)2I][AuCl4] (X = Cl, 1; Br, 2), was performed for 1 (the structure is denoted as 1a to show similarity with the isomorphic structure 2a) and two polymorphs─2a (obtained from MeOH) and 2b (from 1,2-C2H4Cl2). Examination of the XRD data for these three structures revealed 2-center C-X···AuIII (X = Cl and Br) and 3-center bifurcated C-Br···(Cl-Au) halogen bonding (abbreviated as XB) between the p-Cl or p-Br atoms of the diaryliodonium cations and the gold(III) atom of [AuCl4]-. The noncovalent nature of AuIII-involving interactions, the nucleophilicity of the gold(III) atoms, and the electrophilic role of p-X atoms of the diaryliodonium cations in the XBs were studied by a set of complementary computational methods. Combined experimental and theoretical studies allowed the recognition of the d-nucleophilicity of the [d8AuIII] atom which, regardless of its rather substantial formal 3+ charge, can function as a d-nucleophilic partner of XB. This conclusion was also supported by theoretical calculations performed for the structures' refcodes BINXOM and ICSD 62511; the obtained data verified the nucleophilicity of AuIII toward a K+ ions or a σ-(Cl)-hole, respectively. All our results, together with consideration of relevant literature, indicate that gold atoms in the three oxidation states (0, I, and even III) exhibit nucleophilicity in XBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Aliyarova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634034, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Yu Tupikina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S Soldatova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634034, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil M Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634034, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634034, Russian Federation.,Department of Solid State Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Mekhman Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634034, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russian Federation
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Mears KL, Power PP. Beyond Steric Crowding: Dispersion Energy Donor Effects in Large Hydrocarbon Ligands. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1337-1348. [PMID: 35427132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between sterically crowded hydrocarbon-substituted ligands are widely considered to be repulsive because of the intrusion of the electron clouds of the ligand atoms into each other's space, which results in Pauli repulsion. Nonetheless, there is another interaction between the ligands which is less widely publicized but is always present. This is the London dispersion (LD) interaction which can occur between atoms or molecules in which dipoles can be induced instantaneously, for example, between the H atoms from the ligand C-H groups.These LD interactions are always attractive, but their effects are not as widely recognized as those of the Pauli repulsion despite their central role in the formation of condensed matter. Their relatively poor recognition is probably due to the relative weakness (ca. 1 kcal mol-1) of individual H···H interactions owing to their especially strong distance dependence. In contrast, where there are numerous H···H interactions, a collective LD energy equaling several tens of kcal mol-1 may ensue. As a result, in some molecules the latent importance of the LD attraction energies emerges and assumes a prominence that can overshadow the Pauli effects (e.g., in the stabilization of high-oxidation-state transition-metal alkyls, inducing disproportionation reactions, or in the stabilization of otherwise unstable bonds).Despite being known for over a century, the accurate quantification of individual H···H LD effects in molecular species is a relatively recent phenomenon and at present is based mainly on modified DFT calculations. A few leading reviews summarized these earlier studies of the C-H···H-C LD interactions in organic molecules, and their effects on the structures and stabilities were described. LD effects in sterically crowded inorganic and organometallic molecules have been recognized.The author's interest in these LD effects arose fortuitously over a decade ago during research on sterically crowded heavier main-group element carbene analogues and two-coordinate, open-shell (d1-d9) transition-metal complexes where counterintuitive steric effects were observed. More detailed explanations of these effects were provided by dispersion-corrected DFT calculations in collaboration with the groups of Tuononen and Nagase (see below).This Account describes our development of these initial results for other inorganic molecular classes. More recently, the work has led us to move to the planned inclusion of dispersion effects in ligands to stabilize new molecular types with theoretical input from the groups of Vasko and Grimme (see below). Our approach sought to use what Grimme has described as dispersion effect donor (DED) groups (i.e., spatially close-lying, densely packed substituents either as ligands (e.g., -C6H2-2,4,6-Cy3, Cy = cyclohexyl) or as parts of ligands (e.g., a Cy substituent) that produce relatively large dispersion energies to stabilize these new compounds.We predict that the future design of sterically crowding hydrocarbon ligands will include the consideration and incorporation of LD effects as a standard methodology for directed use in the attainment of new synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L. Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Torubaev YV, Rozhkov AV, Skabitsky IV, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Kukushkin VY. Heterovalent chalcogen bonding: supramolecular assembly driven by the occurrence of a tellurium( ii)⋯Ch( i) (Ch = S, Se, Te) linkage. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The revealed heterovalent TeII⋯ChI (Ch = S, Se, Te) chalcogen bonding was used for targeted noncovalent integration of two Ch centers in different oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Torubaev
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anton V. Rozhkov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Skabitsky
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Rosa M. Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russian Federation
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Zelenkov LE, Eliseeva AA, Baykov S, Ivanov DM, Sumina AI, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Kukushkin VY, Bokach NA. Inorganic–Organic {dz2-MIIS4}···π-Hole Stacking in Reverse Sandwich Structures. The Case of Cocrystals of Group 10 Metal Dithiocarbamates with Electron-deficient Arenes. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00438k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of the dithiocarbamate complexes [M(S2CNEt2)2] (M = Ni 1, Pd 2, Pt 3) and X-substituted perfluoroarenes (X = I, Br; 1,2-dibromoperfluorobenzene FBrB and 1,2-diiodoperfluorobenzene FIB) gives isomorphous cocrystals of...
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