1
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Hawkins PR, Hawes CS, Matthews PD. Exploring Supramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chempluschem 2025; 90:e202400725. [PMID: 39878090 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have rapidly become one of the key metal-free catalysts for a variety of chemical transformations. Embedding these catalysts within a supramolecular assembly can offer improvements to factors such as recyclability and selectivity. In this review we discuss advances in this area, covering key supramolecular assemblies such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), polymers and macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige R Hawkins
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5GB
| | - Chris S Hawes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5GB
| | - Peter D Matthews
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5GB
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2
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Dudás Á, Gyömöre Á, Mészáros BB, Gondár S, Adamik R, Fegyverneki D, Papp D, Otte KB, Ayala S, Daru J, Répási J, Soós T. Selective Reduction of Esters to Access Aldehydes Using Fiddler Crab-Type Boranes. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:1112-1122. [PMID: 39723648 PMCID: PMC11726553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
The partial reduction of esters to aldehydes is a fundamentally important transformation for the synthesis of numerous fine chemicals and consumer goods. However, despite the many efforts, limitations have persisted, such as competing overreduction, low reproducibility, use of exigent reaction conditions and hazardous chemicals. Here, we report a novel catalyst family with a unique steric design which promotes the catalytic partial reduction of esters with unprecedented, near-perfect selectivity and efficiency. This metal-free catalytic method is ready to be placed at the disposal of chemists to provide valuable aldehyde intermediates and products and shows promise for streamlining synthetic methods in academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Dudás
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány
1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Gyömöre
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Bence Balázs Mészáros
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány
1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Stefánia Gondár
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Renáta Adamik
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fegyverneki
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dávid Papp
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány
1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE
Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter
sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | | | - Sergio Ayala
- Provivi,
Inc., Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - János Daru
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány
1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | | | - Tibor Soós
- Organocatalysis
Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry,
HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja
2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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3
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Liang P, Cai Y, Zhang H, Wang T. Frustrated Lewis Pair-Mediated Cycloisomerization of Propargylaniline and Aryl Propargyl Ether Derivatives via a 6- endo-dig Cyclization/Dehydrogenation Sequence. Org Lett 2024; 26:10135-10140. [PMID: 39564800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
An efficient FLP-mediated cycloisomerization is described, providing easy access to quinolinium and chromenylium derivatives by treatment of readily available propargylanilines and aryl propargyl ethers with Lewis acidic boranes, respectively. The reaction proceeds via a 6-endo-dig cyclization/dehydrogenation sequence. The heteroatom functions serve as Lewis bases in combination with Lewis acidic boranes to effect synergistic activation of an alkynyl triple bond and a C-H bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tongdao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, P. R. China
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4
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Saptal VB, Ranjan P, Zbořil R, Nowicki M, Walkowiak J. Magnetically Recyclable Borane Lewis Acid Catalyst for Hydrosilylation of Imines and Reductive Amination of Carbonyls. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400058. [PMID: 38630961 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Fluorinated arylborane-based Lewis acid catalysts have shown remarkable activity and serve as ideal examples of transition metal-free catalysts for diverse organic transformations. However, their homogeneous nature poses challenges in terms of recyclability and separation from reaction mixtures. This work presents an efficient technique for the heterogenization of boron Lewis acid catalysts by anchoring Piers' borane to allyl-functionalized iron oxide. This catalyst demonstrates excellent activity in the hydrosilylation of imines and the reductive amination of carbonyls using various silanes as reducing agents under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst exhibits broad tolerance towards a wide range of functional substrates. Furthermore, it exhibits good recyclability and can be easily separated from the products using an external magnetic field. This work represents a significant advance in the development of sustainable heterogenous metal-free catalysts for organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitthal B Saptal
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Poznań, 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Prabodh Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, 208016
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CEET, Nanotechnology Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Poznań, 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Poznań, 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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5
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Zwart G, Mifleur A, Durin G, Nicolas E, Cantat T. Hydrogenolysis of Haloboranes: from Synthesis of Hydroboranes to Formal Hydroboration Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411468. [PMID: 39105386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydroboranes are versatile reagents in synthetic chemistry, but their synthesis relies on energy-intensive processes. Herein, we report a new method for the preparation of hydroboranes from hydrogen and the corresponding haloboranes. Triethylamine (NEt3) form with dialkylchloroboranes a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) able to split H2 and afford the desired hydroborane with ammonium salts. Unreactive haloboranes were unlocked using a catalytic amount of Cy2BCl, enabling the synthesis of commonly used hydroboranes such as pinacolborane or catecholborane. The mechanisms of these reactions have been examined by DFT studies, highlighting the importance of the base selection. Finally, the system's robustness has been evaluated in one-pot B-Cl hydrogenolysis/hydroboration reactions of C=C unsaturated bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Zwart
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
| | - Alexis Mifleur
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
| | - Gabriel Durin
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
| | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
| | - Thibault Cantat
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
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6
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Guo T, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Cunha J, Alves C, Ferreira P, Hou Z, Yin H. Indium Nitride Nanowires: Low Redox Potential Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310166. [PMID: 38544352 PMCID: PMC11165543 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial to portable devices and electric vehicles. However, it is still challenging to further develop the current anodic materials such as graphite due to the intrinsic limited capacity and sluggish Li-ion diffusion. Indium nitride (InN), which is a new type of anodic material with low redox potential (<0.7 V vs Li/Li+) and narrow bandgap (0.69 eV), may serve as a new high-energy density anode material for LIBs. Here, the growth of 1D single crystalline InN nanowires is reported on Au-decorated carbon fibers (InN/Au-CFs) via chemical vapor deposition, possessing a high aspect ratio of 400. The binder-free Au-CFs with high conductivity can provide abundant sites and enhance binding force for the dense growth of InN nanowires, displaying shortened Li ion diffusion paths, high structural stability, and fast Li+ kinetics. The InN/Au-CFs can offer stable and high-rate Li delithiation/lithiation without Li deposition, and achieve a remarkable capacity of 632.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 450 cycles and 416 mAh g-1 at a high rate of 30 A g-1. The InN nanowires as battery anodes shall hold substantial promise for fulfilling superior long-term cycling performance and high-rate capability for advanced LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Guo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Yurong Zhou
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
- School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Joao Cunha
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Cristiana Alves
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Paulo Ferreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department and IDMECInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversity of LisbonLisbon1049‐001Portugal
- Materials Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Zhaohui Hou
- School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Hong Yin
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Braga4715‐330Portugal
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon‐based Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan Institute of Science and TechnologyYueyang414006China
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7
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Hisata Y, Washio T, Takizawa S, Ogoshi S, Hoshimoto Y. In-silico-assisted derivatization of triarylboranes for the catalytic reductive functionalization of aniline-derived amino acids and peptides with H 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3708. [PMID: 38714662 PMCID: PMC11076482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cheminformatics-based machine learning (ML) has been employed to determine optimal reaction conditions, including catalyst structures, in the field of synthetic chemistry. However, such ML-focused strategies have remained largely unexplored in the context of catalytic molecular transformations using Lewis-acidic main-group elements, probably due to the absence of a candidate library and effective guidelines (parameters) for the prediction of the activity of main-group elements. Here, the construction of a triarylborane library and its application to an ML-assisted approach for the catalytic reductive alkylation of aniline-derived amino acids and C-terminal-protected peptides with aldehydes and H2 is reported. A combined theoretical and experimental approach identified the optimal borane, i.e., B(2,3,5,6-Cl4-C6H)(2,6-F2-3,5-(CF3)2-C6H)2, which exhibits remarkable functional-group compatibility toward aniline derivatives in the presence of 4-methyltetrahydropyran. The present catalytic system generates H2O as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Hisata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Washio
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Center for Future Innovation (CFi), Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Kótai B, Laczkó G, Hamza A, Pápai I. Stereocontrol via Propeller Chirality in FLP-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400241. [PMID: 38294415 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of chiral frustrated Lewis pairs as catalysts in enantioselective hydrogenation of unsaturated molecules represents a promising approach in asymmetric synthesis. In our effort to improve our current understanding of the factors governing the stereoselectivity in these catalytic processes, herein we examined the mechanism of direct hydrogenation of aromatic enamines catalyzed by a binaphthyl-based chiral amino-borane. Our computational analysis reveals that only one particular conformer of the key borohydride reaction intermediate can be regarded as a reactive form of this species. This borohydride conformer has a well-defined chiral propeller shape, which induces facial selectivity in the hydride transfer to pro-chiral iminium intermediates. The propeller chirality of the reactive borohydride conformer is generated by the axially chiral binaphthyl scaffold of the amino-borane catalyst through stabilizing π-π stacking interactions. This new computational insight can be readily used to interpret the high degree of stereoinduction observed for these reactions. We expect that the concept of chirality relay could be further exploited in catalyst design endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kótai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Laczkó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2
| | - I Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2
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9
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Zhang J, Li L, Xie X, Song XQ, Schaefer HF. Biomimetic Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Hydrogenation of CO to Methanol at Low Temperatures. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:258-267. [PMID: 38585511 PMCID: PMC10996047 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The industrial production of methanol through CO hydrogenation using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst requires harsh conditions, and the development of new catalysts with low operating temperatures is highly desirable. In this study, organic biomimetic FLP catalysts with good tolerance to CO poison are theoretically designed. The base-free catalytic reaction contains the 1,1-addition of CO into a formic acid intermediate and the hydrogenation of the formic acid intermediate into methanol. Low-energy spans (25.6, 22.1, and 20.6 kcal/mol) are achieved, indicating that CO can be hydrogenated into methanol at low temperatures. The new extended aromatization-dearomatization effect involving multiple rings is proposed to effectively facilitate the rate-determining CO 1,1-addition step, and a new CO activation model is proposed for organic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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10
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Sieland B, Stahn M, Schoch R, Daniliuc C, Spicher S, Grimme S, Hansen A, Paradies J. Dispersion Energy-Stabilized Boron and Phosphorus Lewis Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308752. [PMID: 37427718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
An isostructural series of boron/phosphorus Lewis pairs was systematically investigated. The association constants of the Lewis pairs were determined at variable temperatures, enabling the extraction of thermodynamic parameters. The stabilization of the Lewis adduct increased with increasing size of the dispersion energy donor groups, although the donor and acceptor properties of the Lewis pairs remained largely unchanged. This data was utilized to challenge state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods, which finally led to an enhanced workflow for the determination of thermochemical properties of weakly bound Lewis pairs within an accuracy of 0.6 to 1.0 kcal mol-1 for computed association free energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Sieland
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- BASF SE, RGQ/SQ-B1, Carl-Bosch Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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