1
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Sedaghat Nejad M, Ghasempour Ardakani A. Giant enhancement of third harmonic generation in an array of graphene ribbons using amplification of surface plasmon polaritons by optical gain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2853. [PMID: 38310178 PMCID: PMC10838323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically study the enhancement of third-harmonic generation in a plasmonic structure composed of an array of trilayer graphene ribbons sandwiched between two [Formula: see text] layers. In fact, we suggest a new method for more enhancement of nonlinearity in plasmonic structures using incorporation of optical gain into graphene ribbons. As the pump intensity increases, the maximum output intensity of third harmonic generated (THG) wave versus fundamental frequency is blue-shifted while its value enhances. Our analysis indicates that the enhancement factor of THG in our proposed structure is 1.1 × 107 without occurring an electric breakdown compared to case at which an optically pumped trilayer graphene sheet sandwiched between two CaF2 layers. Therefore, only presence of optical gain is not sufficient for significant enhancement of output intensity of THG wave and excitation of SPPs through the structure is also essential. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the output intensity of THG wave from the proposed structure under optical pumping enhances by [Formula: see text] times compared to the plasmonic structure without optical gain which confirms the role of optical gain for THG enhancement in the plasmonic structure. This is because the gain in graphene ribbons amplifies the SPPs waves leading to the more field enhancement along the graphene ribbons which results in significant enhancement of THG wave in the plasmonic structure in comparison with one without gain. Therefore, we reveal that both SPPs and optical gain contribute to the strong output intensity of THG in our proposed structure compared to the trilayer graphene sheet inserted between two CaF2 layers.
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2
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Quijada M, Babaze A, Aizpurua J, Borisov AG. Nonlinear Optical Response of a Plasmonic Nanoantenna to Circularly Polarized Light: Rotation of Multipolar Charge Density and Near-Field Spin Angular Momentum Inversion. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3963-3975. [PMID: 38027251 PMCID: PMC10659104 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The spin and orbital angular momentum carried by electromagnetic pulses open new perspectives to control nonlinear processes in light-matter interactions, with a wealth of potential applications. In this work, we use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to study the nonlinear optical response of a free-electron plasmonic nanowire to an intense, circularly polarized electromagnetic pulse. In contrast to the well-studied case of the linear polarization, we find that the nth harmonic optical response to circularly polarized light is determined by the multipole moment of order n of the induced nonlinear charge density that rotates around the nanowire axis at the fundamental frequency. As a consequence, the frequency conversion in the far field is suppressed, whereas electric near fields at all harmonic frequencies are induced in the proximity of the nanowire surface. These near fields are circularly polarized with handedness opposite to that of the incident pulse, thus producing an inversion of the spin angular momentum. An analytical approach based on general symmetry constraints nicely explains our numerical findings and allows for generalization of the TDDFT results. This work thus offers new insights into nonlinear optical processes in nanoscale plasmonic nanostructures that allow for the manipulation of the angular momentum of light at harmonic frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Quijada
- Department
of Applied Mathematics, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Antton Babaze
- Department
of Electricity and Electronics, FCT-ZTF,
UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials
Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrei G. Borisov
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO)—UMR
8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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3
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Jelver L, Cox JD. Nonlinear Plasmonics in Nanostructured Phosphorene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20043-20052. [PMID: 37791979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorene has emerged as an atomically thin platform for optoelectronics and nanophotonics due to its excellent optical properties and the possibility of actively tuning light-matter interactions through electrical doping. While phosphorene is a two-dimensional semiconductor, plasmon resonances characterized by pronounced anisotropy and strong optical confinement are anticipated to emerge in highly doped samples. Here we show that the localized plasmons supported by phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs) exhibit high tunability in relation to both edge termination and doping charge polarity and can trigger an intense nonlinear optical response at moderate doping levels. Our explorations are based on a second-principles theoretical framework, employing maximally localized Wannier functions constructed from ab initio electronic structure calculations, which we introduce here to describe the linear and nonlinear optical response of PNRs on mesoscopic length scales. Atomistic simulations reveal the high tunability of plasmons in doped PNRs at near-infrared frequencies, which can facilitate the synergy between the electronic band structure and plasmonic field confinement to drive efficient high-harmonic generation. Our findings establish nanostructured phosphorene as a versatile atomically thin material candidate for nonlinear plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jelver
- POLIMA─Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joel D Cox
- POLIMA─Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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4
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Deng H, Qu Z, He Y, Huang C, Panoiu NC, Ye F. Topologically enhanced nonlinear optical response of graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. QUANTUM FRONTIERS 2023; 2:11. [PMID: 37780230 PMCID: PMC10533637 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the nonlinear optical properties of heterojunctions made of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) consisting of two segments with either the same or different topological properties. By utilizing a quantum mechanical approach that incorporates distant-neighbor interactions, we demonstrate that the presence of topological interface states significantly enhances the second- and third-order nonlinear optical response of GNR heterojunctions that are created by merging two topologically inequivalent GNRs. Specifically, GNR heterojunctions with topological interface states display third-order harmonic hyperpolarizabilities that are more than two orders of magnitude larger than those of their similarly sized counterparts without topological interface states, whereas the second-order harmonic hyperpolarizabilities exhibit a more than ten-fold contrast between heterojunctions with and without topological interface states. Additionally, we find that the topological state at the interface between two topologically distinct GNRs can induce a noticeable red-shift of the quantum plasmon frequency of the heterojunctions. Our results reveal a general and profound connection between the existence of topological states and an enhanced nonlinear optical response of graphene nanostructures and possible other photonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Deng
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, 510665 China
| | - Zhihao Qu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, 510665 China
| | - Yingji He
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, 510665 China
| | - Changming Huang
- Department of Physics, Changzhi University, Shanxi, 046011 China
| | - Nicolae C. Panoiu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE United Kingdom
| | - Fangwei Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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5
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Kim BSY, Sternbach AJ, Choi MS, Sun Z, Ruta FL, Shao Y, McLeod AS, Xiong L, Dong Y, Chung TS, Rajendran A, Liu S, Nipane A, Chae SH, Zangiabadi A, Xu X, Millis AJ, Schuck PJ, Dean CR, Hone JC, Basov DN. Ambipolar charge-transfer graphene plasmonic cavities. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01520-5. [PMID: 36997689 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon polaritons in van der Waals materials hold promise for various photonics applications1-4. The deterministic imprinting of spatial patterns of high carrier density in plasmonic cavities and nanoscale circuitry can enable the realization of advanced nonlinear nanophotonic5 and strong light-matter interaction platforms6. Here we demonstrate an oxidation-activated charge transfer strategy to program ambipolar low-loss graphene plasmonic structures. By covering graphene with transition-metal dichalcogenides and subsequently oxidizing the transition-metal dichalcogenides into transition-metal oxides, we activate charge transfer rooted in the dissimilar work functions between transition-metal oxides and graphene. Nano-infrared imaging reveals ambipolar low-loss plasmon polaritons at the transition-metal-oxide/graphene interfaces. Further, by inserting dielectric van der Waals spacers, we can precisely control the electron and hole densities induced by oxidation-activated charge transfer and achieve plasmons with a near-intrinsic quality factor. Using this strategy, we imprint plasmonic cavities with laterally abrupt doping profiles with nanoscale precision and demonstrate plasmonic whispering-gallery resonators based on suspended graphene encapsulated in transition-metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Y Kim
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Min Sup Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesco L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ted S Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anjaly Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ankur Nipane
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amirali Zangiabadi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Rasmussen TP, Rodríguez Echarri A, García de Abajo FJ, Cox JD. Nonlocal and cascaded effects in nonlinear graphene nanoplasmonics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3150-3158. [PMID: 36648761 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plasmons to focus light on nanometer length scales opens a wide range of enticing applications in optics and photonics, among which the enhancement of nonlinear light-matter interactions for all-optical modulation and spectral diversification emerges as a prominent theme. However, the subwavelength plasmonic near-field enhancement in good plasmonic materials such as noble metals is hindered by large ohmic losses, while conventional phase-matching of fields in bulk nonlinear crystals is not suitable for realizing nonlinear optical phenomena on the nanoscale. In contrast, anharmonic electron motion of free charge carriers in highly-doped graphene, which supports long-lived, highly-confined, and actively-tunable plasmons, renders the carbon monolayer an excellent platform for both plasmonics and nonlinear optics. Here we theoretically explore the enhancement in nonlinear response that can be achieved by interfacing multiple graphene nanostructures in close proximity to trigger nonlocal effects associated with large gradients in the electromagnetic near field. Focusing on second- and third-harmonic generation, we introduce a semianalytical formalism to describe interacting graphene nanoribbons with independent width, location, and electrical doping, so as to realize configurations in which plasmonic resonances may simultaneously enhance both the fundamental optical excitation frequency and harmonic intermediary and/or output frequencies. Our findings reveal the importance of both passive and active tuning in the design of atomically-thin nanostructures for nonlinear optical applications, and in particular emphasize the role played by nonlocal effects in generating an even-ordered nonlinear response that may contribute to other nonlinear optical processes through a cascaded interaction. We anticipate that our findings can aid in the design of actively-tunable nonlinear plasmonic resonators and metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis P Rasmussen
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - A Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel D Cox
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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7
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Zhang Z, Sun Q, Fan Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Yuan X, Guo C. Low-Threshold and High-Extinction-Ratio Optical Bistability within a Graphene-Based Perfect Absorber. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:389. [PMID: 36770348 PMCID: PMC9920967 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A kind of graphene-based perfect absorber which can generate low-threshold and high-extinction-ratio optical bistability in the near-IR band is proposed and simulated with numerical methods. The interaction between input light and monolayer graphene in the absorber can be greatly enhanced due to the perfect absorption. The large nonlinear coefficient of graphene and the strong light-graphene interaction contribute to the nonlinear response of the structure, leading to relatively low switching thresholds of less than 2.5 MW/cm2 for an absorber with a Q factor lower than 1000. Meanwhile, the extinction ratio of bistable states in the absorber reaches an ultrahigh value of 47.3 dB at 1545.3 nm. Moreover, the influence of changing the structural parameters on the bistable behaviors is discussed in detail, showing that the structure can tolerate structural parametric deviation to some extent. The proposed bistable structure with ultra-compact size, low thresholds, high extinction ratio, and ultrafast response time could be of great applications for fabricating high-performance all-optical-communication devices.
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8
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Aguillon F, Borisov AG. Atomic-Scale Defects Might Determine the Second Harmonic Generation from Plasmonic Graphene Nanostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:238-244. [PMID: 36594888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically investigate the impact of the atomic scale lattice imperfections of graphene nanoflakes on their nonlinear response enhanced by the resonance between an incident electromagnetic field and localized plasmon. As a case study, we address the second harmonic generation from graphene plasmonic nanoantennas of different symmetries with missing carbon atom vacancy defects in the honeycomb lattice. Using the many-body time-dependent density matrix approach, we find that one defect in the nanoflake comprising over five thousand carbon atoms can strongly impact the nonlinear hyperpolarizability and override the symmetry constraints. The effect reported here cannot be captured using the relaxation time approximation within the quantum or classical framework. Results obtained in this work have thus important implications for the design of nonlinear graphene devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Aguillon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Andrei G Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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9
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Abstract
The past one and a half decades have witnessed the tremendous progress of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, including graphene, transition-metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride, etc., in a variety of fields. The key to their success is their unique structural, electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Herein, this paper gives a comprehensive summary on the recent advances in 2D materials for optoelectronic approaches with the emphasis on the morphology and structure, optical properties, synthesis methods, as well as detailed optoelectronic applications. Additionally, the challenges and perspectives in the current development of 2D materials are also summarized and indicated. Therefore, this review can provide a reference for further explorations and innovations of 2D material-based optoelectronics devices.
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10
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Wang C, Gao D, Gao L. Detecting nonlocality by second-harmonic generation from a graphene-wrapped nanoparticle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12722-12731. [PMID: 35472903 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanofabrication technology and nonlinear optics, the nonlinear detection by nanostructures is highly appreciated. In this paper, we study the second-harmonic generation by a spherical nonlocal plasmonic nanoparticle wrapped with graphene. We develop a simple method for calculating the electric field at second-harmonic frequency and analyze the influence of the nonlocal response of the metal on the second-harmonic. We find that this nanostructure can probe the material's properties by detecting the radiation intensity of the second-harmonic generation. In addition, the nonlocal response of the plasmonic core can promote the absorption efficiency of second-harmonic generation. Our study may offer a new way for studying the plasmonic quantum effects and nonlinear probing technology and improving the nonlinear conversion efficiency of photonic devices.
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11
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Kim M, Kim S, Kim S. Graphene optical modulators using bound states in the continuum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1445. [PMID: 35087121 PMCID: PMC8795461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based optical modulators have been widely investigated due to the high mobility and tunable permittivity of graphene. However, achieving a high modulation depth with a low insertion loss is challenging owing to low graphene-light interaction. To date, only waveguide-type modulators have been extensively studied to improve light-graphene interaction, and few free-space type modulators have been demonstrated in the optical communication wavelength range. In this study, we propose two graphene-based optical free-space type modulators in a simple silicon photonic crystal structure that supports bound states in the continuum. The designed modulator with an ultra-high quality factor from the bound states in the continuum achieves a high modulation depth (MD = 0.9972) and low insertion loss (IL = 0.0034) with a small Fermi level change at the optical communication wavelength. In addition, the proposed modulators support outstanding modulation performance in the normal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene (mobility = 0.5 m2/Vs). We believe the scheme may pave the way for graphene-based optical active devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghwan Kim
- Integrated Optics Laboratory, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| | - Soeun Kim
- Integrated Optics Laboratory, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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12
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Fu L, Fang Y, Yang R, Guan Z, Wei Z, Shan N, Liu F, Zhao Y, Humphrey MG, Zhang C. Enhanced nonlinear optical properties of a π-conjugated porphyrin dimer–graphene nanocomposite. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00753c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A more conjugated nanocomposite and a potential NLO candidate with a strong intrasystem interaction were constructed using a rarely mentioned porphyrin dimer and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Fang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Yang
- United World College, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Zihao Guan
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wei
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Naying Shan
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fang Liu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mark G. Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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13
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Rodríguez Echarri Á, Cox JD, Iyikanat F, García de Abajo FJ. Nonlinear plasmonic response in atomically thin metal films. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:4149-4159. [PMID: 36425323 PMCID: PMC9651024 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale nonlinear optics is limited by the inherently weak nonlinear response of conventional materials and the small light-matter interaction volumes available in nanostructures. Plasmonic excitations can alleviate these limitations through subwavelength light focusing, boosting optical near fields that drive the nonlinear response, but also suffering from large inelastic losses that are further aggravated by fabrication imperfections. Here, we theoretically explore the enhanced nonlinear response arising from extremely confined plasmon polaritons in few-atom-thick crystalline noble metal films. Our results are based on quantum-mechanical simulations of the nonlinear optical response in atomically thin metal films that incorporate crucial electronic band structure features associated with vertical quantum confinement, electron spill-out, and surface states. We predict an overall enhancement in plasmon-mediated nonlinear optical phenomena with decreasing film thickness, underscoring the importance of surface and electronic structure in the response of ultrathin metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel D. Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Fadil Iyikanat
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Iyikanat F, Konečná A, García de Abajo FJ. Nonlinear Tunable Vibrational Response in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13415-13426. [PMID: 34310130 PMCID: PMC8388560 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear light-matter interactions in structured materials are the source of exciting properties and enable vanguard applications in photonics. However, the magnitude of nonlinear effects is generally small, thus requiring high optical intensities for their manifestation at the nanoscale. Here, we reveal a large nonlinear response of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in the mid-infrared phonon-polariton region, triggered by the strongly anharmonic potential associated with atomic vibrations in this material. We present robust first-principles theory predicting a threshold light field ∼24 MV/m to produce order-unity effects in Kerr nonlinearities and harmonic generation, which are made possible by a combination of the long lifetimes exhibited by optical phonons and the strongly asymmetric landscape of the configuration energy in hBN. We further foresee polariton blockade at the few-quanta level in nanometer-sized structures. In addition, by mixing static and optical fields, the strong nonlinear response of monolayer hBN gives rise to substantial frequency shifts of optical phonon modes, exceeding their spectral width for in-plane DC fields that are attainable using lateral gating technology. We therefore predict a practical scheme for electrical tunability of the vibrational modes with potential interest in mid-infrared optoelectronics. The strong nonlinear response, low damping, and robustness of hBN polaritons set the stage for the development of applications in light modulation, sensing, and metrology, while triggering the search for an intense vibrational nonlinear response in other ionic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil Iyikanat
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860
Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860
Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de
Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010
Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Müller MM, Kosik M, Pelc M, Bryant GW, Ayuela A, Rockstuhl C, Słowik K. From single-particle-like to interaction-mediated plasmonic resonances in graphene nanoantennas. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2021; 129:10.1063/5.0038883. [PMID: 36575704 PMCID: PMC9791988 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures attract tremendous attention as they confine electromagnetic fields well below the diffraction limit while simultaneously sustaining extreme local field enhancements. To fully exploit these properties, the identification and classification of resonances in such nanostructures is crucial. Recently, a novel figure of merit for resonance classification has been proposed1 and its applicability was demonstrated mostly to toy model systems. This novel measure, the energy-based plasmonicity index (EPI), characterizes the nature of resonances in molecular nanostructures. The EPI distinguishes between either a single-particle-like or a plasmonic nature of resonances based on the energy space coherence dynamics of the excitation. To advance the further development of this newly established measure, we present here its exemplary application to characterize the resonances of graphene nanoantennas. In particular, we focus on resonances in a doped nanoantenna. The structure is of interest, as a consideration of the electron dynamics in real space might suggest a plasmonic nature of selected resonances in the low doping limit but our analysis reveals the opposite. We find that in the undoped and moderately doped nanoantenna, the EPI classifies all emerging resonances as predominantly single-particle-like and only after doping the structure heavily, the EPI observes plasmonic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M. Müller
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Miriam Kosik
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Pelc
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, CFM-MPC CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Garnett W. Bryant
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Andrés Ayuela
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, CFM-MPC CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karolina Słowik
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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16
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Kuda-Singappulige GU, Wildman A, Lingerfelt DB, Li X, Aikens CM. Ultrafast Nonradiative Decay of a Dipolar Plasmon-like State in Naphthalene. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9729-9737. [PMID: 33181013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the uncertainty in our understanding of ultrafast plasmon decay mechanisms, we examine the effect of nuclear vibrations on the dynamical behavior of the strong plasmon-like dipole response of naphthalene, known as the β peak. The real-time time-dependent density functional (RT-TDDFT) method coupled with Ehrenfest molecular dynamics is used to describe the interconnected nuclear and electronic motion. Several vibrational modes promote drastic plasmon decay in naphthalene. The most astonishing finding of this study is that activation of one particular vibrational mode (corresponding to the B1u representation in D2h point group symmetry) leads to a continuous drop of the dipole response corresponding to the β peak into a totally symmetric, dark, quadrupolar electronic state. A second B1u mode provokes the sharp plasmon-like peak to split due to the breaking of structural symmetry. Nonadiabatic coupling between a B2g vibrational mode and the β peak (a B1u electronic state) gives rise to a B3u vibronic state, which can be identified as one of the p-band peaks that reside close in energy to the β peak energy. Overall, strong nonadiabatic coupling initiates plasmon decay into nearby electronic states in acenes, most importantly into dark states. These findings expand our knowledge about possible plasmon decay processes and pave the way for achieving high optical performance in acene-based materials such as graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Wildman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David B Lingerfelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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17
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Ferhan AR, Yoon BK, Jeon WY, Cho NJ. Biologically interfaced nanoplasmonic sensors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3103-3114. [PMID: 36134263 PMCID: PMC9418064 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding biointerfacial processes is crucial in various fields across fundamental and applied biology, but performing quantitative studies via conventional characterization techniques remains challenging due to instrumentation as well as analytical complexities and limitations. In order to accelerate translational research and address current challenges in healthcare and medicine, there is an outstanding need to develop surface-sensitive technologies with advanced measurement capabilities. Along this line, nanoplasmonic sensing has emerged as a powerful tool to quantitatively study biointerfacial processes owing to its high spatial resolution at the nanoscale. Consequently, the development of robust biological interfacing strategies becomes imperative to maximize its characterization potential. This review will highlight and discuss the critical role of biological interfacing within the context of constructing nanoplasmonic sensing platforms for biointerfacial science applications. Apart from paving the way for the development of highly surface-sensitive characterization tools that will spur fundamental biological interaction studies and improve the overall understanding of biological processes, the basic principles behind biointerfacing strategies presented in this review are also applicable to other fields that involve an interface between an inorganic material and a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahim Ferhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
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18
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Cox JD, García de Abajo FJ. Nonlinear Interactions between Free Electrons and Nanographenes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4792-4800. [PMID: 32401522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Free electrons act as a source of highly confined, spectrally broad optical fields that are widely used to map photonic modes with nanometer/millielectronvolt space/energy resolution through currently available electron energy-loss and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. These techniques are understood as probes of the linear optical response, while nonlinear dynamics has escaped observation with similar degree of spatial detail, despite the strong enhancement of the electron evanescent field with decreasing electron energy. Here, we show that the field accompanying low-energy electrons can trigger anharmonic response in strongly nonlinear materials. Specifically, through realistic quantum-mechanical simulations, we find that the interaction between ≲100 eV electrons and plasmons in graphene nanostructures gives rise to substantial optical nonlinearities that are discernible as saturation and spectral shifts in the plasmonic features revealed in the cathodoluminescence emission and electron energy-loss spectra. Our results support the use of low-energy electron-beam spectroscopies for the exploration of nonlinear optical processes in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang XC, Zhou YW, Gao DL, Huang Y, Gao L. Realizing optical bistability and tristability in plasmonic coated nanoparticles with radial-anisotropy and Kerr-nonlinearity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17384-17394. [PMID: 32679947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the optical bistability and tristability in plasmonic coated nanospheres containing the nonlinear plasmonic shell and the dielectric core with radial anisotropy. Based on self-consistent mean-field approximation, we establish the relationship between the local field in the shell and the applied incident field, taking into account the Lorentz local field. One or two optical bistabilities and even optical tristability can be observed. Especially, there are two critical geometric parameters between which two optical bistabilities exist. Physically, two optical bistablities result from the excitations of two surface plasmonic resonant modes in the inner and outer interfaces of coated nanospheres, which are well reflected from the spectral representation with two poles. Moreover, the involvement of the radial anisotropy is quite essential to realize the optical tristability. Further discussion on the field-induced tuning of the reflectance reveals the macroscopic properties of this nonlinear optical structure, which provides a potential candidate for designing multi-stable optical devices at the nanoscale.
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