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Liu S, Zhong L, Tang Y, Lai M, Wang H, Bao Y, Ma Y, Wang W, Niu L, Gan S. Graphene Oxide-Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel-Coated Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes for Wearable Sweat Potassium Ion Sensing. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8594-8603. [PMID: 38718350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) with ionophore-based polymer-sensitive membranes have been the major devices in wearable sweat sensors toward electrolyte analysis. However, the toxicity of ionophores in ion-selective membranes (ISMs), for example, valinomycin (K+ ion carrier), is a significant challenge, since the ISM directly contacts the skin during the tests. Herein, we report coating a hydrogel of graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) (GO-PVA) on the ISM to fabricate hydrogel-based SC-ISEs. The hydrogen bond interaction between GO sheets and PVA chains could enhance the mechanical strength through the formation of a cross-linking network. Comprehensive electrochemical tests have demonstrated that hydrogel-coated K+-SC-ISE maintains Nernstian response sensitivity, high selectivity, and anti-interference ability compared with uncoated K+-SC-ISE. A flexible hydrogel-based K+ sensing device was further fabricated with the integration of a solid-contact reference electrode, which has realized the monitoring of sweat K+ in real time. This work highlights the possibility of hydrogel coating for fabricating biocompatible wearable potentiometric sweat electrolyte sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lijie Zhong
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yitian Tang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Meixue Lai
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Sensors in Guangdong Provincial Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Wang X, Liu T, Liang R, Qin W. Maintenance-free antifouling polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors based on self-polishing coatings. Analyst 2024; 149:2855-2863. [PMID: 38602369 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been widely used in environmental monitoring. However, in complicated marine environments, marine biofouling usually becomes a sticky problem for these electrodes. Herein, for the first time, a novel maintenance-free antifouling potentiometric marine sensor based on a self-polishing coating (SPC) is proposed. The SPC is synthesized by using the seeded emulsion polymerization method based on the triisopropylsilyl methacrylate monomer as the regulator of the self-renewal rate. This coating can be simply modified onto the electrode surface by drop-casting. The silyl acrylate side groups of the obtained SPC on the sensor surface can be hydrolyzed in the marine alkaline medium. The shear movement of seawater driven by sea waves, wind, gravity, or vibration removes the leftover (fouled) brittle polymer backbone and thus the fouling marine microorganisms. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a polymeric membrane Ca2+-ISE is chosen as a model. Compared to the unmodified electrode, the SPC-coated Ca2+-ISE exhibits remarkable improved antifouling properties in terms of superior anti-adhesive abilities towards marine microorganisms, such as bacterial cells and algae and excellent long-term stability even in the presence of high levels of marine microorganisms. Since no additional manual maintenance is required for maintaining the antifouling abilities of the sensor, the proposed self-polishing sensor may lay an important foundation for construction of unattended long-term potentiometric monitoring systems in real marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tonghao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.
| | - Rongning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P. R. China
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Yang T, Wu P, Liu C, Li Z, Wang W, Xu Y, Wang H, Jiang W. Facile Fabrication of a Robust Superhydrophilic/Underwater Superoleophobic Material for Oil-Fouling Expulsion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38056-38067. [PMID: 37493598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of oil fouling in pipes and tanks is essential for the oil storage and transportation industry. In this study, a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic surface (SUSS) with high wearability, weatherability, and durability was developed using a facile two-step synthesis method and used to expel fouled oil from the surface using water without a surfactant. Some typical oils, including kerosene and white oil, can be spontaneously expelled by static water; however, rapeseed oil requires motive water for expulsion because of its high affinity for the SUSS. Different occurrences can be estimated based on a correlated parameter, φ(Pe), which is calculated using an introduced dimensionless number, P e = σ L V u μ . A positive value of φ indicates the occurrence of fouled-oil expulsion by water replacement, whereas a negative value indicates no occurrence of this phenomenon. This study provides a facile strategy for the rapid cleansing of oil-fouled pipes and tanks without using a detergent, thereby lowering costs and environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghan Yang
- Low-carbon Technology and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Pan Wu
- Low-carbon Technology and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Low-carbon Technology and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Zunzhao Li
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- SINOPEC North Energy (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- SINOPEC North Energy (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Low-carbon Technology and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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Liu T, Liang R, Qin W. Anti-fouling TiO 2-Coated Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes with Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Properties. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6577-6585. [PMID: 37052412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, using a polymeric membrane ion-selective electrode (ISE) to achieve reliable ion sensing in complex samples remains challenging because of electrode fouling. To address this challenge, we describe a polymeric membrane ISE with excellent anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties based on surface covalent modification of an anatase TiO2 coating. Under ultraviolet illumination, the reactive oxygen species produced by photocatalytic TiO2 can not only kill microorganisms but also degrade organic foulants into carbon dioxide and water, and a formed superhydrophilic film can effectively prevent the adsorption of foulants, thus inhibiting the occurrence of biofouling and organic fouling of the sensors. More importantly, residual foulants could be fully self-cleaned through the flow of water droplets. By using Ca2+-ISE as a model, an anti-fouling polymeric membrane potentiometric sensor has been developed. Compared to the unmodified electrode, the TiO2-coated Ca2+-ISE exhibits remarkably improved anti-biofouling properties with a low bacterial adhesion rate of 4.74% and a high inhibition rate of 96.62%. In addition, the proposed electrode displays unique properties of anti-organic dye fouling and a superior self-cleaning ability even after soaking in a concentrated bacterial suspension of 109 CFU mL-1 for 60 days. The present approach can be extended to improve the fouling resistance of other electrochemical or optical membrane sensors and is promising for the construction of contamination-free sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Rongning Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, P. R. China
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He X, Sun N, Jia H, Hou M, Tan Z, Lu X. Antifouling Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Conductive Hydrogel of DNA Scaffold for Ultrasensitive Detection of ATP. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40624-40632. [PMID: 36049088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an energy supplier, ATP plays an important role in various life activities, and there is an urgent need to develop an effective means of detecting ATP. However, the traditional sensors face serious nonspecific adsorption. In this work, an antifouling electrochemical biosensor based on the interpenetrating network of Y-DNA scaffold and polyaniline hydrogel was designed for ATP detection. The polyaniline hydrogel was conducive to the transport of electrons and ions, the structure of Y-DNA cross-linked by ATP aptamers in the polyaniline hydrogel achieved the effect of signal amplification. Super hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and zwitterion polypeptide sequence (Pep) were doped to play a synergistic antifouling effect. The hydrogel sensor we have built has a wide linear range of 0.1 pM-1 μM for ATP detection and a low detection limit of 0.025 pM (S/N = 3). For ATP detection in actual serum samples, the recovery of this sensor was 99.5%-106%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.4%-2.88%. It is proven that the sensor has good ATP detection performance, and it will provide a certain reference value for the detection of other biological small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zheping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
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Ishihara K. Biomimetic materials based on zwitterionic polymers toward human-friendly medical devices. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:498-524. [PMID: 36117516 PMCID: PMC9481090 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the design of polymer material systems based on biomimetic concepts and reports on the medical devices that implement these systems. Biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, present in living organisms, play important roles in biological activities. These molecules are characterized by heterogenic nature with hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, and a balance of positive and negative charges, which provide unique reaction fields, interfaces, and functionality. Incorporating these molecules into artificial systems is expected to advance material science considerably. This approach to material design is exceptionally practical for medical devices that are in contact with living organisms. Here, it is focused on zwitterionic polymers with intramolecularly balanced charges and introduce examples of their applications in medical devices. Their unique properties make these polymers potential surface modification materials to enhance the performance and safety of conventional medical devices. This review discusses these devices; moreover, new surface technologies have been summarized for developing human-friendly medical devices using zwitterionic polymers in the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, orthopedic, and ophthalmology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Apel PY, Velizarov S, Volkov AV, Eliseeva TV, Nikonenko VV, Parshina AV, Pismenskaya ND, Popov KI, Yaroslavtsev AB. Fouling and Membrane Degradation in Electromembrane and Baromembrane Processes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hu M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zheng X, Li X, Li X, Yang H. Highly Conformal Polymers for Ambulatory Electrophysiological Sensing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200047. [PMID: 35419904 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stable ambulatory electrophysiological sensing is widely utilized for smart e-healthcare monitoring, clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, treatment of neurological diseases, and intelligent human-machine interaction. As the favorable signal interaction platform of electrophysiological sensing, the conformal property of on-skin electrodes is an extremely crucial factor that can affect the stability of long-term ambulatory electrophysiological sensing. From the perspective of materials, to realize conformal contact between electrodes and skin for stable sensing, highly conformal polymers are strongly demanding and attracting ever-growing attention. In this review, we focused on the recent progress of highly conformal polymers for ambulatory electrophysiological sensing, including their synthetic methods, conformal property, and potential applications. Specifically, three main types of highly conformal polymers for stable long-term electrophysiological signals monitoring were proposed, including nature silk fibroin based conformal polymers, marine mussels bio-inspired conformal polymers, and other conformal polymers such as zwitterionic polymers and polyacrylamide. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of preparing highly conformal polymers for on-skin electrodes were also highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinran Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ximing Li
- Chest hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Qi L, Liang R, Jiang T, Qin W. Anti-fouling polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhang T, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu Z. Evaluating of the performance of natural mineral vermiculite modified PVDF membrane for oil/water separation by membrane fouling model and XDLVO theory. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lisak G. Reliable environmental trace heavy metal analysis with potentiometric ion sensors - reality or a distant dream. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117882. [PMID: 34364114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over two decades have passed since polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes were found to exhibit sufficiently lower detection limits. This in turn brought a great promise to measure trace level concentrations of heavy metals using potentiometric ion sensors at environmental conditions. Despite great efforts, trace analysis of heavy metals using ion-selective electrodes at environmental conditions is still not commercially available. This work will predominantly concentrate on summarizing and evaluating prospects of using potentiometric ion sensors in view of environmental determination of heavy metals in on-site and on-line analysis modes. Challenges associated with development of reliable potentiometric sensors to be operational in environmental conditions will be discussed and reasoning behind unsuccessful efforts to develop potentiometric on-site and on-line environmental ion sensors will be explored. In short, it is now clear that solely lowering the detection limit of the ion-selective electrodes does not guarantee development of successful sensors that would meet the requirement of environmental matrices over long term usage. More pressing challenges of the properties and the performance of the potentiometric sensors must be addressed first before considering extending their sensitivity to low analyte concentrations. These are, in order of importance, selectivity of the ion-selective membrane to main ion followed by the membrane resistance to parallel processes, such as water ingress to the ISM, light sensitivity, change in temperature, presence of gasses in solution and pH and finally resistance of the ion-selective membrane to fouling. In the future, targeted on-site and on-line environmental sensors should be developed, addressing specific environmental conditions. Thus, ion-selective electrodes should be developed with the intention to be suitable to the operational environmental conditions, rather than looking at universal sensor design validated in the idealized and simple sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Lisak
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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