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Dou Q, Zhao J, Lin M, Liu W, Xiang P. Carbon fiber-sampling combined flame ionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of drugs in oral fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1239:124130. [PMID: 38640791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug-impaired driving poses a significant risk of collisions and other hazardous accidents, emphasizing the urgent need for simple and rapid roadside detection methods. Oral fluid, as an easily collectible and non-invasive test material, has gained widespread use in detecting drug-impaired driving. In this study, we have devised a method for direct sampling using a carbon fiber bundle combined with flame ionization mass spectrometry. The essence of this method lies in the synergy between the adsorption properties of carbon fiber and the plasma characteristics of the flame. Leveraging the strong adsorption capabilities of the carbon fiber bundle allows for the use of a minimal sample size (<100 μL) during sampling, presenting a distinct advantage in the roadside inspection and sampling process. Throughout the flame ionization process, proteins and salts within the oral fluid matrix adhere well to the carbon fiber bundle, while small molecule targets can be efficiently desorbed and react with charged species in the flame, leading to ionization. The results demonstrate the successful development of carbon fiber-sampling combined flame ionization mass spectrometry, capable of qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in oral fluid without the need for sample pre-treatment. Its quantitative capabilities are sufficient for real sample detection, providing an effective analytical method for the roadside detection of drugs in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlu Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Meiting Lin
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Wen TL, Bai JH, Bao MM, Qin Y, Su Y, Guo YL. Ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization: Pretreatment-free direct mass spectrometry analysis for fraction collecting tubes of preparative liquid chromatography. Talanta 2023; 259:124508. [PMID: 37043878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization mass spectrometry (USI-FATI-MS) was developed to monitor the fractions of preparative liquid chromatography. Recently, ultrasound-based sample introduction techniques have achieved great advance in the field of high-throughput analysis. However, it is still a challenge to directly apply these existing techniques to the analysis of macro volume samples (mL level). In this work, ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization was used for pretreatment-free direct mass spectrometry analysis of micro to macro volume samples (μL-mL level). Utilizing this unique design of ultrasonic sample introduction, liquid sample in the container can be quickly atomized to the gas phase without contact. Then, due to the flame assisted thermal ionization source, desolvation and ionization of the sample droplets will occur immediately. USI-FATI-MS has shown excellent sensitivity, repeatability and great compatibility to solvents and compounds with a wide range of polarity. As a proof of concept, USI-FATI-MS has been applied for rapid monitoring and identification of purified synthetic and natural products in fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lun Wen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Hui Bai
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming-Mai Bao
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Shiea J, Lin HJ, Bhat SM, Lee CY, Huang MZ, Ponnusamy VK, Cheng SC. Thin layer chromatography/desorption flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile mixtures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9409. [PMID: 36194496 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (FAPCI) has been used to directly characterize chemical compounds on a glass rod and drug tablet surfaces. In this study, FAPCI was further applied to interface thin layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) for mixture analysis. METHODS A micro-sized oxyacetylene flame was generated using a small concentric tube system. Hot gas flow and primary reactive species from the micro-flame were directed toward a developed TLC gel plate to thermally desorb and ionize analytes on the gel surface. The resulting analyte ions subsequently entered the MS inlet for detection. RESULTS A 1-1.5-mm-wide light-brown line was observed on the TLC plate after the desorption FAPCI/MS (DFAPCI/MS) analysis, revealing that the gel surface withstood a high temperature from the impact of the micro-flame. Volatile and semi-volatile chemical compounds, including amine and amide standards, drugs, and aromatherapy oils, were successfully desorbed, ionized, and detected using this TLC/DFAPCI/MS. The limit of detection of TLC-DFAPCI/MS was determined to be 5 ng/spot for dibenzylamine and ethenzamide. CONCLUSIONS TLC/DFAPCI/MS is one of the simplest TLC-MS interfaces showing the advantages such as low costs and an easy set up. The technique is useful for characterizing thermally stable volatile and semi-volatile compounds in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Yang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Zong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Chyi Cheng
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gas chromatography combined with flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and saturated hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gao Y, Li Y, Zhan B, He Q, Zhu H, Chen W, Yin Q, Feng H, Pan Y. Ambient electric arc ionization for versatile sample analysis using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:5682-5690. [PMID: 34397059 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, convenient ambient electric arc ionization (AEAI) device was developed as a mass spectrometry ion source for versatile sample analysis. AEAI could be considered as a soft ionization technique in which the protonated ion ([M + H]+) is the main ion species with little or no in-source fragmentation for most analytes. Coupled with a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer, AEAI could be applied to the analysis of a variety of organic compounds having a wide range of polarities, ranging from non-polar species such as polybenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to highly polar species such as amino acids. With its versatile capabilities in the mass spectrometric analysis of small molecules, AEAI has the potential to be an alternative to traditional ionization methods such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electron impact (EI) ionization. The limitations of AEAI are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Binpeng Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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Zhao JB, Zhang F, Guo YL. Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites at the Single-Cell Level by Hydrogen Flame Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2752-2758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Cheng SC, Bhat SM, Shiea J. Flame Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Coupled with Negative Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Ion Molecule Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1473-1481. [PMID: 28508285 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (FAPCI) combined with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry was developed to detect the ion/molecule reactions (IMRs) products between nitric acid (HNO3) and negatively charged amino acid, angiotensin I (AI) and angiotensin II (AII), and insulin ions. Nitrate and HNO3-nitrate ions were detected in the oxyacetylene flame, suggesting that a large quantity of nitric acid (HNO3) was produced in the flame. The HNO3 and negatively charged analyte ions produced by a negative ESI source were delivered into each arm of a Y-shaped stainless steel tube where they merged and reacted. The products were subsequently characterized with an ion trap mass analyzer attached to the exit of the Y-tube. HNO3 showed the strongest affinity to histidine and formed (Mhistidine-H+HNO3)- complex ions, whereas some amino acids did not react with HNO3 at all. Reactions between HNO3 and histidine residues in AI and AII resulted in the formation of dominant [MAI-H+(HNO3)]- and [MAII-H+(HNO3)]- ions. Results from analyses of AAs and insulin indicated that HNO3 could not only react with basic amino acid residues, but also with disulfide bonds to form [M-3H+(HNO3)n]3- complex ions. This approach is useful for obtaining information about the number of basic amino acid residues and disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Chyi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Cheng SC, Chen SH, Shiea J. Desorption Flame-Induced Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Real-World Sample Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0065. [PMID: 28573084 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (FAPCI) is a solvent and high voltage-free APCI technique. It uses a flame to produce charged species that reacts with analytes for ionization, and generates intact molecular ions from organic compounds with minimal fragmentation. In this study, desorption FAPCI/MS was developed to rapidly characterize thermally stable organic compounds in liquid, cream, and solid states. Liquid samples were introduced into the ion source through a heated nebulizer, and the analytes formed in the heated nebulizer reacted with charged species in the source. For cream and solid sample analysis, the samples were positioned near the flame of the FAPCI source for thermal desorption and ionization. This approach provided a useful method to directly characterize samples with minimal pretreatment. Standards and real-world samples, such as drug tablets, ointment, and toy were analyzed to demonstrate the capability of desorption FAPCI/MS for rapid organic compound analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Chyi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Shih-His Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University
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Liu JY, Chen PC, Liou YW, Chang KY, Lin CH. Development and Application of a Brush-Spray Derived from a Calligraphy-Brush-Style Synthetic Hair Pen for Use in ESI/MS. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0058. [PMID: 28337397 PMCID: PMC5358408 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a novel type of a sampling/ionization kit for use in electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry is reported. Using a small calligraphy-brush-style synthetic hair pen (nylon-brush), and analogous to paper-spray mass spectrometry, the analytes can be collected, elution/desorption and then ionized from the surface of the nylon-brush. The body of the kit was produced by means of a commercial 3D-printer, in which ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) was used as the starting material. Meanwhile, a small nylon-brush was embedded inside a 3D-printed plastic cell, in which a solvent was supplied to rinse the brush by means of capillary action. The size and weight of the kit were 1 g and 4 cm, respectively. The kit is disposable and it has various functions, including non-invasive sampling, sample-evaporation and ionization. As a result, when a type of pesticide was selected as the test sample (dimethoate; C5H12NO3PS2), the limit of detection was determined to be 0.1 μg/mL. Collecting the pesticide from a leaf-surface (lettuce) was also successful. The process for fabricating the nylon-brush kit and the optimized experimental conditions are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
| | - Yea-Wenn Liou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
| | - Kai-Yin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Peacock
- First State IR, LLC , 118 Susan Drive, Hockessin, Delaware 19707, United States
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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