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Lee JY, Li A, Prabhakaran V, Zhang X, Harrilal CPP, Kovarik L, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD, Garimella SV. Mobility Selective Ion Soft-Landing and Characterization Enabled Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3373-3381. [PMID: 38345945 PMCID: PMC11191849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
While conventional ion-soft landing uses the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio to achieve molecular selection for deposition, here we demonstrate the use of Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation (SLIM) for mobility-based ion selection and deposition. The dynamic rerouting capabilities of SLIM were leveraged to enable the rerouting of a selected range of mobilities to a different SLIM path (rather than MS) that terminated at a deposition surface. A selected mobility range from a phosphazene ion mixture was rerouted and deposited with a current pulse (∼150 pA) resembling its mobility peak. In addition, from a mixture of tetra-alkyl ammonium (TAA) ions containing chain lengths of C5-C8, selected chains (C6, C7) were collected on a surface, reconstituted into solution-phase, and subsequently analyzed with a SLIM-qToF to obtain an IMS/MS spectrum, confirming the identity of the selected species. Further, this method was used to characterize triply charged tungsten-polyoxometalate anions, PW12O403- (WPOM). The arrival time distribution of the IMS/MS showed multiple peaks associated with the triply charged anion (PW12O403-), of which a selected ATD was deposited and imaged using TEM. Additionally, the identity of the deposited WPOM was ascertained using energy-dispersive (EDS) spectroscopy. Further, we present theory and computations that reveal ion landing energies, the ability to modulate the energies, and deposition spot sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y. Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Ailin Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | | | - Libor Kovarik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Yehia M. Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Sandilya V.B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
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2
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Chua ZQ, Prabhu GRD, Wang YW, Raju CM, Buchowiecki K, Ochirov O, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Moderate Signal Enhancement in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Focusing Electrospray Plume with a Dielectric Layer around the Mass Spectrometer's Orifice. Molecules 2024; 29:316. [PMID: 38257229 PMCID: PMC10821223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is among the commonly used atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in mass spectrometry (MS). One of the drawbacks of ESI is the formation of divergent plumes composed of polydisperse microdroplets, which lead to low transmission efficiency. Here, we propose a new method to potentially improve the transmission efficiency of ESI, which does not require additional electrical components and complex interface modification. A dielectric plate-made of ceramic-was used in place of a regular metallic sampling cone. Due to the charge accumulation on the dielectric surface, the dielectric layer around the MS orifice distorts the electric field, focusing the charged electrospray cloud towards the MS inlet. The concept was first verified using charge measurement on the dielectric material surface and computational simulation; then, online experiments were carried out to demonstrate the potential of this method in MS applications. In the online experiment, signal enhancements were observed for dielectric plates with different geometries, distances of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet, and various compounds. For example, in the case of acetaminophen (15 μM), the signal enhancement was up to 1.82 times (plate B) using the default distance of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet (d = 1.5 mm) and 12.18 times (plate C) using a longer distance (d = 7 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Qing Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Yi-Wun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Ochir Ochirov
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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3
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Hsu CY, Prabhu GRD, Chang CH, Hsu PC, Buchowiecki K, Urban PL. Are Most Micrometer Droplets (>10 μm) Wasted in Electrospray Ionization? An Insight from Real-Time High-Speed Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14702-14709. [PMID: 37725015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the main techniques used in mass spectrometry (MS) of nonvolatile compounds. ESI is a disordered process, in which a large number of polydisperse droplets are projected from a fluctuating Taylor cone and jet protruding ESI emitter. Here, we disclose a system for sectioning electrospray plumes to discrete packets with millisecond and submillisecond lifetime, which are introduced to the MS orifice, one at a time. A high-speed camera was triggered at 10,000 frames per second to capture consecutive images of the electrospray packets transmitted to the mass spectrometer. We further correlated the high-speed images of electrospray packets with MS signals of a test analyte (acetaminophen). Following computational treatment of the images, we determined the number of droplet observations (<300), average diameter of droplets (∼10-20 μm), and average volume of droplets (few tens of picoliters) in the individual electrospray packets. The result shows that most micrometer droplets (>10 μm) do not have any significant contribution to the MS signals. This finding is in agreement with the prior conjecture that most of the MS signals are mainly attributed to nanodroplets. Based on this finding, one can deduce that only a small number of the initial microdroplets effectively carry analyte molecules that undergo ionization. We discuss that, in future, one may propose a way to "recharge" the emitted initial micrometer droplets to increase the efficiency of conventional ESI setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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4
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Wang YW, Prabhu GRD, Hsu CY, Urban PL. Tuning Electrospray Ionization with Low-Frequency Sound. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1883-1890. [PMID: 36040001 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the key techniques used in biomolecular analysis nowadays. It relies on formation of polydisperse microdroplets, which undergo desolvation and liberate ions to the gas phase. Here we demonstrate low-frequency-sound-modulated ESI for analysis of biomolecules. By using a low-frequency (50-350 Hz) sound, it is possible to deflect electrospray microdroplets toward the mass spectrometer's orifice. Microdroplets of different sizes are deflected to a different extent leading to a partial size segregation. This effect leads to either an increase or decrease of MS signal intensity as well as signal-to-noise ratio. It also affects the selectivity of the ESI-MS analysis. The observations are rationalized by taking into account different pathways of ion formation and the likelihood of deflecting microdroplets of certain size. The online ESI-MS observations are supported with offline shadowgraphs obtained at varied sound frequencies, signal amplitudes, and phase shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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5
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Giberson C, Singh RK, Chun J, Huntley AP, Zhong J, Ibrahim YM, Schenter GK, Lee JY, Garimella SV. SimELIT: A Novel GUI-Based Comprehensive Ion Trajectory Simulation Software for Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1453-1457. [PMID: 35852821 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion trajectory simulation in mass spectrometry systems from injection to detection is technically challenging but very important for better understanding the ion dynamics in instrument development. Here, we present SimELIT (Simulator of Eulerian and Lagrangian Ion Trajectories), a novel ion trajectory simulation platform. SimELIT is built upon a suite of multiphysics solvers compiled into OpenFOAM (an open-source numerical solver library particularly used for computational mechanics), with a simple web-based graphical user interface (GUI) allowing users to define the details of OpenFOAM cases and run simulations. SimELIT is a modular program and can provide extensions of physics (e.g., gas flows, electrodynamic fields) and thus enable ion trajectory simulations from the ion source to detector. The current version (SimELIT) provides two numerical solvers for ion trajectory simulations─(1) a Lagrangian particle tracker in vacuum and (2) a Eulerian ion density solver in background gas in the presence of electric fields. Here, we describe the architecture of SimELIT, including its use of Docker and the React Framework, and demonstrate the computation of ion trajectories of multiple m/z values in a static/linear voltage drop in vacuum (across a 1 m long flight tube). Further, the drift motion of ions under 1 Torr pressure conditions in a static background (N2) gas through a 20 V/cm static electric field is shown. The results produced from SimELIT were compared with SIMION and theoretical estimates. In addition, we report the computation of ion trajectories in electrodynamic fields within a planar FAIMS device operating at atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Giberson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Adam P Huntley
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jason Zhong
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Joon-Yong Lee
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sandilya Vb Garimella
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Covey T. Where have all the ions gone, long time passing? Tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers with atmospheric pressure ionization sensitivity gains since the mid-1970s. A perspective. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022:e9354. [PMID: 35830299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gains in sensitivity since 1975 for quadrupole mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure ionization (API), and in particular triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (QqQs) since 1981, have been driven by the needs of the environmental, biomedical, agricultural, and other scientific research, industrial, regulatory, legal, and sporting communities to continually achieve lower limits of quantitation and identification. QqQs have realized a one-million-fold improvement in sensitivity attempting to address these needs over the past two score years. It is the purpose of this article to describe how that came about, not through an exhaustive review of the literature, but rather by describing what general approaches were used across the industry to improve sensitivity and provide some examples to illustrate its evolution. The majority of the gains came from the ion source and its interface to the vacuum system. "Sampling efficiency" is a measurement of the losses in this area so will be a focus of this review. The discovery of the phenomenon of collisional focusing was key to improving sampling efficiency because it enabled designs that increased the ion-containing gas loads from the ion source, using staged differential pumping backed by increasingly larger pumps, and prevented the scattering losses of ions in the resulting gas expansion inside vacuum. Likewise, systems with smaller pumps and lower ion-containing gas loads could be designed with size and cost reduction in mind while maintaining reasonable sampling efficiencies. As a consequence, advancements in the designs of both larger and smaller turbomolecular vacuum pumps were accelerated by pump manufacturers to accommodate the explosive growth in the use of API-QqQ and API-ion trap mass spectrometers that occurred in the 1990s and continued into the new millennium. Sampling efficiency was further improved by increasing the ion yield from electrospray by increasing the rate of droplet desolvation. An estimate of the practical limit to further sensitivity improvements beyond what has been achieved to date is provided to shed light on what to expect in the future. Lastly, the implications and unforeseen consequences of the sensitivity gains are considered with a particular focus on how they have enabled a dramatic increase in daily sample throughput on triple quadrupole and other types of mass spectrometers.
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7
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Jagdale GS, Choi MH, Siepser NP, Jeong S, Wang Y, Skalla RX, Huang K, Ye X, Baker LA. Electrospray deposition for single nanoparticle studies. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4105-4113. [PMID: 34554166 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single entity electrochemical (SEE) studies that can probe activities and heterogeneity in activities at nanoscale require samples that contain single and isolated particles. Single, isolated nanoparticles are achieved here with electrospray deposition of colloidal nanoparticle solutions, with simple instrumentation. Role of three electrospray (ES) parameters, viz. spray distance (emitter tip-to-substrate distance), ES current and emitter tip diameter, in the ES deposition of single Au nano-octahedra (Au ODs) is examined. The ES deposition of single, isolated Au ODs are analyzed in terms of percentage of single NPs and local surface density of deposition. The local surface density of ES deposition of single Au ODs was found to increase with decrease in spray distance and emitter tip diameter, and increase in ES current. While the percentage of single particle ES deposition increased with increase in spray distance and decrease in emitter tip size. No significant change in the single Au ODs ES deposition percentage was observed with change in ES current values included in this study. The most favourable conditions in the ES deposition of Au ODs in this study resulted in the local surface density of 0.26 ± 0.05 single particles per μm2 and observation of 96.3% single Au OD deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Myung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Soojin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Rebecca X Skalla
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Xingchen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
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Wu J, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. On-Demand Mass Spectrometry Analysis by Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6003-6007. [PMID: 33819018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) has become a powerful tool for the analysis of biomolecules by mass spectrometry (MS). The process of ESI is difficult to control, and side reactions such as electrochemical reactions can occur during the ESI process because of the high voltages applied. Herein, a novel on-demand MS analysis method was developed based on discontinuous ion injection-induced ESI on a miniature MS system. Highly efficient ionization was enabled under low voltages (<300 V) using a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface. On-demand ionization showed comparable sensitivity with regular nanoESI for the analyses of a series of compounds. It was found to be softer than regular ESI or nanoESI methods for ionization of proteins such as myoglobin and cytochrome C. As the ionization finished as soon as the interface was closed, the sample consumption was observed to reduce significantly for MS analysis, allowing single-cell analysis with multiple MS and MS/MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
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9
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Lee JY, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. Electrohydrodynamics of Gas-Assisted Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2073-2085. [PMID: 32869991 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gas-flow assistance is commonly used in ESI-MS for improved transport and desolvation, and fundamental understanding of the underlying phenomena is essential for improvement of aerodynamic interfaces that couple ESI sources and MS. For this purpose, an electrohydrodynamic model is developed for simulation of charged droplet dynamics under the combined effects of gas flow and electric fields with consideration of space charge interactions within the charged aerosol plume. The model is implemented in COMSOL by exploiting a formalism for establishing the droplet trajectories as a sequence of successive droplets ejected at a frequency defined by the electrospray current. The model is used to assess the effect of two distinct flow configurations and compared to the baseline care of electrospray without assist gas. The simulated flows are jet flows oriented coaxially with the ESI spray, with and without imposed vorticity (swirling). Droplet trajectory simulations of a bimodal droplet population consisting of large primary droplets and small progeny droplets reveal a unique capability for vortical assist jet flow to selectively transmit smaller droplets into the MS due to inertial separation. ESI-MS analysis of fluorinated phosphazines subjected to the different gas flow conditions supports the model predictions. The electrohydrodynamic model developed in this work provides a versatile tool to analyze and design aerodynamic ESI interfaces with rigorous incorporation of drag, inertia, and space-charge repulsion and can be used as a powerful simulation methodology for optimizing charged droplet transmission and ultimately improved analytical performance of gas-assisted ESI-MS workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y Lee
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Peter A Kottke
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrei G Fedorov
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Lee JY, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. Hydrodynamics of Vortical Gas Jets Coupled to Point-Like Suction. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2020; 32:103602. [PMID: 33184554 PMCID: PMC7656120 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vortical jet flows in the Reynolds number (Re) range from 1000 to 3425 and swirl number (S) below 0.5, alone and in combination with suction through a small aperture, are experimentally investigated using optical visualization. Schlieren photography is employed to assess the vortical flow structure and establish the fundamental understanding of the source-to-sink gas-dynamic coupling, including the role played by flow rate, jet diameter, and the separation distance between the gas jet source and the suction sink. Compared to vortex-free jets, vortical jets for Re>2700 with swirl number S>0.27 experience earlier laminar-to-turbulent transition, with resulting rapid growth of the jet boundary. The ability to control growth of the jet expansion and mass and momentum dissipation into the surrounding is demonstrated via use of a coaxially aligned flow suction placed in the path of a jet. When a swirling jet is completely coupled with a flow suction, jet expansion is significantly suppressed. The suction/sink flow rate imposes a limit on the maximum input/source flow rate of gas jet to achieve complete coupling. Furthermore, there is a maximum distance over which effective coupling can occur, and for all Reynolds numbers considered this distance is shorter than the distance at which the jet structure breaks up into turbulent eddies in the absence of a sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y. Lee
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrei G. Fedorov
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia USA
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11
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Li Y, Meng L, Wang G, Zhou X, Ouyang Z, Nie Z. A Gas-Phase Reaction Accelerator Using Vortex Flows. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12049-12054. [PMID: 32867491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase microdroplets have been increasingly used for reaction acceleration. Here, we report the development of a vortex tube as a reaction accelerator. Three types of reactions, viz., aromatization, amination isomerization, and acid-induced cytochrome c unfolding were used to characterize the performance of the vortex tube. During ion transfer from a nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) source to the mass spectrometry (MS) inlet, the generated vortex flows helped droplet desolvation and ion confinement and thus improved the MS intensity by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared with that when the vortex tube was not applied. Like the stirring effect in the bulk phase, the reactants were more sufficiently mixed and reacted in vortices. Therefore, with the same reaction distance, a 2-3-fold improvement of conversion ratios was observed by using the vortices. Notably, the vortex tube enabled the use of flow rate to control the reaction time for ∼60 μs, which was useful for precise control of reaction progress. As a demonstration, the intermediates of the amination isomerization were tracked and the equilibrium constant and rate constant of the cytochrome c unfolding were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
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12
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. Von isolierten Ionen zu mehrschichtigen funktionellen Materialien durch sanfte Landung von Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. From Isolated Ions to Multilayer Functional Materials Using Ion Soft Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16270-16284. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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Johnson GE, Prabhakaran V, Browning ND, Mehdi BL, Laskin J, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. DRILL Interface Makes Ion Soft Landing Broadly Accessible for Energy Science and Applications. BATTERIES & SUPERCAPS 2018; 1:97-101. [PMID: 31448364 PMCID: PMC6707734 DOI: 10.1002/batt.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POM) have been deposited onto carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes using benchtop ion soft landing (SL) enabled by a vortex-confined electrohydrodynamic desolvation process. The device is based on the dry ion localization and locomotion (DRILL) mass spectrometry interface of Fedorov and co-workers. By adding electrospray emitters, heating the desolvation gas, and operating at high gas flow rates, it is possible to obtain stable ion currents up to -15 nA that are ideal for deposition. Coupled with ambient ion optics, this interface enables desolvated ions to be delivered to surfaces while excluding solvent and counterions. Electron microscopy of surfaces prepared using the device reveal discrete POM and no aggregation that degrades electrode performance. Characterization of POM-coated CNT electrodes in a supercapacitor showed an energy storage capacity similar to that achieved with SL in vacuum. For solutions that produce primarily a single ion by electrospray ionization, benchtop SL offers a simpler and less costly approach for surface modification with applications in catalysis, energy storage, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 (USA)
| | | | - Nigel D. Browning
- School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, (UK)
| | - B. Layla Mehdi
- School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, (UK)
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Andrei G. Fedorov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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