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Schweinfurth J, Linden HB, Gross JH. Robust and versatile assembly for emitter positioning, observation, and heating in atmospheric pressure field desorption mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2024; 30:103-115. [PMID: 38489825 PMCID: PMC11063571 DOI: 10.1177/14690667241236073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure field desorption (APFD) mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been introduced as a new variant of field desorption (FD) mass spectrometry. The development aimed at providing the basic characteristics of FD-MS in combination with instruments equipped with an atmospheric pressure (AP) interface. Hitherto, APFD has been demonstrated to yield both positive and negative even electron ions of highly polar or ionic compounds as well as to enable the generation of positive molecular ions, M+•, of polycyclic aromatic compounds. The prototype setup for APFD was based on a nano-electrospray ionization (nanoESI) source slightly modified to allow for emitter positioning in front of the AP interface of a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The entrance electrode of the interface was set to negative or positive high voltage with respect to the emitter at ground potential, thereby permitting the formation of positive or negative ions, respectively. This work describes a custom-built device for quicker and more reproducible sample loading on and positioning of field emitters at the entrance electrode of the atmospheric pressure interface of a mass spectrometer. In addition, the device provides means for observation of the emitter during operation and for resistive emitter heating as employed in traditional FD-MS. Emitter heating both speeds up the desorption of the analytes and allows for the desorption/ionization of analytes of higher molecular weight than without emitter heating. In some cases, the signal-to-noise ratio of APFD mass spectra is improved due to higher ion currents effected by compressing the entire process into shorter periods of spectral acquisition. The new setup enables robust and reliable operation in APFD-MS. Moreover, it has been designed as to allow for use on a range of instruments as it can either be used on an FT-ICR mass spectrometer or in combination with a trapped ion mobility-quadrupole-time-of-flight (TIMS-Q-TOF) instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schweinfurth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen H. Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Chua ZQ, Prabhu GRD, Wang YW, Raju CM, Buchowiecki K, Ochirov O, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Moderate Signal Enhancement in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Focusing Electrospray Plume with a Dielectric Layer around the Mass Spectrometer's Orifice. Molecules 2024; 29:316. [PMID: 38257229 PMCID: PMC10821223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is among the commonly used atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in mass spectrometry (MS). One of the drawbacks of ESI is the formation of divergent plumes composed of polydisperse microdroplets, which lead to low transmission efficiency. Here, we propose a new method to potentially improve the transmission efficiency of ESI, which does not require additional electrical components and complex interface modification. A dielectric plate-made of ceramic-was used in place of a regular metallic sampling cone. Due to the charge accumulation on the dielectric surface, the dielectric layer around the MS orifice distorts the electric field, focusing the charged electrospray cloud towards the MS inlet. The concept was first verified using charge measurement on the dielectric material surface and computational simulation; then, online experiments were carried out to demonstrate the potential of this method in MS applications. In the online experiment, signal enhancements were observed for dielectric plates with different geometries, distances of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet, and various compounds. For example, in the case of acetaminophen (15 μM), the signal enhancement was up to 1.82 times (plate B) using the default distance of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet (d = 1.5 mm) and 12.18 times (plate C) using a longer distance (d = 7 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Qing Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Yi-Wun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Ochir Ochirov
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Kong XL, Chang YR, Liu X, Zhao XN, Shen YJ. [Spatial Variation Characteristics, Influencing Factors, and Sources of Hydrogeochemical of Surface Water and Groundwater in Mountainous Area of Hutuo River]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:4292-4303. [PMID: 37694624 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface runoff has dropped sharply in the mountainous area of the Hutuo River, posing a huge challenge to the sustainable use of groundwater in the North China Plain (NCP). The Taihang Mountain area is the main recharge source area of groundwater in the NCP. An in-depth study of spatial variation characteristics, influencing factors, and sources of hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the mountainous area of the Hutuo River can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of regional water resource status and sustainable utilization of water resources. Based on isotopic, hydrogeochemical, and mathematical statistics methods, this study analyzed spatial variation of hydrochemical characteristics in surface water and groundwater and its sources and main controlling factors. The results showed that the river water, well water, and spring water were all recharged by atmospheric precipitation in the mountainous areas of the Hutuo River. Under the combined influence of natural factors and human factors, the hydrogeochemical characteristics of river, well, and spring water showed large spatial differences. On the whole, the hydrochemical types of mainstreams were relatively concentrated. In the upper and lower mining reach areas, the mainstream water chemical type was dominated by Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3, whereas that in the natural vegetation area (middle reach:between Qingshui River and Longhua River) was dominated by Ca·Mg-HCO3·SO4. In the upper stream, the main hydrochemical type of the Yukou River and Ehe River tributaries was Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3, which was consistent with that of the main stream. The main hydrochemical types of the Muma River and Qingshui River tributaries were Ca-HCO3, Ca·Mg-HCO3, and Ca·Mg-HCO3·SO4 in the midstream. The main hydrochemical types of the Mianhe River and Yehe River tributaries were Ca-SO4, Ca·Mg-SO4, and Ca·Mg-SO4·HCO3. Mineral dissolution was still the main controlling factor for the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the mountainous area of the Hutuo River. The contribution rates were 69.86% and 18.84% for mineral dissolution and human activities, respectively. Therefore, in the future, water resource utilization in the upper reaches of the Hutuo River should not only consider the issue of water quantity but also a series of water environment problems such as nitrate pollution and mining pollution caused by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-le Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yu-Ru Chang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Hydrological Survey and Research Center, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yan-Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jiang P, Zhang QF, Li SY. [Hydrochemical Evolution in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:3165-3173. [PMID: 37309935 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202206297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the hydro-chemical evolution law of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin from 1973 to 2020, the hydro-chemical characteristics and major ion sources were studied using a Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio, and correlation analysis, and the irrigation applicability of the Yarlung Zangbo River was evaluated using the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na+%), and permeability index (PI). The results showed that the mean value of TDS was (208.30±58.26) mg·L-1, which increased with time. Ca2+ was the dominant cation, accounting for (65.49±7.67)% of the total cations. HCO-3 and SO2-4 were the dominant anions, accounting for (68.56±9.84)% and (26.85±9.82)% of the main anions, respectively. The annual growth rates of Ca2+, HCO-3, and SO2-4 were respectively 2.07, 3.19, and 4.70 mg·(L·10 a)-1. The hydro-chemical type of the Yarlung Zangbo River was HCO3-Ca type, and the main ionic chemistry was controlled by the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks. The weathering of carbonate rocks during the period of 1973 to 1990 was mainly controlled by carbonation, whereas from 2001 to 2020 it was mainly controlled by both carbonation and sulfuric acid. The main ion concentrations in the mainstream of Yarlung Zangbo River were within the range of drinking water standards, with SAR between 0.11-0.93, Na+% between 8.00-36.73, and PI values between 0.39-0.87, demonstrating that the waters were suitable for drinking and irrigation. The results were of great significance to the protection and sustainable development of water resources in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Quan-Fa Zhang
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si-Yue Li
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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Liu YQ, Zhou L, Lü L, Li W, Wang XF, Deng QJ, Zheng YD, Li CS. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Control Factors of Pore-water in the Middle and Upper Reaches of Muwen River]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:1429-1439. [PMID: 36922204 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202204161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources of pore water in the middle and upper reaches of the Mouwen River, 29 groups of pore-water samples were collected in the Laiwu Basin. The main ion characteristics and their controlling factors of pore-water in this area were analyzed by using correlation and principal component analysis, Piper trigram, and Gibbs diagram methods. The main material sources of pore water in this area were revealed. The results showed that HCO3-, NO3-, SO42-, and Ca2+ were the main anions and cations in the pore water of the middle and upper reaches of the Mouwen River. With TDS >1000 mg·L-1 as the standard, the normal water chemistry type was mainly HCO3·NO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, whereas the abnormal water chemistry type was mainly NO3·Cl-Ca. The chemical evolution of groundwater was mainly influenced by rock weathering, cation alternation adsorption, and human activities. Na++K+ mainly came from silicate weathering and dissolution, and HCO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ came from calcite weathering and dissolution involving carbonate and sulfuric acid. Alternation adsorption of cations and weathering of silicate rock provided a surplus of Ca2+ and Mg2+ for pore water. Industrial and mining activities such as domestic sewage mixing, agricultural planting activities, and iron and coal mining changed the chemical composition of pore water, especially NO3- exceeding the standard, which has become the main problem of the local groundwater chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Liu
- 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Ji'nan 250014, China.,Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Lin Lü
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Qi-Jun Deng
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yi-di Zheng
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chang-Suo Li
- 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Ji'nan 250014, China
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Zha XF, Wu P, Li XX, Chen SW, Huang JY, Li QG, Chen SR. [Karst Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Carlin-type Gold Mining Area Based on Hydrochemistry and Sulfur Isotope]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:5084-5095. [PMID: 36437080 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities change the groundwater level and flow conditions through pumping and drainage, which enhances the interaction between groundwater and aquifer rocks; mine drainage is discharged into the surface water system, which affects the whole karst water hydrogeochemical process. Based on hydrogeochemistry and the δ34S isotope, the hydrogeochemical processes, characteristics, and main controlling factors for waste water, karst groundwater, and surface water in a typical Carlin gold mining area and its surrounding areas were revealed. The results showed that:chemical compositions of groundwater and surface water unaffected by gold mining activities were mainly controlled by the weathering of limestone and dolomitic limestone; Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- were main ions; and the water chemical types were Ca-HCO3. The mine wastewater and its downstream receiving water were affected by the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals, and cation exchange also played a role; the main ions were Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and SO42-, and the hydrochemical type gradually evolved from Ca-HCO3 to Ca-SO4. SO42- was the characteristic component in various water bodies affected by mining, and the concentration of SO42- gradually decreased from top to bottom in the well. The values of δ34S for unaffected groundwater and surface water were positive, and SO42- was mainly derived from realgar oxidation. Conversely, mine wastewater and downstream water were negative, SO42- was mainly influenced by the mixing action of realgar oxidation and meteoric precipitation, and pyrite also contributed to a certain extent. At the same time, NO3- came from agricultural fertilizer and rural domestic sewage discharge directly. Principal component analysis (PCA) further demonstrated:sulfide mineral oxidation and mining activities were the main controlling factors for the water chemical composition of mine wastewater and downstream water, whereas unaffected groundwater and surface water were mainly influenced by water-rock (carbonate rock) interactions. Agricultural fertilizer and rural sewage discharge also had a certain influence. Therefore, the study area should strengthen the interception of surface water, control-block-management of sulfide oxidation, rural domestic sewage treatment, and agricultural fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fang Zha
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xue-Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Wan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jia-Yan Huang
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qing-Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Si-Rui Chen
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Lu H, Zeng YY, Zhou JL, Sun Y. [Characteristics and Causes of Groundwater Salinization in the Plain Area of the Lower Kashgar River]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:4459-4469. [PMID: 36224132 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202201264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed the distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of groundwater salinization in the plain area of the lower Kashgar River in Xinjiang, which can provide scientific basis for a local sustainable groundwater exploitation plan and practical significance for local water supply security and social stability. Fifteen phreatic water samples, 38 shallow confined groundwater samples, and 16 deep confined groundwater samples were collected in September 2018. Mathematical statistics, a Duorv diagram, PCA-APCS-MLR model, ion ratios, and hydrogeochemical simulations were comprehensively used for sample analysis. The results showed that groundwater was weakly alkaline in general (pH ranged between 6.48 and 8.60 with an average of 7.57), with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 573.0 to 16700.0 mg·L-1. Groundwater was mainly composed of Cl-, SO42-, Na+, and Ca2+. The main groundwater hydrochemical types included were HCO3·SO4·Cl, SO4, and SO4·Cl. No brine was observed in the study area, phreatic water was mainly composed of brackish water and saline water, and confined groundwater was mainly composed of saline water. The salinization coefficient calculation results showed that the salinization degree gradually increased from phreatic water to deep confined groundwater. Evaporation concentration and lixiviation were the main factors leading to the salinization of groundwater. The dissolution and cation exchange of carbonate and silicate rocks gradually weakened from phreatic water to deep confined groundwater, whereas the dissolution of evaporite rock always dominated and was gradually strengthened, which was also the primary factor that caused the salinity of deep groundwater to be higher than that of shallow groundwater. Human activities such as agricultural fertilization, unreasonable use of surface water for irrigation, and improper treatment of domestic sewage had a certain impact on groundwater salinization. The leaking recharge of salt water from adjacent aquifers aggravated the groundwater salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zeng
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhou
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China
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Li SJ, Han X, Wang WH, Li Z. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Surface Water and Groundwater in Wuding River Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:220-229. [PMID: 34989506 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Taking Wuding River as the research object, the study explored the hydrochemical characteristics and discussed the source of solute and control factors of groundwater and surface water in the basin, in order to provide a reference for water quality management. Considering the seasonal differences, water samples were collected during the dry season and the flood season. By comprehensively using graphic methods, correlation analysis, and forward deduction models, we analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of water chemistry, explored the formation mechanism of water chemistry, and quantified the contribution rates of different sources to solutes. The results showed that the overall water quality was weakly alkaline in Wuding River basin. HCO3- and Na+ were the main anions and cations in the water, respectively, and the main water chemistry type was HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca. The water quality gradually deteriorated along the river course from west to east, and the sampling points that exceeded the level Ⅲ water were mainly distributed in tributaries during the dry season and downstream during the flood season. The cation exchange effect increased the Na+ and K+ in the water, and NO3- and HCO3- differed significantly in different seasons, which may be affected by seasonal precipitation leaching soil and land use types. Evaporite weathering and silicate weathering were the main sources of solute contribution in the Wuding River basin, which were 35.0% and 46.5% in the dry season and 46.7% and 42.3% in the flood season,respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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9
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Zhang J, Zhou JL, Zeng YY, Tu Z, Ji YY, Sun Y, Lei M. [Hydrochemical Characteristic and Their Controlling Factors in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2021; 42:1706-1713. [PMID: 33742806 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202009136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang and their controlling factors were analyzed using a Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, saturation index, ion proportional relationship, and other methods. The study has significance to the surface water resources in the basin for development and utilization. The results indicated that the pH of the surface water ranged from 7.40 to 8.33, with a mean value of 7.92, which was weakly alkaline. The mean value of the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the river, canal, and reservoir water exhibited an increasing trend. The TDS mean of the river was 429.24 mg·L-1, higher than the average value of rivers worldwide (115 mg·L-1). The hydrochemical types of the river water were predominantly HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na and SO4·HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg types, of the canal water was mainly HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Na type, and of the reservoir water was mostly the SO4·Cl-Na·Ca type. The TDS of the river water along the Yarkant River and Tiznap River demonstrated a continuous increase and fluctuation trend, respectively, while the variation of the primary ions was relatively complex. The primary ions of surface water were mostly influenced by rock weathering, evaporation crystallization, and cation exchange, in which gypsum and rock salt were predominantly dissolved in the process of rock weathering. In addition, human activities had significant effects on the chemical composition of the surface water downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhou
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zeng
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Zhi Tu
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ji
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Mi Lei
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
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Sulimenkov IV, Taziev KR, Brusov VS, Kozlovskiy VI. Using matrix-assisted ionization method for mass spectral identification of fullerene-dye conjugates. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2020; 26:419-424. [PMID: 33174765 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720970520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional soft ionization methods are not always suitable for mass spectral analysis of complex compounds. Factors such as laser radiation and heating resulting in fragmentations of sample molecules in the case of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and difficulties in preparing suitable sample solutions in the case of electrospray ionization make it impossible to use these methods in some cases. Matrix-assisted ionization was used to analyze products of chemical synthesis involving pyropheophorbide and fullerene. Mass spectra were acquired using a simple effective modification of the Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer electrospray interface. Reliable identification of pyropheophorbide-fullerene dyad ions and its derivatives was carried out. An experimental comparison of a matrix-assisted ionization and an electrospray ionization technique demonstrated the significant advantage in sensitivity to the ions under study (approximately 20 times higher) of the matrix-assisted ionization method in this particular study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Sulimenkov
- Chernogolovka Branch of the N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Kamil R Taziev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
- Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Brusov
- Chernogolovka Branch of the N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav I Kozlovskiy
- Chernogolovka Branch of the N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
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11
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Zhang T, Wang MG, Zhang ZY, Liu T, He J. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Possible Controls of the Surface Water in Ranwu Lake Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2020; 41:4003-4010. [PMID: 33124280 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study the chemistry of surface water and potential control measures in the Ranwu Lake basin, 19 samples were collected from Ranwu Lake in 2019. Conventional hydrochemical techniques and statistical analysis methods (descriptive statistics, the Gibbs figure, ion ratio, Piper triangular diagrams) were applied to better understand the solute geochemistry and surface water hydrochemistry in the Ranwu Lake catchment. Surface water in the Ranwu catchment is slightly alkaline (pH of the samples ranged from 7.54 to 8.48 with an average value of 8.06). The concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water range from 59.89 to 96.75 mg ·L-1 with an average of 79.98 mg ·L-1, the total dissolved solids of all samples are less than 100 mg ·L-1 and belong to fresh water. The TDS are dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, and SO42- in the Ranwu Lake. The ion concentrations in the lake water samples are in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+. The concentrations of Na+and K+are very low. Ranging from 0.5 to 1.21 mg ·L-1, with an average value of 0.58 mg ·L-1, the equivalent concentration of Ca2+ accounts for 63.3% to 76.2% of total cations with an average value of 67.2%. The equivalent concentration of Mg2+ accounts for 23.4% to 36.2% of total cations with an average value of 31.4%. Ca2+ and Mg2+ account for 98.5% of total cations. The main anions were HCO3- and SO42-. The equivalent concentration of HCO3- accounts for 74.31% to 84.29% of total anions with an average value of 78.21%. The equivalent concentration of SO42- accounts for 9.59% to 19.37% of total anions with an average value of 15.34%. HCO3- and SO42- together account for 93.55% of total anions on average. All the water samples fall in the water-rock interaction field, which suggests that the weathering of rocks primarily controls the major ion chemistry of groundwater in this area. Solutes are mainly derived from carbonate weathering and silicate weathering. The role of cation exchange in the geochemical process of the lake and the influence of human activities on the lake are found to be weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Ming-Guo Wang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jin He
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
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12
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Zhang H, Li D, Wurz P, Etter A, Cheng Y, Dong C, Huang W. Performance of a Low Energy Ion Source with Carbon Nanotube Electron Emitters under the Influence of Various Operating Gases. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10020354. [PMID: 32085559 PMCID: PMC7075284 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low energy ion measurements in the vicinity of a comet have provided us with important information about the planet’s evolution. The calibration of instruments for thermal ions in the laboratory plays a crucial role when analysing data from in-situ measurements in space. A new low energy ion source based on carbon nanotube electron emitters was developed for calibrating the ion-mode of mass spectrometers or other ion detectors. The electron field emission (FE) properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for H2, He, Ar, O2, and CO2 gases were tested in the experiments. H2, He, Ar, and CO2 adsorbates could change the FE temporarily at pressures from10−6 Pa to10−4 Pa. The FE of CNT remains stable in Ar and increases in H2, but degrades in He, O2, and CO2. All gas adsorbates lead to temporary degradation after working for prolonged periods. The ion current of the ion source is measured by using a Faraday cup and the sensitivity is derived from this measurement. The ion currents for the different gases were around 10 pA (corresponding to 200 ions/cm3 s) and an energy of ~28 eV could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzhong Zhang
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 73000, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Detian Li
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 73000, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Peter Wurz
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Adrian Etter
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Yongjun Cheng
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 73000, China; (H.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Changkun Dong
- Institute of Micro-Nano Structures & Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (C.D.); (W.H.)
| | - Weijun Huang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Structures & Optoelectronics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (C.D.); (W.H.)
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13
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Zhang X, Gao Z, Li S, Yang J. [Analysis of Performance of the MINItrace Cyclotron before and after Upgrade]. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2020; 44:92-94. [PMID: 32343077 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7104.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of the GE cyclotron MINItrace system before and after the upgrade. METHODS The upgrade of the MINItrace system included replacing the silver target with the Nb syetem and adopting the latest RF control and management system and lastest ion source system.The failrue rate and production efficiency were retrospectively analyzed before and after the upgrade. RESULTS After the upgrade, the cyclotron failure rate decreased by 86.2%, the average capacity increased by 45%. CONCLUSIONS After the upgrade of MINItrace cyclotron, the failure rate is sharply reduced, and the production efficiency is grately improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- PET-CT Center, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008. ##Email#
| | - Zhenjiang Gao
- General Electric Company, Zhengzhou, 450008. ##Email#
| | - Shuai Li
- PET-CT Center, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008. ##Email#
| | - Jianwei Yang
- PET-CT Center, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008. ##Email#
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14
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Li H, Yun H, Du X, Guo C, Zeng R, Jiang Y, Chen AZ. Design, Fabrication and Mass-spectrometric Studies of a Micro Ion Source for High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10050286. [PMID: 31035626 PMCID: PMC6562519 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A needle-to-cylinder electrode, adopted as an ion source for high-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), is designed and fabricated by lithographie, galvanoformung and abformung (LIGA) technology. The needle, with a tip diameter of 20 μm and thickness of 20 μm, and a cylinder, with a diameter of 400 μm, were connected to the negative high voltage and ground, respectively. A negative corona and glow discharge were realized. For acetone with a density of 99.7 ppm, ethanol with a density of 300 ppm, and acetic ether with a density of 99.3 ppm, the sample gas was ionized by the needle-to-cylinder chip and the ions were detected by an LTQ XL™ (Thermo Scientific Corp.) mass spectrometer. The mass spectra show that the ions are mainly the protonated monomer, the proton bound dimer, and an ion-H2O molecule cluster. In tandem with a FAIMS system, the FAIMS spectra show that the resolving power increases with an increase in the RF voltage. The obtained experimental results showed that the micro needle-to-cylinder chip may serve as a miniature, low cost and non-radioactive ion source for FAIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hongmei Yun
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Chaoqun Guo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Ruosheng Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yongrong Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - And Zhencheng Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GuiLin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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15
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He J, Zhang YK, Zhao YQ, Han SB, Liu YQ, Zhang T. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Possible Controls of Groundwater in the Xialatuo Basin Section of the Xianshui River]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2019; 40:1236-1244. [PMID: 31087970 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201808117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the characteristics of groundwater chemistry and groundwater flow system in the Xianshui River fault zone, samples of precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and hot spring samples in the Xialatuo Basin were collected and tested. Through the test data, the main ions and the sources of recharge were analyzed by means of ionic relations, correlation analysis, Gibbs plot, Piper triangular diagrams, and saturation index. The groundwater recharge sources in the basin were studied using combined hydrogen and oxygen isotope information. Results show that all the water samples in the study area were weakly alkaline. The predominant cations were Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. Among these, Ca2+ accounted for 2.6%-53.6%, with an average value of 28.84%, Mg2+ accounted for 2.7%-57%, with an average value of 40.6%, and Na+ accounted for 6.2%-93.1%, with an average value of 28.6%. The anions were mainly HCO3-, accounting for 82.4%-98% of the total anions and with an average value of 89.6%. HCO3- and Na+ accounted for most of the ions with 93.1% and 98%, respectively, in the Zhanggu hot spring. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 116.11 to 372.75 mg·L-1, and with an average value of 281.91 mg·L-1. The hydrogeochemical type of groundwater was HCO3-Mg·Ca and HCO3-Ca·Mg. It is controlled by carbonatite dissolution with a circulatory depth range in dozens of meters. The hot springs are controlled by the fault zone and are mainly distributed along the main stem of the Xianshui River fault. Their water is of the HCO3-Na type. The hydrogeochemical process is controlled by silicate dissolution with a circulatory depth range in thousands of meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - You-Kuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuang-Bao Han
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Liu
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
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16
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Giri A, Coutriade M, Racaud A, Stefanuto PH, Okuda K, Dane J, Cody RB, Focant JF. Compositional elucidation of heavy petroleum base oil by GC × GC-EI/PI/CI/FI-TOFMS. J Mass Spectrom 2019; 54:148-157. [PMID: 30536759 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful separation tool for complex petroleum product analysis. However, the most commonly used electron ionization (EI) technique often makes the identification of the majority of hydrocarbons impossible due to the exhaustive fragmentation and lack of molecular ion preservation, prompting the need of soft-ionization energies. In this study, three different soft-ionization techniques including photo ionization (PI), chemical ionization (CI), and field ionization (FI) were compared against EI to elucidate their relative capabilities to reveal different base oil hydrocarbon classes. Compared with EI (70 eV), PI (10.8 eV) retained significant molecular ion (M+· ) information for a large number of isomeric species including branched-alkanes and saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons along with unique fragmentation patterns. However, for bicyclic/polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic compounds, EI played upper hand by retaining molecular as well as fragment ions to identify the species, whereas PI exhibited mainly molecular ion signals. On the other hand, CI revealed selectivity towards different base oil groups, particularly for steranes, sulfur-containing thiophenes, and esters, yielding protonated molecular ions (M + H)+ for unsaturated and hydride abstracted ions (M-H+ ) for saturated hydrocarbons. FI, as expected, generated intact molecular ions (M+· ) irrespective to the base oil chemical classes. It allowed elemental composition by TOFMS with a mass resolving power up to 8000 (FWHM) and a mass accuracy of 1 mDa, leading to the calculation of heteroatomic content, double bond equivalency, and carbon number of the compounds. The qualitative and quantitative results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed comparison of different ionization techniques corresponding to several hydrocarbon classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- Analytical GTC-EUR, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom, 4612CX, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Coutriade
- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, Total Marketing Services, Chemin du Canal-BP 22, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, Total Marketing Services, Chemin du Canal-BP 22, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000, Belgium
| | - Koji Okuda
- JEOL USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - John Dane
- JEOL USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | | | - Jean-François Focant
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000, Belgium
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17
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Yao T, Tang F, Zhang J, Wang X. Cathode Design Optimization toward the Wide-Pressure-Range Miniature Discharge Ion Source for a Vacuum Micropump. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19030624. [PMID: 30717216 PMCID: PMC6387227 DOI: 10.3390/s19030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to generate and maintain the vacuum level in vacuum MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices. Currently, there is still no single method or device capable of generating and maintaining the desired vacuum level in a vacuum device for a long time. This paper proposed a new wide-pressure-range miniature ion source, which can be applied to a vacuum micropump. The miniature ion source consists only of silicon electrodes and a glass substrate. Its operating pressure range covers seven orders of magnitude, starting from atmospheric pressure, a promising solution to the difficulty. Based on the principle of gas discharge, the ion source features a simple two-electrode structure with a two-stage electrode spacing, operating under DC voltage excitation. The first-stage electrode spacing of the ion source is small enough to ensure that it starts working at atmospheric pressure down to a certain reduced pressure when it automatically switches to discharge at the larger second-stage electrode spacing and operates from that pressure down to a high vacuum. Two configurations of the ion source have been tested: without-magnet, operating from atmospheric pressure down to 1 mbar; and with-magnet, operating from atmospheric pressure to 10-4 mbar, which covers seven orders of magnitude of pressure. The ion source can be applied not only to a MEMS ion pump to meet demands of a variety of vacuum MEMS devices, but can also be applied to other devices, such as vacuum microgauges and mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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18
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Zhang T, He J, Li JJ, Cao YT, Gong L, Liu JW, Bian C, Cai YM. [Major Ionic Features and Possible Controls in the Groundwater in the Hamatong River Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2018; 39:4981-4990. [PMID: 30628220 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201804070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the major ion chemistry and controls of groundwater, 59 groundwater samples were collected and their major ions measured in the Hamatong River Basin. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in this basin were analyzed by means of mathematical statistics, Piper triangular diagrams, Gibbs figures, and ionic relations, and the water chemical evolution and ion sources of the Hamatong River Basin were determined. The results showed that Ca2+ was the main cation in the groundwater, accounting for 22.1% to 72.4% of the total cations, with an average value of 48.7%. HCO3- was the main anion, accounting for 35.3% to 97.5% of the total anions, and with an average value of 80%. Total dissolved solids concentration ranged from 93.3 mg·L-1 to 521.1 mg·L-1 with a median value of 219.1 mg·L-1. The hydrochemical types of groundwater are HCO3-Ca, HCO3-Ca·Mg, and HCO3-Ca·Na. Chemical weathering rates of carbonates and silicates were estimated, and the chemical composition of groundwater samples located in the middle of Gibbs model indicated that the major chemical process of groundwater was controlled by rock weathering. Silicate weathering is believed to significantly contribute to dissolved solute compositions, and carbonate weathering played an important role as the source of dissolved ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jin He
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jing-Jie Li
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yue-Ting Cao
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jin-Wei Liu
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chao Bian
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yue-Mei Cai
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
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Zhang QH, Sun PA, He SY, Wen H, Liu ML, Yu S. [Fate and Origin of Major Ions in River Water in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibet]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2018; 39:1065-1075. [PMID: 29965450 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201706239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the temporal and spatial variations of major ions in water and their sources in the Lhasa River Basin, water samples were collected monthly at the hydrological station in the Lhasa River from August 2014 to July. The results show that HCO3- is the dominant anion in the water of the Lhasa River, which accounts for 68.73% of the anions, followed by SO42-. Ca2+ is the dominant cation, which accounts for 67.75% of the cations, followed by Mg2+. The pH values of the river water range between 8.31 and 8.90, with a mean of 8.59 throughout the year, generally showing alkaline water. The highest pH values occur in summer, which is probably due to the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and the growth of phytoplankton. Electrical conductivity (EC) varies between 155.0 and 257.0 μS·cm-1, with a mean of 210.5 μS·cm-1. Because of the frequent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau that enhanced the mechanical weathering of rocks and mineral dissolution, the total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration, at an average of 181.35 mg·L-1, is significantly higher than the average value of rivers around the world. The Lhasa River is recharged by surface runoff, so the concentrations of major ions in water are higher during winter, but lower in summer. An ion source analysis indicates that Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- are mainly derived from chemical weathering of carbonate minerals, Cl-, SO42-, and NO3- are mainly affected by precipitation and rock weathering. Furthermore, the concentrations of major ions in the water have a negative correlation with the river discharge rate, which suggests there might be a dilution effect occurring during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ping-An Sun
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shi-Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Lhasa Hydrologic Experiment Station, Lhasa 851400, China
| | - Ming-Long Liu
- Lhasa Hydrologic Experiment Station, Lhasa 851400, China
| | - Shi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
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Zhang T, Cai WT, Li YZ, Zhang ZY, Geng TT, Bian C, Zhao M, Cai YM. [Major Ionic Features and Their Possible Controls in the Water of the Niyang River Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:4537-4545. [PMID: 29965396 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201704051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and their possible controls for the chemical composition of the water from the Niyang River Basin, 30 samples were collected from wells, springs, and the river in 2014 and major ion concentrations were measured. Descriptive statistics, the Gibbs figure, an ion ratio, and Piper triangular diagrams were used to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics, influencing factors, and hydrochemical evolution of the water in the basin. The results showed that the major cations in this water were Ca2+ and Mg2+, accounting for more than 84% of cations and the main anions were HCO3- and SO42-, accounting for more than 97% of anions The hydrochemical typology of the water is HCO3·SO4(SO4·HCO3)-Ca·Mg (Mg·Ca). The total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water ranges from 79.11 to 290.48 mg·L-1 with an average of 165.21 mg·L-1. The chemical composition of water samples is located to the left of the Gibbs model, which indicates that the chemical process of Niyang River Basin are controlled by rock weathering. According to the principal component analysis and correlation analysis, the hydrochemical composition is controlled by silicate weathering, however, carbonate weathering also plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Wu-Tian Cai
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Ying-Zhi Li
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Ting-Ting Geng
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chao Bian
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yue-Mei Cai
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
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21
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Abstract
We present measurements of focal spot size and brightness in a focused ion beam system utilizing a laser-cooled atomic beam source of Cs ions. Spot sizes as small as (2.1 ± 0.2) nm (one standard deviation) and reduced brightness values as high as (2.4 ± 0.1) × 107 A m-2 Sr-1 eV-1 are observed with a 10 keV beam. This measured brightness is over 24 times higher than the highest brightness observed in a Ga liquid metal ion source. The behavior of brightness as a function of beam current and the dependence of effective source temperature on ionization energy are examined. The performance is seen to be consistent with earlier predictions. Demonstration of this source with very high brightness, producing a heavy ionic species such as Cs+, promises to allow significant improvements in resolution and throughput for such applications as next-generation circuit edit and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- AV Steele
- zeroKNanotech, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, United States of America
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - A Schwarzkopf
- zeroKNanotech, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, United States of America
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - JJ McClelland
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - B Knuffman
- zeroKNanotech, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, United States of America
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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22
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Abstract
Generation of analyte ions in gas phase is a primary requirement for mass spectrometric analysis. One of the ionization techniques that can be used to generate gas phase ions is electrospray ionization (ESI). ESI is a soft ionization method that can be used to analyze analytes ranging from small organics to large biomolecules. Numerous ionization techniques derived from ESI have been reported in the past two decades. These ion sources are aimed to achieve simplicity and ease of operation. Many of these ionization methods allow the flexibility for elimination or minimization of sample preparation steps prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Such ion sources have opened up new possibilities for taking scientific challenges, which might be limited by the conventional ESI technique. Thus, the number of ESI variants continues to increase. This review provides an overview of ionization techniques based on the use of electrospray reported in recent years. Also, a brief discussion on the instrumentation, underlying processes, and selected applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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23
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Li H, Jiang L, Guo C, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Chen Z. An Integrated Microfabricated Chip with Double Functions as an Ion Source and Air Pump Based on LIGA Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17010087. [PMID: 28054980 PMCID: PMC5298660 DOI: 10.3390/s17010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The injection and ionization of volatile organic compounds (VOA) by an integrated chip is experimentally analyzed in this paper. The integrated chip consists of a needle-to-cylinder electrode mounting on the Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) substrate. The needle-to-cylinder electrode is designed and fabricated by Lithographie, Galvanoformung and Abformung (LIGA) technology. In this paper, the needle is connected to a negative power supply of -5 kV and used as the cathode; the cylinder electrodes are composed of two arrays of cylinders and serve as the anode. The ionic wind is produced based on corona and glow discharges of needle-to-cylinder electrodes. The experimental setup is designed to observe the properties of the needle-to-cylinder discharge and prove its functions as an ion source and air pump. In summary, the main results are as follows: (1) the ionic wind velocity produced by the chip is about 0.79 m/s at an applied voltage of -3300 V; (2) acetic acid and ammonia water can be injected through the chip, which is proved by pH test paper; and (3) the current measured by a Faraday cup is about 10 pA for acetic acid and ammonia with an applied voltage of -3185 V. The integrated chip is promising for portable analytical instruments, such as ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), and mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
- Guangxi Experiment Center of Information Science, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Linxiu Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Chaoqun Guo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yongrong Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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24
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Kumar P, Mal K, Rodrigues G. Charge state distribution studies of pure and oxygen mixed krypton ECR plasma - signature of isotope anomaly and gas mixing effect. J Mass Spectrom 2016; 51:1090-1095. [PMID: 27553493 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the charge state distributions of the pure, 25% and 50% oxygen mixed krypton plasma to shed more light on the understanding of the gas mixing and the isotope anomaly [A. G. Drentje, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 (1992) 2875 and Y Kawai, D Meyer, A Nadzeyka, U Wolters and K Wiesemann, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 (2001) 451] in the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas. The krypton plasma was produced using a 10 GHz all-permanent-magnet ECR ion source. The intensities of the highly abundant four isotopes, viz. 82 Kr (~11.58%), 83 Kr (~11.49%), 84 Kr (~57%) and 86 Kr (17.3%) up to ~ +14 charge state have been measured by extracting the ions from the plasma and analysing them in the mass and the energy using a large acceptance analyzer-cum-switching dipole magnet. The influence of the oxygen gas mixing on the isotopic krypton ion intensities is clearly evidenced beyond +9 charge state. With and without oxygen mixing, the charge state distribution of the krypton ECR plasma shows the isotope anomaly with unusual trends. The anomaly in the intensities of the isotopes having quite closer natural abundance, viz. 82 Kr, 86 Kr and 83 Kr, 86 Kr is prominent, whereas the intensity ratio of 86 Kr to 84 Kr shows a weak signature of it. The isotope anomaly tends to disappear with increasing oxygen mixing in the plasma. The observed trends in the intensities of the krypton isotopes do not follow the prediction of linear Landau wave damping in the plasma. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Kedar Mal
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - G Rodrigues
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, 110067, India
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25
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Jia WX, Li ZX. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Sources of Ions in Precipitation at the East Qilian Mountains]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2016; 37:3322-3332. [PMID: 29964765 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation of the northwest China is different from that in other regions of China. The vapor reaches this region after long distance transportation with little precipitation, and the ratio of precipitation variation is large. Wushaoling at the east Qilian Mountains is an important divided line of climate in China. The east region of it is affected by South Asia and East Asia monsoon, while the west region of it is influenced by Westerly circulation. So ion combinations in precipitation are complex for the trajectories of water vapor transportation, the natural environments and the development levels of social and economy in different regions. Precipitation samples were collected at Heisongyi located at the east Qilian Mountains. Hydrochemical characteristics and sources of ions were analyzed by factor analysis, Enrichment factor analysis and back trajectory analysis. EC values in precipitation ranged from 29.20 to 892.00 μS·cm-1, which were controlled by alkaline element. The precipitation was weak alkaline with pH values ranging from 7.02 to 8.89. EC values in precipitation were higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer, opposite to pH values. The type of precipitation was SO42--Ca2+ for the cation concentrations following the order of Ca2+ >Mg2+ >Na+ >NH4+ >K+ and the anion concentrations following the order of SO42- >Cl- >NO3-. The concentrations of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- were the highest in autumn, but the peak value of Na+ concentration appeared in winter. As a whole, ion concentrations were higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Enrichment factor indicated that Na+and Cl- mainly came from marine source but Na+ partly originated from crust source in winter and Cl- partly originated from anthropogenic source in winter, and that K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ mainly came from crust source except that Mg2+ partly originated from anthropogenic source in winter, and that NO3- and SO42- mainly came from anthropogenic source. The trajectories of water vapor transportation from directions of northwest, north, north with southeast, northwest with southeast, northwest with southwest, northwest with north and southeast were ion original sources in precipitation, and the major trajectory came from northwest direction. Among these trajectories of water vapor transportation, that from northwest, north and north with southeast appeared in each season, but that from northwest with southeast appeared in spring and summer, that from northwest with southwest and northwest and north with southeast appeared in summer. Though ions originated from marine transport by Westerly and monsoon, from crust provided by desert and Gobi in central Asia, Xingjiang and Mongolian plateau, and from humanity activity related to cities pollution and industrial and agriculture production of oasis at all trajectories, the concentrations of ions in precipitation were effected by the strong and weak variations of different weather systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Jia
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zong-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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26
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B Cody R. What Is the Opposite of Pandora's Box? Direct Analysis, Ambient Ionization, and a New Generation of Atmospheric Pressure Ion Sources. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2013; 2:S0007. [PMID: 24349926 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of DART and DESI sources approximately seven years ago led to the development of a new series of atmospheric pressure ion sources referred to as "ambient ionization" sources. These fall into two major categories: spray techniques like DESI or plasma techniques like DART. The selectivity of "direct ionization," meaning analysis without chromatography and with little or no sample preparation, depends on the mass spectrometer selectivity. Although high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry are valuable tools, rapid and simple sample preparation methods can improve the utility of ambient ionization methods. The concept of ambient ionization has led to the realization that there are many more ways to form ions than might be expected. An interesting example is the use of a flint-and-steel spark source to generate ions from compounds such as phenolphthalein and Gramicidin S.
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27
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Tang K, Page JS, Marginean I, Kelly RT, Smith RD. Improving liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry sensitivity using a subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) interface. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2011; 22:1318-25. [PMID: 21953185 PMCID: PMC3187566 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) ion source and interface, which operates at ~15-30 Torr, is demonstrated to be compatible with gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography-MS applications, exemplified here with the analysis of complex samples (a protein tryptic digest and a whole cell lysate). A low liquid chromatographic flow rate (100-400 nL/min) allowed stable electrospray to be established while avoiding electrical breakdown. Efforts to increase the operating pressure of the SPIN source relative to previously reported designs prevented solvent freezing and enhanced charged cluster/droplet desolvation. A 5- to 12-fold improvement in sensitivity relative to a conventional atmospheric pressure nanoelectrospray ionization (ESI) source was obtained for detected peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Tang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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