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Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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West CP, Mesa Sanchez D, Morales AC, Hsu YJ, Ryan J, Darmody A, Slipchenko LV, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular and Structural Characterization of Isomeric Compounds in Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1656-1674. [PMID: 36763810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed through multiphase atmospheric chemistry makes up a large fraction of airborne particles. The chemical composition and molecular structures of SOA constituents vary between different emission sources and aging processes in the atmosphere, which complicates their identification. In this work, we employ drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IM-MS) detection for rapid gas-phase separation and multidimensional characterization of isomers in two biogenic SOAs produced from ozonolysis of isomeric monoterpenes, d-limonene (LSOA) and α-pinene (PSOA). SOA samples were ionized using electrospray ionization (ESI) and characterized using IM-MS in both positive and negative ionization modes. The IM-derived collision cross sections in nitrogen gas (DTCCSN2 ) for individual SOA components were obtained using multifield and single-field measurements. A novel application of IM multiplexing/high-resolution demultiplexing methodology was employed to increase sensitivity, improve peak shapes, and augment mobility baseline resolution, which revealed several isomeric structures for the measured ions. For LSOA and PSOA samples, we report significant structural differences of the isomer structures. Molecular structural calculations using density functional theory combined with the theoretical modeling of CCS values provide insights into the structural differences between LSOA and PSOA constituents. The average DTCCSN2 values for monomeric SOA components observed as [M + Na]+ ions are 3-6% higher than those of their [M - H]- counterparts. Meanwhile, dimeric and trimeric isomer components in both samples showed an inverse trend with the relevant values of [M - H]- ions being 3-7% higher than their [M + Na]+ counterparts, respectively. The results indicate that the structures of Na+-coordinated oligomeric ions are more compact than those of the corresponding deprotonated species. The coordination with Na+ occurs on the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups leading to a compact configuration. Meanwhile, deprotonated molecules have higher DTCCSN2 values due to their elongated structures in the gas phase. Therefore, DTCCSN2 values of isomers in SOA mixtures depend strongly on the mode of ionization in ESI. Additionally, PSOA monomers and dimers exhibit larger DTCCSN2 values (1-4%) than their LSOA counterparts owing to more rigid structures. A cyclobutane ring is present with functional groups pointing in opposite directions in PSOA compounds, as compared to noncyclic flexible LSOA structures, forming more compact ions in the gas phase. Lastly, we investigated the effects of direct photolysis on the chemical transformations of selected individual PSOA components. We use IM-MS to reveal structural changes associated with aerosol aging by photolysis. This study illustrates the detailed molecular and structural descriptors for the detection and annotation of structural isomers in complex SOA mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniela Mesa Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yun-Jung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jackson Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Darmody
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lyudmila V Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Qi L, Zhang Z, Wang X, Deng F, Zhao J, Liu H. Molecular characterization of atmospheric particulate organosulfates in a port environment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: Identification of traffic emissions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126431. [PMID: 34186426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are an important component of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) and are widespread in various environments. However, the OSs generated from anthropogenic emissions are poorly understood. In this study, the molecular compositions of OSs from atmospheric PM2.5 samples collected during a winter measurement campaign (SEISO-Bohai) at Jingtang Harbor were characterized via ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). The changes of port OS compositions were observed in episodes of complete haze pollution. As the pollution aggravated, the relative abundances of OSs were apparently increased, and the molecule compositions became more complex, primarily driven by the oxidation and fragmentation processes. Potential OS precursors from traffic emissions were identified based on an optimized "OS precursor map" developed in the previous study. OSs characterized by high molecular weights and low degrees of both unsaturation and oxidization were suggested to mainly derive from secondary reactions of intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) emitted by traffic sources. These OSs were primarily detected in clean-day samples, followed by decreasing with the pollution process. In addition, our study also finds that ship emissions may further facilitated OS productions under haze pollution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanyuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Gao K, Zhu T. Analytical methods for organosulfate detection in aerosol particles: Current status and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147244. [PMID: 34088066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known water-soluble constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. They are formed from multiphase reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their photooxidation products, and acidic sulfate originating from biogenic and anthropogenic sources in the atmosphere. Although the analytical procedures used to measure OSs, including sampling, pre-treatment, and instrumental detection, have advanced substantially in the last decade, there is still a need for accurate and standardized analysis procedures for the identification, quantification, and comparison of OSs in different regions. Additionally, there has no study focused on the health effects of OSs. This review outlines the analytical methods developed for OS detection during the last decade, highlighting both improvements and drawbacks. It also considers the future development of analytical methods for OS detection, and proposes the establishment of OSs screening method from the perspective of health effects to solve the problem of unknown health related OSs identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene: Selected Research, Historic Account and State of the Art. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we cover selected research on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, from the beginning of research, about two decades ago, to today. The review begins with the first observations of isoprene SOA markers, i.e., 2-methyltetrols, in ambient fine aerosol and focuses on studies dealing with molecular characterization, speciation, formation mechanisms, and source apportionment. A historic account is given on how research on isoprene SOA has developed. The isoprene SOA system is rather complex, with different pathways being followed in pristine and polluted conditions. For SOA formation from isoprene, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is necessary, and sulfuric acid enhances SOA by forming additional nonvolatile products such as organosulfates. Certain results reported in early papers have been re-interpreted in the light of recent results; for example, the formation of C5-alkene triols. Attention is given to mass spectrometric and separation techniques, which played a crucial role in molecular characterization. The unambiguous structural characterization of isoprene SOA markers has been achieved, owing to the preparation of reference compounds. Efforts have also been made to use air quality data to estimate the influence of biogenic and pollution aerosol sources. This review examines the use of an organic marker-based method and positive matrix factorization to apportion SOA from different sources, including isoprene SOA.
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Majewska M, Khan F, Pieta IS, Wróblewska A, Szmigielski R, Pieta P. Toxicity of selected airborne nitrophenols on eukaryotic cell membrane models. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128996. [PMID: 33288286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics belong to the group of toxic components of aerosol particles and atmospheric hydrometeors that enter the atmosphere through biomass burning and fuel combustion. In the present work, we report on the cytotoxic effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-nitrophenol mixture on a model eukaryotic-like cell membrane and compared it with in vitro cellular models BEAS-2B (immortalized bronchial epithelial cells) and A549 (cancerous alveolar epithelial cells). A selected model biomembrane comprised of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) was studied. The electrochemical-based method, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and phase-contrast microscopy imaging, allowed to get insights into the mechanism of cellular function disruption caused by airborne nitrophenols. The efficacy of the method is supported by the data obtained from in vitro experiments performed on cell models. The nitrophenol mixture exhibited cytotoxic effects at concentrations above 100 μg mL-1, as demonstrated by phase-contrast microscopy in real lung cell lines. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed the formation of membrane defects at a nitrophenol concentration of 200 μg mL-1. AFM imaging confirmed the model membrane disintegration and phospholipids rearrangement in the presence of nitrophenols. These observations indicate that particle-bound nitrophenols induce substantial changes in cell membranes and make them more permeable to aerosol, resulting in major cellular damage in the lungs when inhaled. The study provides initial evidence of cellular membrane damage induced by three important nitrated phenols present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Majewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela S Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wróblewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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Structural Characterisation of Dimeric Esters in α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Using N2 and CO2 Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of monoterpenes leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). While numerous works have been carried out in the past to characterise SOA at a molecular level, the structural elucidation of SOA compounds remains challenging owing to the lack of authentic standard compounds. In this work, the structures of α-pinene originating dimeric esters in SOA with m/z 357 (C17H25O8-) and m/z 367 (C19H27O7-) were characterised using UPLC/ESI(-)IMS-TOFMS2 (ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry). The measured collision cross-section (ΩN2) values were compared to theoretically calculated ΩN2 values. Selected product ions of dimeric compounds and the authentic standard compounds of product ions were subjected to CO2-IMS-TOFMS for more detailed structural characterisation. Our results were consistent with previously reported subunits of the m/z 357 (terpenylic acid and cis-pinic acid), and the m/z 367 (10-hydroxy-cis-pinonic acid and cis-pinic acid) ions. The measured and calculated ΩN2 values of m/z 367 ions further support the conclusion of earlier structural characterisation; however, the structure of the m/z 357 ion remains vague and requires further characterisation studies with a synthesised reference compound.
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Klyta J, Czaplicka M. Determination of secondary organic aerosol in particulate matter – Short review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Spólnik G, Wach P, Wróbel Z, Danikiewicz W. 2-Iodomalondialdehyde is an abundant component of soluble organic iodine in atmospheric wet precipitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139175. [PMID: 32388384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iodine plays an important role in the environment and life. In the atmosphere, iodine is present in the form of inorganic and organic compounds. In this study, we have analyzed atmospheric wet precipitation using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) for the presence of organoiodine compounds and found that the main organoiodine compound in atmospheric waters is 2-iodomalondialdehyde. The structure of this compound is supported by independent synthesis. A plausible mechanism of the formation of 2-iodomalondialdehyde from acrolein, iodine and water in the atmosphere is proposed. Our measurements reveal the presence of ten other organoiodine compounds in atmospheric wet precipitation but their structures remain unknown, mainly due to very low concentrations prohibiting mass spectrometry studies. The results described in this paper enhance our knowledge about the circulation of iodine in nature. It provides insights into the chemical nature of soluble organic iodine, whose presence in the atmosphere has been known for two decades. In addition, it also shows the potential of using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique to further explore iodine chemistry in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wróbel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Spolnik G, Wach P, Rudziński KJ, Szmigielski R, Danikiewicz W. Tracing the biogenic secondary organic aerosol markers in rain, snow and hail. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126439. [PMID: 32443254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is based mainly on LC-MS analyses of particulate matter (PM) samples collected with aerosol samplers. Several studies have analyzed atmospheric waters, including rain and cloud water, for the presence of SOA components, however, no separation techniques were used making identification of the individual components in these complex mixtures impossible. We have applied our improved UHPLC-HR-MS methodology to analyze atmospheric precipitates (hailstone, rain and snow), as well as SOA collected with high-volume samplers. We achieved sensitivity levels and separation efficiencies that were sufficient for molecular-level identification of individual compounds. Tracing commonly known SOA markers such as organosulfates (OS), C4-C6 dicarboxylic acids and terpenoic acids revealed that the chromatographic profiles for both atmospheric precipitate and PM samples were very similar, with both giving similar component ratios, especially for OS. We also demonstrated that SOA markers can be detected directly from raw rain samples. Our results show that LC-MS techniques are suitable for the convenient analysis of atmospheric precipitates containing SOA markers at the molecular level. It complements traditional SOA analyses and provides additional sampling opportunities which will no doubt allow for better elucidation of chemical transformations of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
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Brüggemann M, Xu R, Tilgner A, Kwong KC, Mutzel A, Poon HY, Otto T, Schaefer T, Poulain L, Chan MN, Herrmann H. Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosol: State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Formation, Abundance, Fate, and Importance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3767-3782. [PMID: 32157872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), also referred to as organic sulfate esters, are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. Commonly, they are assumed to form upon mixing of air masses of biogenic and anthropogenic origin, that is, through multiphase reactions between organic compounds and acidic sulfate particles. However, in contrast to this simplified picture, recent studies suggest that OSs may also originate from purely anthropogenic precursors or even directly from biomass and fossil fuel burning. Moreover, besides classical OS formation pathways, several alternative routes have been discovered, suggesting that OS formation possibly occurs through a wider variety of formation mechanisms in the atmosphere than initially expected. During the past decade, OSs have reached a constantly growing attention within the atmospheric science community with evermore studies reporting on large numbers of OS species in ambient aerosol. Nonetheless, estimates on OS concentrations and implications on atmospheric physicochemical processes are still connected to large uncertainties, calling for combined field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In this Critical Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge in atmospheric OS research, discuss unresolved questions, and outline future research needs, also in view of reductions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Particularly, we focus on (1) field measurements of OSs and measurement techniques, (2) formation pathways of OSs and their atmospheric relevance, (3) transformation, reactivity, and fate of OSs in atmospheric particles, and (4) modeling efforts of OS formation and their global abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rongshuang Xu
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Chung Kwong
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hon Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Wach P, Spólnik G, Surratt JD, Blaziak K, Rudzinski KJ, Lin YH, Maenhaut W, Danikiewicz W, Claeys M, Szmigielski R. Structural Characterization of Lactone-Containing MW 212 Organosulfates Originating from Isoprene Oxidation in Ambient Fine Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1415-1424. [PMID: 31917550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is the main non-methane hydrocarbon emitted into the global atmosphere. Despite intense research, atmospheric transformations of isoprene leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are still not fully understood, including its multiphase chemical reactions. Herein, we report on the detailed structural characterization of atmospherically relevant isoprene-derived organosulfates (OSs) with a molecular weight (MW) of 212 (C5H8SO7), which are abundantly present in both ambient fine aerosol (PM2.5) and laboratory-generated isoprene SOA. The results obtained from smog chamber-generated isoprene SOA and aqueous-phase laboratory experiments coupled to the S(IV)-autooxidation chemistry of isoprene, 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, and 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, allowed us for the first time to fully elucidate the isomeric structures of the MW 212 OSs. By applying liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we firmly confirmed six positional isomers of the MW 212 OSs in PM2.5 collected from different sites in Europe and the United States. Our results also show that despite the low solubility of isoprene in water, aqueous-phase or multiphase chemistry can play an important role in the formation of OSs from isoprene. Possible formation mechanisms for the MW 212 OSs are also tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Kacper Blaziak
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1 , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , BE 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , BE 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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13
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Zhao HD, Lu Y, Yan M, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH, Chen DF. Rapid Recognition and Targeted Isolation of Anti-HIV Daphnane Diterpenes from Daphne genkwa Guided by UPLC-MS n. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:134-141. [PMID: 31860304 PMCID: PMC7441572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Daphnane diterpenes with a 5/7/6-tricyclic ring system exhibit potent anti-HIV activity but are found in low abundance as plant natural products. In this study, an effective approach based on mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways was conducted to specifically recognize and isolate anti-HIV compounds of this type from Daphne genkwa. Briefly, the fragmentation pathways of reference analogues were elucidated based on characteristic ion fragments of m/z 323 → 295 → 267 or m/z 253 → 238 → 197 by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-IT-MSn) and then applied to the differentiations of substances with or without an oxygenated group at C-12. Twenty-seven daphnane diterpenes were successfully recognized from a petroleum ether extract of D. genkwa, including some potential new compounds and isomers that could not be identified accurately only from the ion fragments. Further separation of these target compounds using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and preparative HPLC led to the isolation of three new (11, 25, and 27) and 14 known compounds, whose structures were identified and confirmed based on MS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. The isolates exhibited anti-HIV activities at nanomolar concentrations. The results demonstrated that this strategy is feasible and reliable to rapidly recognize and isolate daphnane diterpenes from D. genkwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ding Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, SORF, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Jaoui M, Szmigielski R, Nestorowicz K, Kolodziejczyk A, Sarang K, Rudzinski KJ, Konopka A, Bulska E, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE. Organic Hydroxy Acids as Highly Oxygenated Molecular (HOM) Tracers for Aged Isoprene Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14516-14527. [PMID: 31757124 PMCID: PMC6996142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are a class of compounds associated with secondary organic aerosols exhibiting high oxygen to carbon (O:C) ratios and often originating from the oxidation of biogenic compounds. Here, the photooxidation and ozonolysis of isoprene were examined under a range of conditions to identify HOM tracers for aged isoprene aerosol. The HOM tracers were identified as silylated derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by detecting their parent compounds by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition to the previously observed methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid, seven tracer compounds were identified, including 2-methyltartronic acid (MTtA), 2-methylerythronic acid (2MeTrA), 3-methylerythronic acid (3MeTrA), 2-methylthreonic acid (2MTrA), 3-methylthreonic acid (3MTrA), erythro-methyltartaric acid (e-MTA), and threo-methyltartaric acid (t-MTA). The molecular structures were confirmed with authentic standards synthesized in the laboratory. The presence of some of these HOMs in the gas and particle phases simultaneously provides evidence of their gas/particle partitioning. To determine the contributions of aged isoprene products to ambient aerosols, we analyzed ambient PM2.5 samples collected in the southeastern United States in summer 2003 and at two European monitoring stations located in Zielonka and Godów (Poland). Our findings show that methyltartaric acids (MTA) and 2- and 3-methylthreonic acids (and their stereoisomers) are representative of aged isoprene aerosol because they occur both in the laboratory chamber aerosol obtained and in ambient PM2.5. On the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, their concentrations were found to range from 0.04 ng for 3-methylthreonic acid to 6.3 ng m-3 for methyltartaric acid at the southeast site in Duke Forest, NC, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Klara Nestorowicz
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Agata Kolodziejczyk
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kumar Sarang
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Konopka
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre , Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre , Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
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15
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Vogel AL, Lauer A, Fang L, Arturi K, Bachmeier F, Daellenbach KR, Käser T, Vlachou A, Pospisilova V, Baltensperger U, Haddad IE, Schwikowski M, Bjelić S. A Comprehensive Nontarget Analysis for the Molecular Reconstruction of Organic Aerosol Composition from Glacier Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12565-12575. [PMID: 31566955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice cores are climate archives suitable for the reconstruction of past atmospheric composition changes. Ice core analysis provides valuable insight into the chemical nature of aerosols and enables constraining emission inventories of primary emissions and of gas-phase precursors. Changes in the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can affect formation rates and mechanisms as well as chemical composition of aerosols during the preindustrial era, key information for understanding aerosol climate effects. Here, we present an analytical method for the reconstruction of organic aerosol composition preserved in glacier ice cores. A solid-phase-extraction method, optimized toward oxidation products of biogenic VOCs, provides an enrichment factor of ∼200 and quantitative recovery for compounds of interest. We applied the preconcentration method on ice core samples from the high-alpine Fiescherhorn glacier (Swiss Alps), and used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry as a sensitive detection method. We describe a nontarget analysis that screens for organic molecules in the ice core samples. We evaluate the atmospheric origin of the detected compounds in the ice by molecular-resolved comparison with airborne particulate matter samples from the nearby high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. The presented method is able to shed light upon the history of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the anthropocene, a research field in paleoclimatology with considerable potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Vogel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Anja Lauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ling Fang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Arturi
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Franziska Bachmeier
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Timon Käser
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Vlachou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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17
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Solvent-free high-throughput analysis of herbicides in environmental water. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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19
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Wach P, Spólnik G, Rudziński KJ, Skotak K, Claeys M, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Radical oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein in aqueous droplets: Characterization of organosulfates and atmospheric implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:1-9. [PMID: 30248553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In-cloud processing of volatile organic compounds is one of the significant routes leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the lower troposphere. In this study, we demonstrate that two atmospherically relevant α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, i.e., but-3-en-2-on (methyl vinyl ketone, MVK) and 2-methylopropenal (methacrolein, MACR), undergo sulfate radical-induced transformations in dilute aqueous systems under photochemical conditions to form organosulfates previously identified in ambient aerosols and SOA generated in smog chambers. The photooxidation was performed under sun irradiation in unbuffered aqueous solutions containing carbonyl precursors at a concentration of 0.2 mmol and peroxydisulfate as a source of sulfate radicals (SO4-) at a concentration of 0.95 mmol. UV-vis analysis of solutions showed the fast decay of unsaturated carbonyl precursors in the presence of sulfate radicals. The observation confirms the capacity of sulfate radicals to transform the organic compounds into SOA components in atmospheric waters. Detailed interpretation of high-resolution negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra allowed to assign molecular structures to multiple aqueous organosulfate products, including an abundant isoprene-derived organosulfate C4H8SO7 detected at m/z 199. The results highlight the solar aqueous-phase reactions as a potentially significant route for biogenic SOA production in clouds at locations where isoprene oxidation occurs. A recent modelling study suggests that such processes could likely contribute to 20-30 Tg year-1 production of SOA, referred to as aqSOA, which is a non-negligible addition to the still underestimated budget of atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, ul. Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, BE 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Nestorowicz K, Jaoui M, Rudzinski KJ, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE, Spólnik G, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Chemical composition of isoprene SOA under acidic and non-acidic conditions: effect of relative humidity. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:18101-18121. [PMID: 32158471 PMCID: PMC7063744 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-18101-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acidity and relative humidity on bulk isoprene aerosol parameters has been investigated in several studies; however, few measurements have been conducted on individual aerosol compounds. The focus of this study has been the examination of the effect of acidity and relative humidity on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemical composition from isoprene photooxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxide (NO x ). A detailed characterization of SOA at the molecular level was also investigated. Experiments were conducted in a 14.5 m3 smog chamber operated in flow mode. Based on a detailed analysis of mass spectra obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of silylated derivatives in electron impact and chemical ionization modes, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, and collision-induced dissociation in the negative ionization modes, we characterized not only typical isoprene products but also new oxygenated compounds. A series of nitroxy-organosulfates (NOSs) were tentatively identified on the basis of high-resolution mass spectra. Under acidic conditions, the major identified compounds include 2-methyltetrols (2MT), 2-methylglyceric acid (2mGA), and 2MT-OS. Other products identified include epoxydiols, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, other organic sulfates, and nitroxy- and nitrosoxy-OS. The contribution of SOA products from isoprene oxidation to PM2.5 was investigated by analyzing ambient aerosol collected at rural sites in Poland. Methyltetrols, 2mGA, and several organosulfates and nitroxy-OS were detected in both the field and laboratory samples. The influence of relative humidity on SOA formation was modest in non-acidic-seed experiments and stronger under acidic seed aerosol. Total secondary organic carbon decreased with increasing relative humidity under both acidic and non-acidic conditions. While the yields of some of the specific organic compounds decreased with increasing relative humidity, others varied in an indeterminate manner from changes in the relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Nestorowicz
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Krzysztof Jan Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Cui T, Zeng Z, Dos Santos EO, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Rose CA, Budisulistiorini SH, Collins LB, Bodnar WM, de Souza RAF, Martin ST, Machado CMD, Turpin BJ, Gold A, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Development of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the chemical characterization of water-soluble isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-derived secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1524-1536. [PMID: 30259953 PMCID: PMC10537084 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) on sulfate aerosol produces substantial amounts of water-soluble secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constituents, including 2-methyltetrols, methyltetrol sulfates, and oligomers thereof in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These constituents have commonly been measured by gas chromatography interfaced to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior derivatization or by reverse-phase liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC/ESI-HR-MS). However, both techniques have limitations in explicitly resolving and quantifying polar SOA constituents due either to thermal degradation or poor separation. With authentic 2-methyltetrol and methyltetrol sulfate standards synthesized in-house, we developed a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/ESI-HR-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) protocol that can chromatographically resolve and accurately measure the major IEPOX-derived SOA constituents in both laboratory-generated SOA and atmospheric PM2.5. 2-Methyltetrols were simultaneously resolved along with 4-6 diastereomers of methyltetrol sulfate, allowing efficient quantification of both major classes of SOA constituents by a single non-thermal analytical method. The sum of 2-methyltetrols and methyltetrol sulfates accounted for approximately 92%, 62%, and 21% of the laboratory-generated β-IEPOX aerosol mass, laboratory-generated δ-IEPOX aerosol mass, and organic aerosol mass in the southeastern U.S., respectively, where the mass concentration of methyltetrol sulfates was 171-271% the mass concentration of methyltetrol. Mass concentrations of methyltetrol sulfates were 0.39 and 2.33 μg m-3 in a PM2.5 sample collected from central Amazonia and the southeastern U.S., respectively. The improved resolution clearly reveals isomeric patterns specific to methyltetrol sulfates from acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of β- and δ-IEPOX. We also demonstrate that conventional GC/EI-MS analyses overestimate 2-methyltetrols by up to 188%, resulting (in part) from the thermal degradation of methyltetrol sulfates. Lastly, C5-alkene triols and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diols are found to be largely GC/EI-MS artifacts formed from thermal degradation of 2-methyltetrol sulfates and 3-methyletrol sulfates, respectively, and are not detected with HILIC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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