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Nakamura T, Singh M, Sugiura M, Kato S, Yamamoto R, Kandori H, Furutani Y. SNap bond, a crucial hydrogen bond between Ser in helix 3 and Asn in helix 4, regulates the structural dynamics of heliorhodopsin. J Mol Biol 2024:168666. [PMID: 38880378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Heliorhodopsin (HeR) is a new rhodopsin family discovered in 2018 through functional metagenomic analysis. Similar to microbial rhodopsins, HeR has an all-trans retinal chromophore, and its photoisomerization to the 13-cis form triggers a relatively slow photocycle with sequential intermediate states (K, M, and O intermediates). The O intermediate has a relatively long lifetime and is a putative active state for transferring signals or regulating enzymatic reactions. Although the first discovered HeR, 48C12, was found in bacteria and the second HeR (TaHeR) was found in archaea, their key amino acid residues and molecular architectures have been recognized to be well conserved. Nevertheless, the rise and decay kinetics of the O intermediate are faster in 48C12 than in TaHeR. Here, using a new infrared spectroscopic technique with quantum cascade lasers, we clarified that the hydrogen bond between transmembrane helices (TM) 3 and 4 is essential for the altered O kinetics (Ser112 and Asn138 in 48C12). Interconverting mutants of 48C12 and TaHeR clearly revealed that the hydrogen bond is important for regulating the dynamics of the O intermediate. Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of the hydrogen bond between TM3 and TM4 in heliorhodopsins, similar to the DC gate in channelrhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manish Singh
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan; OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan; OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.
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2
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Sadiek I, Fleisher AJ, Hayden J, Huang X, Hugi A, Engeln R, Lang N, van Helden JPH. Dual-comb spectroscopy of ammonia formation in non-thermal plasmas. Commun Chem 2024; 7:110. [PMID: 38741005 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma-activated chemical transformations promise the efficient synthesis of salient chemical products. However, the reaction pathways that lead to desirable products are often unknown, and key quantum-state-resolved information regarding the involved molecular species is lacking. Here we use quantum cascade laser dual-comb spectroscopy (QCL-DCS) to probe plasma-activated NH3 generation with rotational and vibrational state resolution, quantifying state-specific number densities via broadband spectral analysis. The measurements reveal unique translational, rotational and vibrational temperatures for NH3 products, indicative of a highly reactive, non-thermal environment. Ultimately, we postulate on the energy transfer mechanisms that explain trends in temperatures and number densities observed for NH3 generated in low-pressure nitrogen-hydrogen (N2-H2) plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadiek
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 20899, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Richard Engeln
- Plasma Physics Research, ASML Veldhoven, 5504, DR, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Lang
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Huang B, Kosan N, Wysocki G. Controlled generation of harmonic states in mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency combs by external cavity optical feedback. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1966-1978. [PMID: 38297737 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the implementation of external cavity optical feedback to improve coherence and promote generation of harmonic states by a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency comb. In particular, we present a Vernier-like scheme to realize harmonic comb states that increase the repetition rate of the comb by a factor of up to 6 and broaden spectral coverages from 46 cm-1 to 92 cm-1. Intermode beatnote and dual comb characterization indicate that the coherence of the comb has greatly improved for sub-optimal devices when the comb is operated in these harmonic states. This approach to control the generation of harmonic states and improve comb performance can be readily incorporated to various sensing systems and has great potential in spectroscopic measurements that require high repetition rates and/or broad optical bandwidth.
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4
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Jin Y, Sun F, Li J, Tan CS, Tan KH, Wicaksono S, Sirtori C, Yoon SF, Wang QJ. Long wavelength mid-infrared multi-gases spectroscopy using tunable single-mode slot waveguide quantum cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27543-27552. [PMID: 37710827 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-mode tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are promising for high-resolution and highly sensitive trace gases sensing across the mid-infrared (MIR) region. We report on the development of a tunable single-mode slot waveguide QCL array in the long wavelength part of the MIR regime (>12 µm). This laser array exhibits a tuning range of around 12 cm-1, from 735.3 to 747.3 cm-1. Using this developed single-mode tunable QCL, we demonstrate individual gas sensing, yielding the detection limit of 940 ppb and 470 ppb for acetylene and o-xylene, respectively. To verify the potential of the developed QCL array in multi-species gas detection, laser absorption measurements of two mixed gases of acetylene and o-xylene were conducted, showing the absorption features of the corresponding gases agree well with the theoretical predictions.
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5
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Helbing J, Hamm P. Versatile Femtosecond Laser Synchronization for Multiple-Timescale Transient Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37478282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Several ways to electronically synchronize different types of amplified femtosecond laser systems are presented based on a single freely programmable electronics hardware: arbitrary-detuning asynchronous optical sampling (ADASOPS), as well as actively locking two femtosecond laser oscillators, albeit not necessarily to the same round-trip frequency. They allow us to rapidly probe a very wide range of timescales, from picoseconds to potentially seconds, in a single transient absorption experiment without the need to move any delay stage. Experiments become possible that address a largely unexplored aspect of many photochemical reactions, in particular in the context of photo-catalysis as well as photoactive proteins, where an initial femtosecond trigger very often initiates a long-lasting cascade of follow-up processes. The approach is very versatile and allows us to synchronize very different lasers, such as a Ti:Sa amplifier and a 100 kHz Yb-laser system. The jitter of the synchronization, and therewith the time-resolution in the transient experiment, lies in the range from 1 to 3 ps, depending on the method. For illustration, transient IR measurements of the excited state solvation and decay of a metal carbonyl complex as well as the full reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin are shown. The pros and cons of the various methods are discussed, with regard to the scientific question one might want to address, and also with regard to the laser systems that might be already existent in a laser lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Helbing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Hashimoto K, Nakamura T, Kageyama T, Badarla VR, Shimada H, Horisaki R, Ideguchi T. Upconversion time-stretch infrared spectroscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 36869075 PMCID: PMC9984475 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-speed measurement confronts the extreme speed limit when the signal becomes comparable to the noise level. In the context of broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy, state-of-the-art ultrafast Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers, in particular dual-comb spectrometers, have improved the measurement rate up to a few MSpectra s-1, which is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. Time-stretch infrared spectroscopy, an emerging ultrafast frequency-swept mid-infrared spectroscopy technique, has shown a record-high rate of 80 MSpectra s-1 with an intrinsically higher signal-to-noise ratio than Fourier-transform spectroscopy by more than the square-root of the number of spectral elements. However, it can measure no more than ~30 spectral elements with a low resolution of several cm-1. Here, we significantly increase the measurable number of spectral elements to more than 1000 by incorporating a nonlinear upconversion process. The one-to-one mapping of a broadband spectrum from the mid-infrared to the near-infrared telecommunication region enables low-loss time-stretching with a single-mode optical fiber and low-noise signal detection with a high-bandwidth photoreceiver. We demonstrate high-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of gas-phase methane molecules with a high resolution of 0.017 cm-1. This unprecedentedly high-speed vibrational spectroscopy technique would satisfy various unmet needs in experimental molecular science, e.g., measuring ultrafast dynamics of irreversible phenomena, statistically analyzing a large amount of heterogeneous spectral data, or taking broadband hyperspectral images at a high frame rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hashimoto
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakamura
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Venkata Ramaiah Badarla
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoich Horisaki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuro Ideguchi
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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7
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Teng CC, Westberg J, Wysocki G. Gapless tuning of quantum cascade laser frequency combs with external cavity optical feedback. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:363-366. [PMID: 36638458 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the operation of quantum cascade laser frequency combs in an external cavity configuration. Experimental observations show dependence of comb repetition rate and optical spectrum on the external cavity length. The low phase-noise comb regime is extended to a broader range of bias currents, enabling gapless frequency tuning of the comb modes. Dual-comb measurements also confirm improved comb stability in the presence of unwanted optical feedback when operating in an external cavity configuration. These observations indicate that aside from the continuing efforts to assure low and uniform dispersion characteristics of quantum cascade laser frequency combs, the proposed simple approach of adding a broadband external cavity can significantly enhance operation of sub-optimal devices for spectroscopic applications.
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8
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Hillbrand J, Bertrand M, Wittwer V, Opačak N, Kapsalidis F, Gianella M, Emmenegger L, Schwarz B, Südmeyer T, Beck M, Faist J. Synchronization of frequency combs by optical injection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36087-36095. [PMID: 36258545 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs based on semiconductor lasers are a promising technology for monolithic integration of dual-comb spectrometers. However, the stabilization of offset frequency fceo remains a challenging feat due the lack of octave-spanning spectra. In a dual-comb configuration, the uncorrelated jitter of the offset frequencies leads to a non-periodic signal resulting in broadened beatnotes with a limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Hence, expensive data acquisition schemes and complex signal processing are currently required. Here, we show that the offset frequencies of two frequency combs can be synchronized by optical injection locking, which allows full phase-stabilization when combined with electrical injection locking of both repetition frequencies frep. A single comb line isolated via an optical Vernier filter serves as Master oscillator for injection locking. The resulting dual-comb signal is periodic and stable over thousands of periods. This enables coherent averaging using analog electronics, which increases the SNR and reduces the data size by one and three orders of magnitude, respectively. The presented method will enable fully phase-stabilized dual-comb spectrometers by leveraging on integrated optical filters and provides access for comparing and stabilizing fceo to narrow-linewidth optical references.
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9
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Tani S, Sugiyama K, Sukegawa T, Sato T, Ishizuka Y, Taya S, Feng D, Komeda O, Suto H, Saitoh H, Kobayashi Y. Real-time high-spectral-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy with a signal-to-noise ratio of ten thousand. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36813-36825. [PMID: 36258603 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed a mid-infrared spectroscopy system with high spectral resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio using an extremely high-order germanium immersion grating. The spectroscopic system covers wavelengths from 3 to 5 µm and has a spectral resolution of 1 GHz with a single-shot bandwidth of 2 THz. We proposed a method of improving the signal-to-noise ratio and achieved a ratio of over 3000 with a data acquisition rate of 125 Hz in the presence of fluctuations in the light source and environment. A signal-to-noise ratio of 10,000 was achieved with 0.1-s integration for 100-µW mid-infrared light.
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10
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Hoghooghi N, Xing S, Chang P, Lesko D, Lind A, Rieker G, Diddams S. Broadband 1-GHz mid-infrared frequency comb. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:264. [PMID: 36071054 PMCID: PMC9452668 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers are invaluable tools for molecular fingerprinting and hyper-spectral imaging. Among the available spectroscopic approaches, GHz MIR dual-comb absorption spectrometers have the potential to simultaneously combine the high-speed, high spectral resolution, and broad optical bandwidth needed to accurately study complex, transient events in chemistry, combustion, and microscopy. However, such a spectrometer has not yet been demonstrated due to the lack of GHz MIR frequency combs with broad and full spectral coverage. Here, we introduce the first broadband MIR frequency comb laser platform at 1 GHz repetition rate that achieves spectral coverage from 3 to 13 µm. This frequency comb is based on a commercially available 1.56 µm mode-locked laser, robust all-fiber Er amplifiers and intra-pulse difference frequency generation (IP-DFG) of few-cycle pulses in χ(2) nonlinear crystals. When used in a dual comb spectroscopy (DCS) configuration, this source will simultaneously enable measurements with μs time resolution, 1 GHz (0.03 cm-1) spectral point spacing and a full bandwidth of >5 THz (>166 cm-1) anywhere within the MIR atmospheric windows. This represents a unique spectroscopic resource for characterizing fast and non-repetitive events that are currently inaccessible with other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hoghooghi
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Sida Xing
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Peter Chang
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Daniel Lesko
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Alexander Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Greg Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Scott Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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11
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Frei H. Time-Resolved Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopy for Understanding How Charges Drive Metal Oxide Catalysts for Water Oxidation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7953-7964. [PMID: 35981106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temporally resolved spectroscopy is a powerful approach for gaining detailed mechanistic understanding of water oxidation at robust Earth-abundant metal oxide catalysts for guiding efficiency improvement of solar fuel conversion systems. Beyond detecting and structurally identifying surface intermediates by vibrational and accompanying optical spectroscopy, knowledge of how charges, sequentially delivered to the metal oxide surface, drive the four-electron water oxidation cycle is critical for enhancing catalytic efficiency. Key issues addressed in this Perspective are the experimental requirements for establishing the kinetic relevancy of observed surface species and the discovery of the rate-boosting role of encounters of two or more one-electron surface hole charges, often in the form of randomly hopping metal oxo or oxyl moieties, for accessing very low-barrier O-O bond-forming pathways. Recent spectroscopic breakthroughs of metal oxide photo- and electrocatalysts inspire future research poised to take advantage of new highly sensitive spectroscopic tools and of methods for fast catalysis triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Frei
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Agner JA, Albert S, Allmendinger P, Hollenstein U, Hugi A, Jouy P, Keppler K, Mangold M, Merkt F, Quack M. High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of cold samples in supersonic beams using a QCL dual-comb spectrometer*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2094297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef A. Agner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sieghard Albert
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Hollenstein
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Karen Keppler
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frédéric Merkt
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Quack
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Lins E, Andvaag IR, Read S, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Dual-Frequency Comb Spectroscopy Studies of Ionic Strength Effects in Time-Resolved ATR-SEIRAS. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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Infrared Spectroscopy–Quo Vadis? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the exquisite capability of direct, non-destructive label-free sensing of molecular transitions, IR spectroscopy has become a ubiquitous and versatile analytical tool. IR application scenarios range from industrial manufacturing processes, surveillance tasks and environmental monitoring to elaborate evaluation of (bio)medical samples. Given recent developments in associated fields, IR spectroscopic devices increasingly evolve into reliable and robust tools for quality control purposes, for rapid analysis within at-line, in-line or on-line processes, and even for bed-side monitoring of patient health indicators. With the opportunity to guide light at or within dedicated optical structures, remote sensing as well as high-throughput sensing scenarios are being addressed by appropriate IR methodologies. In the present focused article, selected perspectives on future directions for IR spectroscopic tools and their applications are discussed. These visions are accompanied by a short introduction to the historic development, current trends, and emerging technological opportunities guiding the future path IR spectroscopy may take. Highlighted state-of-the art implementations along with novel concepts enhancing the performance of IR sensors are presented together with cutting-edge developments in related fields that drive IR spectroscopy forward in its role as a versatile analytical technology with a bright past and an even brighter future.
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15
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Schubert L, Langner P, Ehrenberg D, Lorenz-Fonfria VA, Heberle J. Protein conformational changes and protonation dynamics probed by a single shot using quantum-cascade-laser-based IR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204201. [PMID: 35649857 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-IR spectroscopy is a powerful and label-free technique to investigate protein reactions. In this study, we use quantum-cascade-laser-based dual-comb spectroscopy to probe protein conformational changes and protonation events by a single-shot experiment. By using a well-characterized membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin, we provide a comparison between dual-comb spectroscopy and our homebuilt tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based scanning spectrometer as tools to monitor irreversible reactions with high time resolution. In conclusion, QCL-based infrared spectroscopy is demonstrated to be feasible for tracing functionally relevant protein structural changes and proton translocations by single-shot experiments. Thus, we envisage a bright future for applications of this technology for monitoring the kinetics of irreversible reactions as in (bio-)chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Schubert
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pit Langner
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Ehrenberg
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor A Lorenz-Fonfria
- Institute of Molecular Science, Universitat de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, No. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Komagata KN, Gianella M, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Shahmohammadi M, Beck M, Matthey R, Wittwer VJ, Hugi A, Faist J, Emmenegger L, Südmeyer T, Schilt S. Absolute frequency referencing in the long wave infrared using a quantum cascade laser frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12891-12901. [PMID: 35472915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have transformed mid-infrared spectroscopy. However, QCL-OFCs have not yet been exploited to provide a broadband absolute frequency reference. We demonstrate this possibility by performing comb-calibrated spectroscopy at 7.7 µm (1305 cm-1) using a QCL-OFC referenced to a molecular transition. We obtain 1.5·10-10 relative frequency stability (100-s integration time) and 3·10-9 relative frequency accuracy, comparable with state-of-the-art solutions relying on nonlinear frequency conversion. We show that QCL-OFCs can be locked with sub-Hz-level stability to a reference for hours, thus promising their use as metrological tools for the mid-infrared.
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17
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Luo PL, Chen IY. Synchronized Two-Color Time-Resolved Dual-Comb Spectroscopy for Quantitative Detection of HO x Radicals Formed from Criegee Intermediates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5752-5759. [PMID: 35377143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates, derived from ozonolysis of alkenes and recognized as key species in the production of nonphotolytic free radicals, play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Here, we present a spectrometer based on synchronized two-color time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy, enabling simultaneous spectral acquisitions in two molecular fingerprint regions near 2.9 and 7.8 μm. Upon flash photolysis of CH2I2/O2/N2 gas mixtures, multiple reaction species, involving the simplest Criegee intermediates (CH2OO), formaldehyde (CH2O), hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals are simultaneously detected with microsecond time resolution. The concentration of each molecule can be determined based on high-resolution rovibrational absorption spectroscopy. With quantitative detection and simulation of temporal concentration profiles of the targeted molecules at various conditions, the underlying reaction mechanisms and pathways related to the formation of the HOx radicals, which can be generated from decomposition of initially energized and vibrationally excited Criegee intermediates, are explored. This approach capable of achieving multispectral measurements with simultaneously high spectral and temporal resolutions opens up the opportunities for quantification of transient intermediates and products, thus, enabling elucidation of complex reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Luo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Yun Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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18
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Time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy applied to photoinduced reactions: how and why. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:557-584. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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The development and application of dual-comb spectroscopy in analytical chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bozovic O, Jankovic B, Hamm P. Using azobenzene photocontrol to set proteins in motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 6:112-124. [PMID: 37117294 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the activity of proteins with azobenzene photoswitches is a potent tool for manipulating their biological function. With the help of light, it is possible to change binding affinities, control allostery or manipulate complex biological processes, for example. Additionally, owing to their intrinsically fast photoisomerization, azobenzene photoswitches can serve as triggers that initiate out-of-equilibrium processes. Such switching of the activity initiates a cascade of conformational events that can be accessed with time-resolved methods. In this Review, we show how the potency of azobenzene photoswitching can be combined with transient spectroscopic techniques to disclose the order of events and experimentally observe biomolecular interactions in real time. This strategy will further our understanding of how a protein can accommodate, adapt and readjust its structure to answer an incoming signal, revealing more of the dynamical character of proteins.
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21
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Buhrke D, Ruf J, Heckmeier P, Hamm P. A stop-flow sample delivery system for transient spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:123001. [PMID: 34972444 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A stop-flow sample delivery system for transient spectroscopy is presented, which is, in particular, suited for laser-based instruments (quantum-cascade lasers or amplified femtosecond lasers) with excitation pulse repetition rates in the range 10-100 Hz. Two pulsing micro-valves are mounted onto a flow cuvette designed for transient IR spectroscopy, which is integrated into a flow cycle driven by a peristaltic pump. The performance of the system is demonstrated with transient IR experiments of the trans-to-cis photoisomerization of a water-soluble azobenzene derivative. The sample stands still when the micro-valves are closed and is pushed out from the probe beam focus on a 1 ms timescale when opening the micro-valves. The setup is extremely sample efficient. It needs only small sample volumes, and at the same time, it enables excitation of a large fraction of molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Ruf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Heckmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Zou X, Gu C, Zhang M, Zuo Z, Peng D, Di Y, Tang L, Liu Y, Luo D, Zhou C, Li S, Xu X, Li W. 208-µs single-shot multi-molecular sensing with spectrum-encoded dual-comb spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:27600-27611. [PMID: 34615173 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique, which is developing for the detection of transient species in reaction kinetics on a short time scale. Conventionally, the simultaneous determination of multiple species is limited to the requirement of broadband spectral measurement at the cost of the measurement speed and spectral resolution owing to the inherent trade-off among these characteristics in DCS. In this study, a high-speed multi-molecular sensing is demonstrated and achieved through using a programmable spectrum-encoded DCS technique, where multiple narrow encoding spectral bands are reserved selectively and other comb lines are filtered out. As a dual-comb spectrometer with a repetition rate of 108 MHz is encoded spectrally over a spectral coverage range of 1520 to 1580 nm, the measurement speed is increased 6.15 times and single-shot absorption spectra of multiple molecules (C2H2, HCN, CO, CO2) at a time scale of 208 µs are obtained. Compared to conventional single-shot dual-comb spectra, encoded dual-comb spectra have improved short-term signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) by factors of 3.65 with four encoding bands and 5.68 with two encoding bands. Furthermore, a fiber-Bragg-grating-based encoded DCS is demonstrated, which reaches 17.1 times higher average SNR than that of the unencoded DCS. This spectrum-encoded technique can largely improve the DCS measurement speed, and thus is promising for use in studies on multi-species reaction kinetics.
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23
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Huh JH, Chen Z, Vicentini E, Hänsch TW, Picqué N. Time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy with a single electro-optic modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3957-3960. [PMID: 34388784 DOI: 10.1364/ol.431451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of single non-repeatable transient events is performed at high spectral resolution with a dual-comb interferometer using a continuous-wave laser followed by a single electro-optic amplitude modulator. By sharing high-speed electrical/optical components, our spectrometer greatly simplifies the implementation of dual-comb spectroscopy and offers a high mutual coherence time, measured up to 50 s, without any active stabilization system and/or data processing. The time resolution is as short as 100 µs in our experimental demonstration. For a span of 36 GHz, the mean signal-to-noise ratio of 80, at 100-MHz spectral resolution and 100-µs measurement time, enables precise determination of the parameters of rovibrational lines, including intensity or concentration.
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24
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Abstract
Multiheterodyne techniques using frequency combs-radiation sources whose lines are perfectly evenly-spaced-have revolutionized science. By beating sources with the many lines of a comb, their spectra are recovered. Even so, these approaches are fundamentally limited to probing coherent sources, such as lasers. They are unable to measure most spectra that occur in nature. Here we present frequency comb ptychoscopy, a technique that allows for the spectrum of any complex broadband source to be retrieved using a comb. In this approach, the spectrum is reconstructed by unfolding the simultaneous beating of a source with each comb line. We demonstrate this both theoretically and experimentally, at microwave frequencies. This approach can reconstruct the spectrum of nearly any complex source to high resolution, and the speed, resolution, and generality of this technique will allow chip-scale frequency combs to have an impact in a wide swath of new applications, such as remote sensing and passive spectral imaging.
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25
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Komagata K, Shehzad A, Terrasanta G, Brochard P, Matthey R, Gianella M, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Shahmohammadi M, Beck M, Wittwer VJ, Faist J, Emmenegger L, Südmeyer T, Hugi A, Schilt S. Coherently-averaged dual comb spectrometer at 7.7 µm with master and follower quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:19126-19139. [PMID: 34154154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent averaging of the multi-heterodyne beat signal between two quantum cascade laser frequency combs in a master-follower configuration. The two combs are mutually locked by acting on the drive current to control their relative offset frequency and by radio-frequency extraction and injection locking of their intermode beat signal to stabilize their mode spacing difference. By implementing an analog common-noise subtraction scheme, a reduction of the linewidth of all heterodyne beat notes by five orders of magnitude is achieved compared to the free-running lasers. We compare stabilization and post-processing corrections in terms of amplitude noise. While they give similar performances in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, real-time processing of the stabilized signal is less demanding in terms of computational power. Lastly, a proof-of-principle spectroscopic measurement was performed, showing the possibility to reduce the amount of data to be processed by three orders of magnitude, compared to the free-running system.
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26
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Norahan MJ, Horvath R, Woitzik N, Jouy P, Eigenmann F, Gerwert K, Kötting C. Microsecond-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy on Nonrepetitive Protein Reactions by Applying Caged Compounds and Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6779-6783. [PMID: 33881816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is ideally suited for the investigation of protein reactions at the atomic level. Many systems were investigated successfully by applying Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. While rapid-scan FTIR spectroscopy is limited by time resolution (about 10 ms with 16 cm-1 resolution), step-scan FTIR spectroscopy reaches a time resolution of about 10 ns but is limited to cyclic reactions that can be repeated hundreds of times under identical conditions. Consequently, FTIR with high time resolution was only possible with photoactivable proteins that undergo a photocycle. The huge number of nonrepetitive reactions, e.g., induced by caged compounds, were limited to the millisecond time domain. The advent of dual-comb quantum cascade laser now allows for a rapid reaction monitoring in the microsecond time domain. Here, we investigate the potential to apply such an instrument to the huge class of G-proteins. We compare caged-compound-induced reactions monitored by FTIR and dual-comb spectroscopy by applying the new technique to the α subunit of the inhibiting Gi protein and to the larger protein-protein complex of Gαi with its cognate regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS). We observe good data quality with a 4 μs time resolution with a wavelength resolution comparable to FTIR. This is more than three orders of magnitude faster than any FTIR measurement on G-proteins in the literature. This study paves the way for infrared spectroscopic studies in the so far unresolvable microsecond time regime for nonrepetitive biological systems including all GTPases and ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Javad Norahan
- Competence Center for Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Woitzik
- Competence Center for Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pierre Jouy
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistrasse 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Gerwert
- Competence Center for Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Kötting
- Competence Center for Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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27
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Yoon Y, Breshike CJ, Kendziora CA, Furstenberg R, Andrew McGill R. Simultaneous real-time spectroscopy using a broadband IR laser source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8902-8913. [PMID: 33820331 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a simultaneous grating spectroscopy using a broadband IR laser source capable of detecting moving targets in real time. The broadband IR laser source operated in pulsed mode provides a broad spectral range, which covers absorption bands of many chemical analytes. The laser operating conditions were optimized to cover the broadest wavelength range spanning spectral features for the analytes of interest, based on a detailed understanding of the broadband source. This measured the signal from two samples, a 1% acetaminophen KBr pellet sample and toluene in a gas cell. These samples were characterized by illuminating them with the IR broadband source and collecting the transmitted or reflected signal through a grating spectrometer and onto an IR focal plane array (FPA). The results clearly show discrete peaks comparable to the FTIR reference spectra and the spectral features of the samples were successfully discriminated. We believe that the proof of concepts presented here are of broad applicability and will aid advanced real-time standoff detection research.
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28
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Herman DI, Weerasekara C, Hutcherson LC, Giorgetta FR, Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Colacion GM, Newbury NR, Welch SM, DePaola BD, Coddington I, Santos EA, Washburn BR. Precise multispecies agricultural gas flux determined using broadband open-path dual-comb spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9765. [PMID: 33789900 PMCID: PMC8011971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in spectroscopy have the potential to improve our understanding of agricultural processes and associated trace gas emissions. We implement field-deployed, open-path dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) for precise multispecies emissions estimation from livestock. With broad atmospheric dual-comb spectra, we interrogate upwind and downwind paths from pens containing approximately 300 head of cattle, providing time-resolved concentration enhancements and fluxes of CH4, NH3, CO2, and H2O. The methane fluxes determined from DCS data and fluxes obtained with a colocated closed-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas analyzer agree to within 6%. The NH3 concentration retrievals have sensitivity of 10 parts per billion and yield corresponding NH3 fluxes with a statistical precision of 8% and low systematic uncertainty. Open-path DCS offers accurate multispecies agricultural gas flux quantification without external calibration and is easily extended to larger agricultural systems where point-sampling-based approaches are insufficient, presenting opportunities for field-scale biogeochemical studies and ecological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Herman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brett D DePaola
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eduardo A Santos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brian R Washburn
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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29
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Hillbrand J, Matthieu Krüger L, Dal Cin S, Knötig H, Heidrich J, Maxwell Andrews A, Strasser G, Keller U, Schwarz B. High-speed quantum cascade detector characterized with a mid-infrared femtosecond oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5774-5781. [PMID: 33726109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum cascade detectors (QCD) are photovoltaic mid-infrared detectors based on intersubband transitions. Owing to the sub-picosecond carrier transport between subbands and the absence of a bias voltage, QCDs are ideally suited for high-speed and room temperature operation. Here, we demonstrate the design, fabrication, and characterization of 4.3 µm wavelength QCDs optimized for large electrical bandwidth. The detector signal is extracted via a tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW), which was impedance-matched to 50 Ω. Using femtosecond pulses generated by a mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO), we show that the impulse response of the fully packaged QCDs has a full-width at half-maximum of only 13.4 ps corresponding to a 3-dB bandwidth of more than 20 GHz. Considerable detection capability beyond the 3-dB bandwidth is reported up to at least 50 GHz, which allows us to measure more than 600 harmonics of the OPO repetition frequency reaching 38 dB signal-to-noise ratio without the need of electronic amplification.
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30
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Han NS, Kim J, Yoon TH, Cho M. Broadband Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecules in Solutions with Two Intrapulse Difference-Frequency-Generated Mid-Infrared Frequency Combs. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:307-316. [PMID: 33325228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy is an incisive tool for studying structures and dynamics of complicated molecules in condensed phases. Developing a compact and broadband mid-IR spectrometer has thus been a long-standing challenge. Here, we show that a highly coherent and broadband mid-IR frequency comb can be generated by using an intrapulse difference-frequency-generation with a train of pulses from a few-cycle pulse Ti:sapphire oscillator. By tightly focusing the oscillator output beam into a single-pass, fan-out-type periodically poled lithium niobate crystal and tilting the orientation of the crystal, we show that a mid-IR frequency comb with more than an octave spectral bandwidth from 1550 cm-1 (46 THz) to 3650 cm-1 (110 THz) and vanishing carrier-envelope-offset phase can be generated. Using two coherent mid-IR frequency combs with different repetition frequencies, we demonstrate that a broadband mid-IR dual-frequency comb spectroscopy of aromatic compounds or amino acids in solutions is feasible. We thus anticipate that researchers will find our mid-IR frequency combs useful for developing ultrafast and broadband linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy of chemically reactive or biologically important molecules in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noh Soo Han
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - JunWoo Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Yoon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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31
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Luo PL. Long-wave mid-infrared time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy of short-lived intermediates. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6791-6794. [PMID: 33325898 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, an electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer with a central tunable range of 7.77-8.22 µm is demonstrated to perform transient absorption spectroscopy of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO), a short-lived species involved in many key atmospheric reactions, and its self-reaction product via comb-mode-resolved spectral sampling at microsecond temporal resolution. By combining with a Herriott-type flash photolysis cell, CH2OO can be probed with a detection limit down to ∼1×1011moleculescm-3. Moreover, pressure broadening of CH2OO absorption lines can be studied with spectrally interleaved dual-comb spectroscopy. This Letter holds promise for high-resolution precision measurements of transient molecules, especially for the study of large molecules in complex systems.
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32
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Abbas MA, van Dijk L, Jahromi KE, Nematollahi M, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Broadband Time-Resolved Absorption and Dispersion Spectroscopy of Methane and Ethane in a Plasma Using a Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectrometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6831. [PMID: 33260402 PMCID: PMC7730292 DOI: 10.3390/s20236831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional mechanical Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) can simultaneously measure absorption and dispersion spectra of gas-phase samples. However, they usually need very long measurement times to achieve time-resolved spectra with a good spectral and temporal resolution. Here, we present a mid-infrared dual-comb-based FTS in an asymmetric configuration, providing broadband absorption and dispersion spectra with a spectral resolution of 5 GHz (0.18 nm at a wavelength of 3333 nm), a temporal resolution of 20 μs, a total wavelength coverage over 300 cm-1 and a total measurement time of ~70 s. We used the dual-comb spectrometer to monitor the reaction dynamics of methane and ethane in an electrical plasma discharge. We observed ethane/methane formation as a recombination reaction of hydrocarbon radicals in the discharge in various static and dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate a new analytical approach for measuring fast molecular absorption and dispersion changes and monitoring the fast dynamics of chemical reactions over a broad wavelength range, which can be interesting for chemical kinetic research, particularly for the combustion and plasma analysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (L.v.D.); (K.E.J.); (M.N.); (F.J.M.H.); (A.K.)
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33
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Klocke JL, Kottke T. A quantum cascade laser setup for studying irreversible photoreactions in H 2O with nanosecond resolution and microlitre consumption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26459-26467. [PMID: 33185227 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on irreversible reactions requires in general an exchange of sample for thousands of acquisitions leading to high sample consumption. Here, we present a setup employing a modern quantum cascade laser (QCL) as a probe light source to record time-resolved difference spectra of irreversible photoreactions in H2O. The combination of the focused QCL with a pressure-tolerant flow cell and a micrometre stage orthogonal to the flow allowed us to drastically reduce the sample consumption. We investigated the irreversible photoreduction of the cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in H2O, which is a common reaction taking place in biological photoreceptors. A broad time range from 20 nanoseconds to 1 second was accessible, because the approach minimized any signal drift by the flow. Kinetics were recorded at 46 selected wavenumbers consuming 12 microlitres for a complete dataset. The tuning range of 1490-1740 cm-1 included relevant carbonyl vibrations and the region of strong water absorption at around 1650 cm-1. A continuous dataset in the spectral dimension was generated by applying a fit with a sum of Lorentzians. Subsequent global analysis allowed us to resolve reference spectra and kinetics of the photoreaction proceeding from the triplet excited state via the intermediate flavin anion radical to the product, the fully reduced state of FMN. Accordingly, the neutral radical state is not populated in the disproportionation. The approach strongly facilitates the spectroscopic access to irreversible reactions of flavin-containing photoreceptors and photoenzymes with high time resolution and small sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Klocke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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34
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Rockmore R, Gibson R, Moloney JV, Jones RJ. VECSEL-based virtually imaged phased array spectrometer for rapid gas phase detection in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5796-5799. [PMID: 33057287 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, system for high-resolution, time-resolved spectroscopy in the mid-wave infrared based on a modelocked vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) frequency comb coupled to a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer. The GHz level repetition rate of VECSEL-based systems coupled to VIPA spectrometers enables comb tooth resolved spectra without the use of additional filter cavities often required to increase comb tooth spacing. We demonstrate absorption spectroscopy on a methane (CH4) gas mixture at 2900cm-1 (3.4 µm) with over 35cm-1 spectral bandwidth in a single image. Rapid time-resolved measurements were made using a 300 µs exposure time with an acquisition rate limited to 125 Hz by the available camera. High-resolution absolute frequency measurements were performed by scanning the repetition rate of the VECSEL frequency comb.
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35
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Goett-Zink L, Klocke JL, Bögeholz LAK, Kottke T. In-cell infrared difference spectroscopy of LOV photoreceptors reveals structural responses to light altered in living cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11729-11741. [PMID: 32580943 PMCID: PMC7450117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are usually studied in well-defined buffer conditions, which differ substantially from those within a host cell. In some cases, the intracellular environment has an impact on the mechanism, which might be missed by in vitro experiments. IR difference spectroscopy previously has been applied to study the light-induced response of photoreceptors and photoenzymes in vitro Here, we established the in-cell IR difference (ICIRD) spectroscopy in the transmission and attenuated total reflection configuration to investigate the light-induced response of soluble proteins in living bacterial cells. ICIRD spectroscopy on the light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains of the blue light receptors aureochrome and phototropin revealed a suppression of the response of specific secondary structure elements, indicating that the intracellular environment affects LOV photoreceptor mechanisms in general. Moreover, in-cell fluorescence spectroscopy disclosed that the intracellular environment slows down the recovery of the light-induced flavin adduct. Segment-resolved ICIRD spectroscopy on basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP)-LOV of aureochrome 1a from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum indicated a signal progression from the LOV sensor to the bZIP effector independent of unfolding of the connecting A'α-helix, an observation that stood in contrast to in vitro results. This deviation was recapitulated in vitro by emulating the intracellular environment through the addition of the crowding agent BSA, but not by sucrose polymers. We conclude that ICIRD spectroscopy is a noninvasive, label-free approach for assessing conformational changes in receptors in living cells at ambient conditions. As demonstrated, these near-native responses may deviate from the mechanisms established under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Goett-Zink
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jessica L Klocke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lena A K Bögeholz
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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36
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Simultaneous determination of transient free radicals and reaction kinetics by high-resolution time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy. Commun Chem 2020; 3:95. [PMID: 36703338 PMCID: PMC9814257 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative determination of multiple transient species is critical in investigating reaction mechanisms and kinetics under various conditions. Dual-comb spectroscopy, a comb-laser-based multi-heterodyne interferometric technique that enables simultaneous achievement of broadband, high-resolution, and rapid spectral acquisition, opens a new era of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. Employing an electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer with central wavelength near 3 µm coupled with a Herriott multipass absorption cell, here we demonstrate simultaneous determination of multiple species, including methanol, formaldehyde, HO2 and OH radicals, and investigate the reaction kinetics. In addition to quantitative spectral analyses of high-resolution and tens of microsecond time-resolved spectra recorded upon flash photolysis of precursor mixtures, we determine a rate coefficient of the HO2 + NO reaction by directly detecting both HO2 and OH radicals. Our approach exhibits potential in discovering reactive intermediates and exploring complex reaction mechanisms, especially those of radical-radical reactions.
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Hakobyan S, Maulini R, Blaser S, Gresch T, Muller A. High performance quantum cascade laser frequency combs at λ ∼ 6 μm based on plasmon-enhanced dispersion compensation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20714-20727. [PMID: 32680125 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum cascade laser (QCL) optical frequency combs emitting at λ ∼ 6 μm. A 5.5 μm-wide, 4.5 mm-long laser exhibits comb operation from -20 °C up to 50 °C. A maximum output power of 300 mW is achieved at 50 °C showing a robustness of the system. The laser output spectrum is ∼80 cm-1 wide at the maximum current, with a mode spacing of 0.334 cm-1, resulting in a total of 240 modes with an average power of 0.8 mW per mode. To achieve frequency comb operation, a plasmonic-waveguide approach is utilized. A thin, highly-doped indium phosphide (InP) layer is inserted in the top cladding design to compensate the positive dispersion of the system (material and waveguide). This approach can be further exploited to design QCL combs at even shorter wavelengths, down to 4 μm. Different ridge widths between 2.8 and 5.5 μm have been fabricated and characterized. All of the devices exhibit frequency comb operation. These observations demonstrate that the plasmonic-waveguide is a robust and reliable method for dispersion compensation of a semiconductor laser systems to achieve frequency comb operation.
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Henry NC, Burghoff D, Khurgin JB. Mitigating offset frequency drift in frequency combs using a customized power law dispersion. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3525-3528. [PMID: 32630889 DOI: 10.1364/ol.393357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new, to the best of our knowledge, passive technique of mitigating the phase noise in optical frequency combs (FC) by reducing the drift of offset frequency. This can be achieved by customizing the dispersion to attain a power law dependence of the wave vector on frequency, k(ω)∼ωα, ensuring a constant ratio between group and phase velocities. When this condition is maintained, the drift offset frequency is passively mitigated, and phase noise is reduced. Using quantum cascade laser (QCL) FCs as an example, we demonstrate, analytically and numerically, that the desired dispersion can be easily engineered by properly adjusting the thickness of the QCL active region and that stable offset frequency can be combined with low residual group dispersion.
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Kowligy AS, Carlson DR, Hickstein DD, Timmers H, Lind AJ, Schunemann PG, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared frequency combs at 10 GHz. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3677-3680. [PMID: 32630928 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs at 10 GHz repetition rate via intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (DFG) in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear media. Few-cycle pump pulses (≲15fs, 100 pJ) from a near-infrared electro-optic frequency comb are provided via nonlinear soliton-like compression in photonic-chip silicon-nitride waveguides. Subsequent intra-pulse DFG in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides yields MIR frequency combs in the 3.1-4.8 µm region, while orientation-patterned gallium phosphide provides coverage across 7-11 µm. Cascaded second-order nonlinearities simultaneously provide access to the carrier-envelope-offset frequency of the pump source via in-line f-2f nonlinear interferometry. The high-repetition rate MIR frequency combs introduced here can be used for condensed phase spectroscopy and applications such as laser heterodyne radiometry.
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Zhang G, Horvath R, Liu D, Geiser M, Farooq A. QCL-Based Dual-Comb Spectrometer for Multi-Species Measurements at High Temperatures and High Pressures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3602. [PMID: 32604869 PMCID: PMC7349716 DOI: 10.3390/s20123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid multi-species sensing is an overarching goal in time-resolved studies of chemical kinetics. Most current laser sources cannot achieve this goal due to their narrow spectral coverage and/or slow wavelength scanning. In this work, a novel mid-IR dual-comb spectrometer is utilized for chemical kinetic investigations. The spectrometer is based on two quantum cascade laser frequency combs and provides rapid (4 µs) measurements over a wide spectral range (~1175-1235 cm-1). Here, the spectrometer was applied to make time-resolved absorption measurements of methane, acetone, propene, and propyne at high temperatures (>1000 K) and high pressures (>5 bar) in a shock tube. Such a spectrometer will be of high value in chemical kinetic studies of future fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangle Zhang
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Raphael Horvath
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistr. 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland; (R.H.) (M.G.)
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Markus Geiser
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistr. 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland; (R.H.) (M.G.)
| | - Aamir Farooq
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
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Kratz C, Furchner A, Sun G, Rappich J, Hinrichs K. Sensing and structure analysis by in situIR spectroscopy: from mL flow cells to microfluidic applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:393002. [PMID: 32235045 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situmid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in liquids is an emerging field for the analysis of functional surfaces and chemical reactions. Different basic geometries exist forin situMIR spectroscopy in milliliter (mL) and microfluidic flow cells, such as attenuated total reflection (ATR), simple reflection, transmission and fiber waveguides. After a general introduction of linear opticalin situMIR techniques, the methodology of ATR, ellipsometric and microfluidic applications in single-reflection geometries is presented. Selected examples focusing on thin layers relevant to optical, electronical, polymer, biomedical, sensing and silicon technology are discussed. The development of an optofluidic platform translates IR spectroscopy to the world of micro- and nanofluidics. With the implementation of SEIRA (surface enhanced infrared absorption) interfaces, the sensitivity of optofluidic analyses of biomolecules can be improved significantly. A large variety of enhancement surfaces ranging from tailored nanostructures to metal-island film substrates are promising for this purpose. Meanwhile, time-resolved studies, such as sub-monolayer formation of organic molecules in nL volumes, become available in microscopic or laser-based set-ups. With the adaption of modern brilliant IR sources, such as tunable and broadband IR lasers as well as frequency comb sources, possible applications of far-field IR spectroscopy inin situsensing with high lateral (sub-mm) and time (sub-s) resolution are considerably extended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoguang Sun
- ISAS-e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Friedlein JT, Baumann E, Briggman KA, Colacion GM, Giorgetta FR, Goldfain AM, Herman DI, Hoenig EV, Hwang J, Newbury NR, Perez EF, Yung CS, Coddington I, Cossel KC. Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3152. [PMID: 32561738 PMCID: PMC7305174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging is promising for label-free imaging in optically scattering materials. However, this technique often requires acquisition of a separate image at each wavelength of interest. This reduces imaging speeds and causes errors if the sample changes in time between images acquired at different wavelengths. We demonstrate a solution to this problem by using dual-comb spectroscopy for photoacoustic measurements. This approach enables a photoacoustic measurement at thousands of wavelengths simultaneously. In this technique, two optical-frequency combs are interfered on a sample and the resulting pressure wave is measured with an ultrasound transducer. This acoustic signal is processed in the frequency-domain to obtain an optical absorption spectrum. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we measure photoacoustic signals from polymer films. The absorption spectra obtained from these measurements agree with those measured using a spectrophotometer. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the dual-comb photoacoustic spectrometer could enable high-speed spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Friedlein
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Kimberly A Briggman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Optical Science and Engineering, University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Aaron M Goldfain
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Daniel I Herman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Eli V Hoenig
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, ERC 387, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Edgar F Perez
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, 8279 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742-3511, USA
| | - Christopher S Yung
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
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Ycas G, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Herman D, Cossel KC, Baumann E, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer for outdoor spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14740-14752. [PMID: 32403509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.
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Lins E, Read S, Unni B, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Microsecond Resolved Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry Using Dual Frequency Comb IR Lasers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6241-6244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Bipinlal Unni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Abstract
Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to the protonation state, H-bonding, and the conformation of different groups in proteins, including the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains, internal water molecules, or cofactors. In particular, the detection of protonation and H-bonding changes in a time-resolved manner, not easily obtained by other techniques, is one of the most successful applications of IR difference spectroscopy. The present review deals with the use of perturbations designed to specifically change the protein between two (or more) functionally relevant states, a strategy often referred to as reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy. In the first half of this contribution, I review the technique of reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy of proteins, with special emphasis given to the preparation of suitable samples and their characterization, strategies for the perturbation of proteins, and methodologies for time-resolved measurements (from nanoseconds to minutes). The second half of this contribution focuses on the spectral interpretation. It starts by reviewing how changes in H-bonding, medium polarity, and vibrational coupling affect vibrational frequencies, intensities, and bandwidths. It is followed by band assignments, a crucial aspect mostly performed with the help of isotopic labeling and site-directed mutagenesis, and complemented by integration and interpretation of the results in the context of the studied protein, an aspect increasingly supported by spectral calculations. Selected examples from the literature, predominately but not exclusively from retinal proteins, are used to illustrate the topics covered in this review.
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46
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Gianella M, Nataraj A, Tuzson B, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Beck M, Mangold M, Hugi A, Faist J, Emmenegger L. High-resolution and gapless dual comb spectroscopy with current-tuned quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6197-6208. [PMID: 32225874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present gapless, high-resolution absorption and dispersion spectra obtained with quantum cascade laser frequency combs covering 55 cm-1. Using phase-sensitive dual comb design, the comb lines are gradually swept over 10 GHz, corresponding to the free spectral range of the laser devices, by applying a current modulation. We show that with interleaving the spectral point spacing is reduced by more than four orders of magnitude over the full spectral span of the frequency comb. The potential of this technique for high-precision gas sensing is illustrated by measuring the low pressure (107 hPa) absorption and dispersion spectra of methane spanning the range of 1170 cm-1 - 1225 cm-1 with a resolution of 0.001 cm-1.
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47
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Szczepaniak U, Schneider SH, Horvath R, Kozuch J, Geiser M. Vibrational Stark Spectroscopy of Fluorobenzene Using Quantum Cascade Laser Dual Frequency Combs. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:347-356. [PMID: 31868520 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819888503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the performance of a dual frequency comb quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometer for the application of vibrational Stark spectroscopy. Measurements performed on fluorobenzene with the dual-comb spectrometer (DCS) were compared to results obtained using a conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrument in terms of spectral response, parameter estimation, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The dual-comb spectrometer provided similar qualitative and quantitative data as the FT-IR setup in 250 times shorter acquisition time. For fluorobenzene, the DCS measurement resulted in a more precise estimation of the fluorobenzene Stark tuning rate ((0.81 ± 0.09) cm-1/(MV/cm)) than with the FT-IR system ((0.89 ± 0.15) cm-1/(MV/cm)). Both values are in accordance with the previously reported value of 0.84 cm-1/(MV/cm). We also point to an improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in the DCS configuration. Additional characteristics of the dual-comb spectrometer applicable to vibrational Stark spectroscopy and their scaling properties for future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacek Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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48
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Roberts FC, Lewandowski HJ, Hobson BF, Lehman JH. A rapid, spatially dispersive frequency comb spectrograph aimed at gas phase chemical reaction kinetics. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1733116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. J. Lewandowski
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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49
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Ritter E, Puskar L, Kim SY, Park JH, Hofmann KP, Bartl F, Hegemann P, Schade U. Féry Infrared Spectrometer for Single-Shot Analysis of Protein Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7672-7677. [PMID: 31763851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current submillisecond time-resolved broad-band infrared spectroscopy, one of the most frequently used techniques for studying structure-function relationships in life sciences, is typically limited to fast-cycling reactions that can be repeated thousands of times with high frequency. Notably, a majority of chemical and biological processes do not comply with this requirement. For example, the activation of vertebrate rhodopsin, a prototype of many protein receptors in biological organisms that mediate basic functions of life, including vision, smell, and taste, is irreversible. Here we present a dispersive single-shot Féry spectrometer setup that extends such spectroscopy to irreversible and slow-cycling systems by exploiting the unique properties of brilliant synchrotron infrared light combined with an advanced focal plane detector array embedded in a dispersive optical concept. We demonstrate our single-shot method on microbial actinorhodopsin with a slow photocycle and on vertebrate rhodopsin with irreversible activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglof Ritter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Experimentelle Biophysik , 10115 Berlin , Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Biophysikalische Chemie , 10115 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ljiljana Puskar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , 12498 Berlin , Germany
| | - So Young Kim
- Chonbuk National University , Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience , 54596 Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Chonbuk National University , Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience , 54596 Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Biophysikalische Chemie , 10115 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Experimentelle Biophysik , 10115 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ulrich Schade
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , 12498 Berlin , Germany
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50
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Abbas MA, Pan Q, Mandon J, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17247. [PMID: 31754263 PMCID: PMC6872568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy can provide broad spectral bandwidth and high spectral resolution in a short acquisition time, enabling time-resolved measurements. Specifically, spectroscopy in the mid-infrared wavelength range is of particular interest, since most of the molecules have their strongest rotational-vibrational transitions in this "fingerprint" region. Here we report time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy, covering ~300 nm bandwidth around 3.3 μm with 6 GHz spectral resolution and 20 μs temporal resolution. As a demonstration, we study a CH4/He gas mixture in an electric discharge, while the discharge is modulated between dark and glow regimes. We simultaneously monitor the production of C2H6 and the vibrational excitation of CH4 molecules, observing the dynamics of both processes. This approach to broadband, high-resolution, and time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy provides a new tool for monitoring the kinetics of fast chemical reactions, with potential applications in various fields such as physical chemistry and plasma/combustion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Pan
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Mandon
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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