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Karpe SA, Mondal D. Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐oxindole and 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Cores as Privileged Scaffolds of Indole Alkaloids. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A. Karpe
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat 382030 Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat 382030 Gandhinagar Gujarat India
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2
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Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Tsodikov OV. Unimodular Methylation by Adenylation-Thiolation Domains Containing an Embedded Methyltransferase. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5802-5808. [PMID: 32920052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are natural products that are biosynthesized by large multi-enzyme assembly lines called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). We have previously discovered that backbone or side chain methylation of NRP residues is carried out by an interrupted adenylation (A) domain that contains an internal methyltransferase (M) domain, while maintaining a monolithic AMA fold of the bifunctional enzyme. A key question that has remained unanswered is at which step of the assembly line mechanism the methylation by these embedded M domains takes place. Does the M domain methylate an amino acid residue tethered to a thiolation (T) domain on same NRPS module (in cis), or does it methylate this residue on a nascent peptide tethered to a T domain on another module (in trans)? In this study, we investigated the kinetics of methylation by wild-type AMAT tridomains from two NRPSs involved in biosynthesis of anticancer depsipeptides thiocoraline and echinomycin, and by mutants of these domains, for which methylation can occur only in trans. The analysis of the methylation kinetics unequivocally demonstrated that the wild-type AMATs methylate overwhelmingly in cis, strongly suggesting that this is also the case in the context of the entire NRPS assembly line process. The mechanistic insight gained in this study will facilitate rational genetic engineering of NRPS to generate unnaturally methylated NRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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3
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Lundy TA, Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A thorough analysis and categorization of bacterial interrupted adenylation domains, including previously unidentified families. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:233-250. [PMID: 34458763 PMCID: PMC8341866 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrupted adenylation (A) domains are key to the immense structural diversity seen in the nonribosomal peptide (NRP) class of natural products (NPs). Interrupted A domains are A domains that contain within them the catalytic portion of another domain, most commonly a methylation (M) domain. It has been well documented that methylation events occur with extreme specificity on either the backbone (N-) or side chain (O- or S-) of the amino acid (or amino acid-like) building blocks of NRPs. Here, through taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses as well as multiple sequence alignments, we evaluated the similarities and differences between interrupted A domains. We probed their taxonomic distribution amongst bacterial organisms, their evolutionary relatedness, and described conserved motifs of each type of M domain found to be embedded in interrupted A domains. Additionally, we categorized interrupted A domains and the M domains within them into a total of seven distinct families and six different types, respectively. The families of interrupted A domains include two new families, 6 and 7, that possess new architectures. Rather than being interrupted between the previously described a2–a3 or a8–a9 of the ten conserved A domain sequence motifs (a1–a10), family 6 contains an M domain between a6–a7, a previously unknown interruption site. Family 7 demonstrates that di-interrupted A domains exist in Nature, containing an M domain between a2–a3 as well as one between a6–a7, displaying a novel arrangement. These in-depth investigations of amino acid sequences deposited in the NCBI database highlighted the prevalence of interrupted A domains in bacterial organisms, with each family of interrupted A domains having a different taxonomic distribution. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing a broad range of bacteria for NP discovery. Categorization of the families of interrupted A domains and types of M domains allowed for a better understanding of the trends of naturally occurring interrupted A domains, which illuminated patterns and insights on how to harness them for future engineering studies. In-depth study of intriguing bacterial interrupted adenylation domains from seven distinct families and six different types.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Lundy
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Lexington KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Shogo Mori
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Lexington KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Lexington KY 40536-0596 USA
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4
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Lundy TA, Mori S, Thamban Chandrika N, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Characterization of a Unique Interrupted Adenylation Domain That Can Catalyze Three Reactions. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:282-289. [PMID: 31887013 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interrupted adenylation (A) domains contain auxiliary domains within their structure and are a subject of growing interest in the field of nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. They have been shown to possess intriguing functions and structure as well as promising engineering potential. Here, we present the characterization of an unprecedented type of interrupted A domain from the columbamides biosynthetic pathway, ColG(AMsMbA). This interrupted A domain contains two back-to-back methylation (M) domains within the same interruption site in the A domain, whereas previously, naturally occurring reported and characterized interrupted A domains harbored only one M domain. By a series of radiometric and mass spectrometry assays, we show that the first and second M domains site specifically methylate the side-chain oxygen and backbone nitrogen of l-Ser after the substrate is transferred onto a carrier thiolation domain, ColG(T). This is the first reported characterization of a dimethylating back-to-back interrupted A domain. The insights gained by this work lay the foundation for future combinatorial biosynthesis of site specifically methylated nonribosomal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Lundy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Shogo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Nishad Thamban Chandrika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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5
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D’Ambrosio HK, Derbyshire ER. Investigating the Role of Class I Adenylate-Forming Enzymes in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:17-27. [PMID: 31815417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate-forming enzymes represent one of the most important enzyme classes in biology, responsible for the activation of carboxylate substrates for biosynthetic modifications. The byproduct of the adenylate-forming enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, acetyl-CoA, is incorporated into virtually every primary and secondary metabolic pathway. Modification of acetyl-CoA by an array of other adenylate-forming enzymes produces complex classes of natural products including nonribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, lipopeptides, and terpenes. Adenylation domains possess a variety of unique structural and functional features that provide for such diversification in their resulting metabolites. As the number of organisms with sequenced genomes increases, more adenylate-forming enzymes are being identified, each with roles in metabolite production that have yet to be characterized. In this Review, we explore the broad role of class I adenylate-forming enzymes in the context of natural product biosynthesis and how they contribute to primary and secondary metabolism by focusing on important work conducted in the field. We highlight features of subclasses from this family that facilitate the production of structurally diverse metabolites, including those from noncanonical adenylation domains, and additionally discuss when biological roles for these compounds are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. D’Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily R. Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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6
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Lundy TA, Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Lessons learned in engineering interrupted adenylation domains when attempting to create trifunctional enzymes from three independent monofunctional ones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34299-34307. [PMID: 35519055 PMCID: PMC9056781 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrupted adenylation (A) domains are fascinating examples of multifunctional enzymes. They are found in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which biosynthesize nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), a major class of medically relevant natural products (NPs). Interrupted A domains contain the catalytic portion of another domain within them, typically a methylation (M) domain, thus combining both adenylation and methylation capabilities. In recent years, interrupted A domains have demonstrated tremendous enzyme engineering potential as they are able to be constructed artificially in a laboratory setting by combining the A and M domains of two separate NRPS proteins. A recent discovery and characterization of a naturally occurring interrupted A domain that harbored two M domains back-to-back, a trifunctional protein, showed the ingenuity of Nature to both N- and O-methylate amino acids, the building blocks of NRPs. Since we have shown that a single M domain could be added to an uninterrupted A domain to create an artificial interrupted A domain, we set out to investigate if: (i) an A domain could be engineered to contain two back-to-back M domains and (ii) the added M domains would have to reflect the pattern in Nature, a side chain (O-) methylating M domain (Ms) followed by a backbone (N-) methylating M domain (Mb), or if the order of the M domains could be reversed. To address these questions, we set out to create our own AMsMbA and AMbMsA engineered interrupted A domains. We evaluated these engineered proteins connected (in cis) and/or disconnected (in trans) from the native thiolation (T) domain, through a series of radiometric assays, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) for adenylation, loading, and methylation ability. We found that although adenylation activity was preserved in both versions (AMsMbA and AMbMsA), addition of the M domains, in natural and unnatural order, did not result in the desired added methylation capability. This study offers valuable insights into the limits of constructing engineered interrupted A domains as potential tools for modifications of NRPs. Interrupted adenylation (A) domains are fascinating examples of multifunctional enzymes with high potential for engineering. Here, limits were established in engineering trifunctional interrupted A domains.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Lundy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Kentucky
- College of Pharmacy
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Shogo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Kentucky
- College of Pharmacy
- Lexington
- USA
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7
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Lundy TA, Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Probing the limits of interrupted adenylation domains by engineering a trifunctional enzyme capable of adenylation, N-, and S-methylation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1169-1175. [PMID: 30644493 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adenylation (A) domains found in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) exhibit tremendous plasticity. Some A domains have been shown to display the ability to contain within them the catalytic portion of an auxiliary domain, most commonly that of a methyltransferase (M) enzyme. This unique feature of A domains interrupted by M domains allows them to possess bifunctionality, where they can both adenylate and methylate an amino acid substrate. Additionally, these types of inserted M domains are able to selectively carry out either backbone or side chain methylation of amino acids. Interruptions with M domains are naturally found to occur either between the a2-a3 or the a8-a9 of the ten conserved motifs of A domains. Herein, we set out to answer the following question: Can one A domain support two different M domain interruptions occurring in two different locations (a2-a3 and a8-a9) of the A domain and possess the ability to adenylate an amino acid and methylate it on both its side chain and backbone? To answer this question we added a backbone methylating M3S domain from TioS(A3aM3SA3b) between the a8-a9 region of a mono-interrupted A domain, TioN(AaMNAb), that already contained a side chain methylating MN domain between its a2-a3 region. We evaluated the di-interrupted A domain TioN(AMNAM3SA) with a series of radiometric and mass spectrometry assays and found that this engineered enzyme was indeed capable of all three activities. These findings show that production of an active trifunctional di-interrupted A domain is possible and represents an exciting new avenue for future nonribosomal peptide (NRP) derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Lundy
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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8
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McErlean M, Overbay J, Van Lanen S. Refining and expanding nonribosomal peptide synthetase function and mechanism. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:493-513. [PMID: 30673909 PMCID: PMC6460464 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are involved in the biosynthesis of numerous peptide and peptide-like natural products that have been exploited in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, among other fields. As a consequence, there have been considerable efforts aimed at understanding how NRPSs orchestrate the assembly of these natural products. This review highlights several recent examples that continue to expand upon the fundamental knowledge of NRPS mechanism and includes (1) the discovery of new NRPS substrates and the mechanism by which these sometimes structurally complex substrates are made, (2) the characterization of new NRPS activities and domains that function during the process of peptide assembly, and (3) the various catalytic strategies that are utilized to release the NRPS product. These findings continue to strengthen the predictive power for connecting genes to products, thereby facilitating natural product discovery and development in the Genomics Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt McErlean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jonathan Overbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Steven Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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9
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Ronnebaum TA, McFarlane JS, Prisinzano TE, Booker SJ, Lamb AL. Stuffed Methyltransferase Catalyzes the Penultimate Step of Pyochelin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2018; 58:665-678. [PMID: 30525512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases use tailoring domains to incorporate chemical diversity into the final natural product. A structurally unique set of tailoring domains are found to be stuffed within adenylation domains and have only recently begun to be characterized. PchF is the NRPS termination module in pyochelin biosynthesis and includes a stuffed methyltransferase domain responsible for S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent N-methylation. Recent studies of stuffed methyltransferase domains propose a model in which methylation occurs on amino acids after adenylation and thiolation rather than after condensation to the nascent peptide chain. Herein, we characterize the adenylation and stuffed methyltransferase didomain of PchF through the synthesis and use of substrate analogues, steady-state kinetics, and onium chalcogen effects. We provide evidence that methylation occurs through an SN2 reaction after thiolation, condensation, cyclization, and reduction of the module substrate cysteine and is the penultimate step in pyochelin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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10
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Jiang G, Zuo R, Zhang Y, Powell MM, Zhang P, Hylton SM, Loria R, Ding Y. One-Pot Biocombinatorial Synthesis of Herbicidal Thaxtomins. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangde Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Ran Zuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Magan M. Powell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Peilan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Sarah M. Hylton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Rosemary Loria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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11
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Mori S, Green KD, Choi R, Buchko GW, Fried MG, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Using MbtH-Like Proteins to Alter the Substrate Profile of a Nonribosomal Peptide Adenylation Enzyme. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2186-2194. [PMID: 30134012 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
MbtH-like proteins (MLPs) are required for soluble expression and/or optimal activity of some adenylation (A) domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Because A domains can interact with noncognate MLP partners, how the function of an A domain, TioK, involved in the biosynthesis of the bisintercalator thiocoraline, is altered by noncognate MLPs has been investigated. Measuring TioK activity with 12 different MLPs from a variety of bacterial species by using a radiometric assay suggested that the A domain substrate promiscuity could be altered by foreign MLPs. Kinetic studies and bioinformatics analysis expanded the complexity of MLP functions and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Keith D Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- University of Washington, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, 307 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Garry W Buchko
- University of Washington, Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, 307 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richmond, WA, 99352, USA.,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, P. O. Box 647520, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Michael G Fried
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Biological Sciences Research Bldg, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
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12
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Galardon E, Lec JC. Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity of 3-Mercaptopyruvic Acid. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1702-1705. [PMID: 29779240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterisation of the sulfur metabolic compound 3-mercaptopyruvic acid (3-MPH) is reported, for the first time. The compound is isolated without tedious workup, with a purity of 97 %, as indicated by chemical and biochemical analyses. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies of its complex behaviour in solution are discussed. 3-MPH is stable in the enol form in non-polar solvent. In polar solvent, a fast equilibrium between the α-ketoacid and a cyclic dimer dithiane is observed. The formation of the dimer confers increased stability to 3-MPH towards hydrogen peroxide, in comparison with cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Galardon
- LCBPT, UMR 8601, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des St Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lec
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54000, Nancy, France
- Société d'Accélération du Transfert de Technologies Grand-Est, 54000, Nancy, France
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13
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Structural basis for backbone N-methylation by an interrupted adenylation domain. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:428-430. [PMID: 29556104 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interrupted adenylation domains are enigmatic fusions, in which one enzyme is inserted into another to form a highly unusual bifunctional enzyme. We present the first crystal structure of an interrupted adenylation domain that reveals a unique embedded methyltransferase. The structure and functional data provide insight into how these enzymes N-methylate amino acid precursors en route to nonribosomal peptides.
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14
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Lundy TA, Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Engineering Bifunctional Enzymes Capable of Adenylating and Selectively Methylating the Side Chain or Core of Amino Acids. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:399-404. [PMID: 29393631 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are known sources of therapeutics. Some nonribosomal peptide synthetase assembly lines contain unique functional interrupted adenylation (A) domains, where nature has combined two different functional domains into one bifunctional enzyme. Most often these interrupted A domains contain a part of a methylation (M) domain embedded in their sequence. Herein, we aimed to emulate nature and create fully functional interrupted A domains by inserting two different noncognate M domains, KtzH(MH) and TioS(M3S), into a naturally occurring uninterrupted A domain, Ecm6(A1T1). We evaluated the engineered enzymes, Ecm6(A1aMHA1bT1) and Ecm6(A1aM3SA1bT1), by a series of radiometric assays and found that not only do they maintain A domain activity, but also they gain the site-specific methylation patterns observed in the parent M domain donors. These findings provide an exciting proof-of-concept for generating interrupted A domains as future tools to modify NRPs and increase the diversity and activity of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Lundy
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Shogo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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15
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Mori S, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Making figures: are you taking the best approach to maximize visibility? MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1399-1403. [DOI: 10.1039/c8md90036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We say “a figure is worth a thousand words”… Here is a concise guide and some tips towards optimizing your scientific graphics for maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Mori
- University of Kentucky
- College of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Lexington
- USA
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