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Garelja ML, Hay DL. A narrative review of the calcitonin peptide family and associated receptors as migraine targets: Calcitonin gene-related peptide and beyond. Headache 2022; 62:1093-1104. [PMID: 36226379 PMCID: PMC9613588 DOI: 10.1111/head.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the pharmacology of the calcitonin peptide family of receptors and explore their relationship to migraine and current migraine therapies. BACKGROUND Therapeutics that dampen calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling are now in clinical use to prevent or treat migraine. However, CGRP belongs to a broader peptide family, including the peptides amylin and adrenomedullin. Receptors for this family are complex, displaying overlapping pharmacologic profiles. Despite the focus on CGRP and the CGRP receptor in migraine research, recent evidence implicates related peptides and receptors in migraine. METHODS This narrative review summarizes literature encompassing the current pharmacologic understanding of the calcitonin peptide family, and the evidence that links specific members of this family to migraine and migraine-like behaviors. RESULTS Recent work links amylin and adrenomedullin to migraine-like behavior in rodent models and migraine-like attacks in individuals with migraine. We collate novel information that suggests females may be more sensitive to amylin and CGRP in the context of migraine-like behaviors. We report that drugs designed to antagonize the canonical CGRP receptor also antagonize a second CGRP-responsive receptor and speculate as to whether this influences therapeutic efficacy. We also discuss the specificity of current drugs with regards to CGRP isoforms and how this may influence therapeutic profiles. Lastly, we emphasize that receptors related to, but distinct from, the canonical CGRP receptor may represent underappreciated and novel drug targets. CONCLUSION Multiple peptides within the calcitonin family have been linked to migraine. The current focus on CGRP and its canonical receptor may be obscuring pathways to further therapeutics. Drug discovery schemes that take a wider view of the receptor family may lead to the development of new anti-migraine drugs with favorable clinical profiles. We also propose that understanding these related peptides and receptors may improve our interpretation regarding the mechanism of action of current drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Garelja
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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2
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Arrigoni S, Le Foll C, Cabak A, Lundh S, Raun K, John LM, Lutz TA. A selective role for receptor activity-modifying proteins in subchronic action of the amylin selective receptor agonist NN1213 compared with salmon calcitonin on body weight and food intake in male mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4863-4876. [PMID: 34189795 PMCID: PMC8457108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of receptor activity‐modifying proteins (RAMPs) in modulating the pharmacological effects of an amylin receptor selective agonist (NN1213) or the dual amylin–calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA), salmon calcitonin (sCT), was tested in three RAMP KO mouse models, RAMP1, RAMP3 and RAMP1/3 KO. Male wild‐type (WT) and knockout (KO) littermate mice were fed a 45% high‐fat diet for 20 weeks prior to the 3‐week treatment period. A decrease in body weight after NN1213 was observed in all WT mice, whereas sCT had no effect. The absence of RAMP1 had no significant effect on NN1213 efficacy, and sCT was still inactive. However, the absence of RAMP3 impeded NN1213 efficacy but improved sCT efficacy. Similar results were observed in RAMP1/3 KO suggesting that the amylin receptor 3 (AMY3 = CTR + RAMP3) is necessary for NN1213's maximal action on body weight and food intake and that the lack of AMY3 allowed sCT to be active. These results suggest that the chronic use of DACRA such as sCT can have unfavourable effect on body weight loss in mice (which differs from the situation in rats), whereas the use of the amylin receptor selective agonist does not. AMY3 seems to play a crucial role in modulating the action of these two compounds, but in opposite directions. The assessment of a long‐term effect of amylin and DACRA in different rodent models is necessary to understand potential physiological beneficial and unfavourable effects on weight loss before its transition to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Arrigoni
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cabak
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk AS, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Sofia Lundh
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk AS, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk AS, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Linu M John
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk AS, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Boccia L, Gamakharia S, Coester B, Whiting L, Lutz TA, Le Foll C. Amylin brain circuitry. Peptides 2020; 132:170366. [PMID: 32634450 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a peptide hormone that is mainly known to be produced by pancreatic β-cells in response to a meal but amylin is also produced by brain cells in discrete brain areas albeit in a lesser amount. Amylin receptor (AMY) is composed of the calcitonin core-receptor (CTR) and one of the 3 receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP), thus forming AMY1-3; RAMP enhances amylin binding properties to the CTR. However, amylin receptor agonist such as salmon calcitonin is able to bind CTR alone. Peripheral amylin's main binding site is located in the area postrema (AP) which then propagate the signal to the nucleus of the solitary tract and lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and it is then transmitted to the forebrain areas such as central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Amylin's activation of these different brain areas mediates eating and other metabolic pathways controlling energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Peripheral amylin can also bind in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus where it acts independently of the AP to activate POMC and NPY neurons. Amylin activation of NPY neurons has been shown to be transmitted to LPBN neurons to act on eating while amylin POMC signaling affects energy expenditure and locomotor activity. While a large amount of experiments have already been conducted, future studies will have to further investigate how amylin is taken up by forebrain areas and deepen our understanding of amylin action on peripheral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Boccia
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Gamakharia
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Coester
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynda Whiting
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - Current perspective on a peptide hormone with significant therapeutic potential. Peptides 2020; 131:170347. [PMID: 32569606 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) consists of 52 amino acids and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of many physiological processes, particularly those of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Like calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), intermedin (IMD) and amylin (AMY), it belongs to the CT/CGRP family of peptide hormones, which despite their low little sequence identity share certain characteristic structural features as well as a complex multicomponent receptor system. ADM, IMD and CGRP exert their biological effects by activation of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) as a complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP), which alter the ligand affinity. Selectivity within the receptor system is largely mediated by the amidated C-terminus of the peptide hormones, which bind to the extracellular domains of the receptors. This enables their N-terminus consisting of a disulfide-bonded ring structure and a helical segment to bind within the transmembrane region and to induce an active receptor confirmation. ADM is expressed in a variety of tissues in the human body and is fundamentally involved in multitude biological processes. Thus, it is of interest as a diagnostic marker and a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions. In order to fully exploit the potential of ADM, it is necessary to improve its pharmacological profile by increasing the metabolic stability and, ideally, creating receptor subtype-selective analogs. While several successful attempts to prolong the half-life of ADM were recently reported, improving or even retaining receptor selectivity remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Garelja M, Au M, Brimble MA, Gingell JJ, Hendrikse ER, Lovell A, Prodan N, Sexton PM, Siow A, Walker CS, Watkins HA, Williams GM, Wootten D, Yang SH, Harris PWR, Hay DL. Molecular Mechanisms of Class B GPCR Activation: Insights from Adrenomedullin Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:246-262. [PMID: 32296766 PMCID: PMC7155197 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid peptide that plays a regulatory role in the vasculature. Receptors for AM comprise the class B G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR), in complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). The C-terminus of AM is involved in binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor, while the N-terminus is proposed to interact with the juxtamembranous portion of the receptor to activate signaling. There is currently limited information on the molecular determinants involved in AM signaling, thus we set out to define the importance of the AM N-terminus through five signaling pathways (cAMP production, ERK phosphorylation, CREB phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation, and IP1 production). We characterized the three CLR:RAMP complexes through the five pathways, finding that each had a distinct repertoire of intracellular signaling pathways that it is able to regulate. We then performed an alanine scan of AM from residues 15-31 and found that most residues could be substituted with only small effects on signaling, and that most substitutions affected signaling through all receptors and pathways in a similar manner. We identify F18, T20, L26, and I30 as being critical for AM function, while also identifying an analogue (AM15-52 G19A) which has unique signaling properties relative to the unmodified AM. We interpret our findings in the context of new structural information, highlighting the complementary nature of structural biology and functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
L. Garelja
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Maggie Au
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Joseph J. Gingell
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Erica R. Hendrikse
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Annie Lovell
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Prodan
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Siow
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Harriet A. Watkins
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sung H. Yang
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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6
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Musa H, Hendrikse ER, Brimble MA, Garelja ML, Watkins HA, Harris PWR, Hay DL. Pharmacological Characterization and Investigation of N-Terminal Loop Amino Acids of Adrenomedullin 2 That Are Important for Receptor Activation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3468-3474. [PMID: 31328503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin 2 (AM2) is a peptide hormone with potent effects in the cardiovascular system. The N-terminal disulfide loop of AM2 is thought to be important for interacting with its receptors to initiate a signaling response. However, the relative contribution of each amino acid within this region is currently unknown. Thus, the region was investigated using an alanine scanning approach. Two AM2 peptides (AM2-47 and AM2-40) were directly compared at the CGRP, AM1, and AM2 receptors in transfected Cos7 cells and found to have equivalent activity. Analogues of AM2-40 were then synthesized, substituting each individual amino acid within the disulfide loop with alanine. The ability of these analogues to stimulate a cAMP response was evaluated at the CGRP, AM1, and AM2 receptors. AM2-40 L12A and T14A were less able to elicit cAMP responses through all tested receptors. In contrast, AM2-40 G13A was slightly more potent than the unmodified peptide at all tested receptors. Thus, it appears that residues within the disulfide loop region play differential roles in the ability of AM2 to stimulate cAMP production. The data provide the first structure-function investigation of AM2 agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Musa
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Erica R Hendrikse
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand.,School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Michael L Garelja
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand.,School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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7
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Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, Chellman GJ, Balasubramanian G, Rubio-Beltran E, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Monticello TM. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:224-238. [PMID: 31085251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have been implicated as a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. Thus, erenumab, a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the CGRP receptor, administered as a once monthly dose of 70 or 140 mg has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Due to the species specificity of erenumab, the cynomolgus monkey was used in the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies to support the clinical program. There were no effects of erenumab on platelets in vitro (by binding, activation or phagocytosis assays). Specific staining of human tissues with erenumab did not indicated any off-target binding. There were no erenumab-related findings in a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys or in vitro in human isolated coronary arteries. Repeat-dose toxicology studies conducted in cynomolgus monkeys at dose levels up to 225 mg/kg (1 month) or up to 150 mg/kg (up to 6 months) with twice weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses showed no evidence of erenumab-mediated adverse toxicity. There were no effects on pregnancy, embryo-fetal or postnatal growth and development in an enhanced pre-postnatal development study in the cynomolgus monkey. There was evidence of placental transfer of erenumab based on measurable serum concentrations in the infants up to 3 months post birth. The maternal and developmental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg SC Q2W). These nonclinical data in total indicate no safety signal of concern to date and provide adequate margins of exposure between the observed safe doses in animals and clinical dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Dean
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Gary J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV, 89511, USA
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8
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Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Deganutti G, Glukhova A, Koole C, Peat TS, Radjainia M, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W, Miller LJ, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Reynolds CA, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Cryo-EM structure of the active, G s-protein complexed, human CGRP receptor. Nature 2018; 561:492-497. [PMID: 30209400 PMCID: PMC6166790 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a widely expressed neuropeptide that has a major role in sensory neurotransmission. The CGRP receptor is a heterodimer of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) class B G-protein-coupled receptor and a type 1 transmembrane domain protein, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Here we report the structure of the human CGRP receptor in complex with CGRP and the Gs-protein heterotrimer at 3.3 Å global resolution, determined by Volta phase-plate cryo-electron microscopy. The receptor activity-modifying protein transmembrane domain sits at the interface between transmembrane domains 3, 4 and 5 of CLR, and stabilizes CLR extracellular loop 2. RAMP1 makes only limited direct contact with CGRP, consistent with its function in allosteric modulation of CLR. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that RAMP1 provides stability to the receptor complex, particularly in the positioning of the extracellular domain of CLR. This work provides insights into the control of G-protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Simms J, Uddin R, Sakmar TP, Gingell JJ, Garelja ML, Hay DL, Brimble MA, Harris PW, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR. Photoaffinity Cross-Linking and Unnatural Amino Acid Mutagenesis Reveal Insights into Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Binding to the Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor/Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1 (CLR/RAMP1) Complex. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4915-4922. [PMID: 30004692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) binds to the complex of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). How CGRP interacts with the transmembrane domain (including the extracellular loops) of this family B receptor remains unclear. In this study, a photoaffinity cross-linker, p-azido l-phenylalanine (azF), was incorporated into CLR, chiefly in the second extracellular loop (ECL2) using genetic code expansion and unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. The method was optimized to ensure efficient photolysis of azF residues near the transmembrane bundle of the receptor. A CGRP analogue modified with fluorescein at position 15 was used for detection of ultraviolet-induced cross-linking. The methodology was verified by confirming the known contacts of CGRP to the extracellular domain of CLR. Within ECL2, the chief contacts were I284 on the loop itself and L291, at the top of the fifth transmembrane helix (TM5). Minor contacts were noted along the lip of ECL2 between S286 and L290 and also with M223 in TM3 and F349 in TM6. Full length molecular models of the bound receptor complex suggest that CGRP sits at the top of the TM bundle, with Thr6 of the peptide making contacts with L291 and H295. I284 is likely to contact Leu12 and Ala13 of CGRP, and Leu16 of CGRP is at the ECL/extracellular domain boundary of CLR. The reduced potency, Emax, and affinity of [Leu16Ala]-human α CGRP are consistent with this model. Contacts between Thr6 of CGRP and H295 may be particularly important for receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Simms
- Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET , U.K
- Coventry University , Priory Street , Coventry CV1 5FB , U.K
| | | | - Thomas P Sakmar
- The Rockefeller University , 1230 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Joseph J Gingell
- University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Michael L Garelja
- University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Paul W Harris
- University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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