Coelenterazine Analogue with Human Serum Albumin-Specific Bioluminescence

Discovery of Pseudo-Luciferase Activity in Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Its Application to the Detection of IgG Denaturation

Antibodies are used as diagnostics and as pharmaceuticals, but they are susceptible to degradation at various stages of the manufacturing process. Currently, there is insufficient technology to detect degraded (non-native) antibodies easily and rapidly, despite the degradation of an antibody negatively affecting the product quality, safety, and efficacy. Here, we have developed an assay based on biomolecule-catalyzing chemiluminescence (BCL) in which the native or non-native immunoglobulin G (IgG) itself catalyzes the oxidative luminescent reaction of an imidazopyrazinone-type luciferin and emits different colored light depending on the conformation of the IgG. In this BCL-based assay, the degree of IgG degradation can be detected by simply mixing the luciferin and reading the resulting emission wavelength.

Coelenterazine Analogs for Bioassays and Molecular Imaging

Coelenterazine (CTZ) is a common substrate of marine luciferases upon emission of bioluminescence (BL) in living organisms. Because CTZ works as a "luminophore" in the process of BL emission, the chemical modification has been centered for improving the optical properties of BL. In this review, we showcase recent advances in CTZ designs with unique functionalities. We first elucidate the light-emitting mechanisms of CTZ, and then focus on how the rational modification of CTZ analogs developed in recent years are connected to the development of unique functionalities even without luciferases, which include color tunability covering the visible region, specificity to various proteins (e.g., luciferase, albumin, and virus protein), and activatability to ions or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anticancer drugs. This review provides new insights into the broad utilities of CTZ analogs with designed functionalities in bioassays and molecular imaging.

Laser-Free Photosensitive Systems in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photosensitizers (PSs) that, upon activation by specific wavelengths of light, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), within the targeted tissue, typically tumor cells. The generated ROS induces cellular damage, disrupts cellular processes, and ultimately leads to apoptosis or necrosis of the tumor cells. However, the clinical application of PDT is significantly hindered by the limited tissue penetration ability of light. To address this limitation, laser-free self-luminescent photosensitive systems have emerged as potential solutions for achieving deep-tissue PDT and imaging. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various laser-independent photosensitive systems, with a particular emphasis on those based on resonance energy transfer (RET), chemically induced electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL), and Cherenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET). The aim is to offer a theoretical framework for the development of novel photodynamic systems and to reassess the application potential of certain previously overlooked photosensitizers (PSs).

Pseudo-Luciferase Activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein for Cypridina Luciferin

Enzymatic reactions that involve a luminescent substrate (luciferin) and enzyme (luciferase) from luminous organisms enable a luminescence detection of target proteins and cells with high specificity, albeit that conventional assay design requires a prelabeling of target molecules with luciferase. Here, we report a luciferase-independent luminescence assay in which the target protein directly catalyzes the oxidative luminescence reaction of luciferin. The SARS-CoV-2 antigen (spike) protein catalyzes the light emission of Cypridina luciferin, whereas no such catalytic function was observed for salivary proteins. This selective luminescence reaction is due to the enzymatic recognition of the 3-(1-guanidino)propyl group in luciferin at the interfaces between the units of the spike protein, allowing a specific detection of the spike protein in human saliva without sample pretreatment. This method offers a novel platform to detect virus antigens simply and rapidly without genetic manipulation or antibodies.

Current advances in the development of bioluminescent probes toward spatiotemporal trans-scale imaging

Bioluminescence imaging has recently attracted great attention as a highly sensitive and non-invasive analytical method. However, weak signal and low chemical stability of the luciferin are conventional drawbacks of bioluminescence imaging. In this review article, we describe the recent progress on the development and applications of bioluminescent probes for overcoming the aforementioned limitations, thereby enabling spatiotemporal trans-scale imaging. The detailed molecular design for manipulation of their luminescent properties and functions enabled a variety of applications, including in vivo deep tissue imaging, long-term imaging, and chemical sensor.

Coelenterazine Indicators for the Specific Imaging of Human and Bovine Serum Albumins

Albumin assays in serum are important for the prognostic assessment of many life-threatening diseases, such as heart failure, liver disease, malnutrition, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, and kidney disease. In this study, synthetic coelenterazine (CTZ) indicators are developed to quantitatively illuminate human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA) with high specificity. Their functional groups were chemically modified to specifically emit luminescence with HSA and BSA. The CTZ indicators were characterized by assaying the most abundant serum proteins and found that the CTZ indicators S6 and S6h were highly specific to HSA and BSA, respectively. Their colors were dramatically converted from blue, peaked at 480 nm, to yellowish green, peaked at 535 nm, according to the HSA-BSA mixing ratios, wherein the origins and mixing levels of the albumins can be easily determined by their colors and peak positions. The kinetic properties of HSA and BSA were investigated in detail, confirming that the serum albumins catalyze the CTZ indicators, which act as pseudo-luciferases. The catalytic reactions were efficiently inhibited by specific inhibitors, blocking the drug-binding sites I and II of HSA and BSA. Finally, the utility of the CTZ indicators was demonstrated through a quantitative imaging of the real fetal bovine serum (FBS). This study is the first example to show that the CTZ indicators specify HSA and BSA with different colors. This study contributes to the expansion of the toolbox of optical indicators, which efficiently assays serum proteins in physiological samples. Considering that these CTZ indicators immediately report quantitative optical signals with high specificity, they provide solutions to conventional technical hurdles on point-of-care assays of serum albumins.

S-Series Coelenterazine-Driven Combinatorial Bioluminescence Imaging Systems for Mammalian Cells

A unique combinatorial bioluminescence (BL) imaging system was developed for determining molecular events in mammalian cells with various colors and BL intensity patterns. This imaging system consists of one or multiple reporter luciferases and a series of novel coelenterazine (CTZ) analogues named "S-series". For this study, ten kinds of novel S-series CTZ analogues were synthesized and characterized concerning the BL intensities, spectra, colors, and specificity of various marine luciferases. The characterization revealed that the S-series CTZ analogues luminesce with blue-to-orange-colored BL spectra with marine luciferases, where the most red-shifted BL spectrum peaked at 583 nm. The colors completed a visible light color palette with those of our precedent C-series CTZ analogues. The synthesized substrates S1, S5, S6, and S7 were found to have a unique specificity with marine luciferases, such as R86SG, NanoLuc (shortly, NLuc), and ALuc16. They collectively showed unique BL intensity patterns to identify the marine luciferases together with colors. The marine luciferases, R86SG, NLuc, and ALuc16, were multiplexed into multi-reporter systems, the signals of which were quantitatively unmixed with the specific substrates. When the utility was applied to a single-chain molecular strain probe, the imaging system simultaneously reported three different optical indexes for a ligand, i.e., unique BL intensity and color patterns for identifying the reporters, together with the ligand-specific fold intensities in mammalian cells. This study directs a new combinatorial BL imaging system to specific image molecular events in mammalian cells with multiple optical indexes.

Multiplex quadruple bioluminescent assay system

Bioluminescence (BL) is unique cold body radiation of light, generated by luciferin-luciferase reactions and commonly used in various bioassays and molecular imaging. However, most of the peak emissions of BL populate the blue-yellow region and have broad spectral bandwidths and thus superimpose each other, causing optical cross-leakages in multiplex assays. This study synthesized a new series of coelenterazine (CTZ) analogues, named K-series, that selectively illuminates marine luciferases with unique, blue-shifted spectral properties. The optical property and specificity of the K-series CTZ analogues were characterized by marine luciferases, with K2 and K5 found to specifically luminesce with ALuc- and RLuc-series marine luciferases, respectively. The results confirmed that the luciferase specificity and color variation of the CTZ analogues minimize the cross-leakages of BL signals and enable high-throughput screening of specific ligands in the mixture. The specificity and color variation of the substrates were further tailored to marine luciferases (or single-chain bioluminescent probes) to create a multiplex quadruple assay system with four integrated, single-chain bioluminescent probes, with each probe designed to selectively luminesce only with its specific ligand (first authentication) and a specific CTZ analogue (second authentication). This unique multiplex quadruple bioluminescent assay system is an efficient optical platform for specific and high-throughput imaging of multiple optical markers in bioassays without optical cross-leakages.

Bacteriophage-Based Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Serum

Bacteriophages have been investigated for clinical utility, both as diagnostic tools and as therapeutic interventions. In order to be applied successfully, a detailed understanding of the influence of the human matrix on the interaction between bacteriophage and the host bacterium is required. In this study, a cocktail of luciferase bacteriophage reporters was assessed for functionality in a matrix containing human serum and spiked with Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition of signal and loss of sensitivity was evident with minimal amounts of serum. This phenotype was independent of bacterial growth and bacteriophage viability. Serum-mediated loss of signal was common, albeit not universal, among S. aureus strains. Immunoglobulin G was identified as an inhibitory component and partial inhibition was observed with both the f(ab’)₂ and Fc region. A modified bacteriophage cocktail containing recombinant protein A was developed, which substantially improved signal without the need for additional sample purification. This study highlights the importance of assessing bacteriophage activity in relevant host matrices. Furthermore, it identifies an effective solution, recombinant protein A, for promoting bacteriophage-based detection of S. aureus in matrices containing human serum.

A New Method for Albuminuria Measurement Using a Specific Reaction between Albumin and the Luciferin of the Firefly Squid Watasenia scintillans

This study demonstrates that the luciferin of the firefly squid Watasenia scintillans, which generally reacts with Watasenia luciferase, reacted with human albumin to emit light in proportion to the albumin concentration. The luminescence showed a peak wavelength at 540 nm and was eliminated by heat or protease treatment. We used urine samples collected from patients with diabetes to quantify urinary albumin concentration, which is essential for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Consequently, we were able to measure urinary albumin concentrations by precipitating urinary proteins with acetone before the reaction with luciferin. A correlation was found with the result of the immunoturbidimetric method; however, the Watasenia luciferin method tended to produce lower albumin concentrations. This may be because the Watasenia luciferin reacts with only intact albumin. Therefore, the quantification method using Watasenia luciferin is a new principle of urinary albumin measurement that differs from already established methods such as immunoturbidimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography.

Molecular insights into luminescence system of the pelagic shrimp Lucensosergia lucens

Lucensosergia lucens is a luminous marine shrimp that has been suggested to use a coelenterazine-dependent luminescence system. However, the genetic information related to the luminescence system is lacking. Our RNA-Seq analysis of this shrimp did not show the existence of known or homologous coelenterazine-dependent luciferase genes. Subsequent biochemical analyses suggested that the shrimp possessed unknown proteinaceous components for coelenterazine luminescence.

Mix-and-read bioluminescent copper detection platform using a caged coelenterazine analogue

Serum copper levels are biomarkers for copper-related diseases. Quantification of levels of free copper (not bound to proteins) in serum is important for diagnosing Wilson's disease, in which the free copper concentration is elevated. Bioluminescence is commonly used in point-of-care diagnostics, but these assays require genetically engineered luciferase. Here, we developed a luciferase-independent copper detection platform. A luminogenic caged coelenterazine analogue (TPA-H1) was designed and synthesized to detect copper ions in human serum. TPA-H1 was developed by introducing a tris[(2-pyridyl)-methyl]amine (TPA) ligand, which is a Cu⁺ cleavable caging group, to the carbonyl group at the C-3 position of the imidazopyrazinone scaffold. The luciferin, named HuLumino1, is the product of the cleavage reaction of TPA-H1 with a copper ion and displays "turn-on" bioluminescence signals specifically with human serum albumin, which can be used to quantitatively analyse copper ions. TPA-H1 exhibited a fast cleavage of the protective group, high specificity, and high sensitivity for copper over other metal ions. This novel caged coelenterazine derivative, TPA-H1, can detect free copper ions in serum in a simple "mix-and-read" manner.