1
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Phan A, MacKay JA. Steric stabilization of bioactive nanoparticles using elastin-like polypeptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115189. [PMID: 38281625 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are versatile, thermo-responsive polymers that can be conjugated to virtually any therapeutic cargo. Derived from short amino-acid sequences and abundant in humans, certain ELPs display low immunogenicity. Substrates for endogenous proteases, ELPs are biodegradable and thus, are candidate biomaterials. Peptides and proteins can be directly coupled with ELPs through genetic engineering, while other polymers and small molecules can be appended through covalent bioconjugation or non-covalent complexation. ELPs that phase separate at physiological temperatures can form the core of nano assemblies; however, ELPs that remain soluble can sterically stabilize the corona of a variety of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with ELPs at their corona promote colloids with favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that enables therapeutic efficacy with intermittent administration. This review highlights a comprehensive spectrum of ELP fusions shown to stabilize the solubility, and sometimes bioactivity, of their cargo - with a focus on biophysical properties that underlie their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Phan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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2
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Creyer MN, Retout M, Jin Z, Yim W, Jokerst JV. Ligation of Gold Nanoparticles with Self-Assembling, Coiled-Coil Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8009-8018. [PMID: 37683185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be conjugated with a wide range of highly functional biomolecules. A common pitfall when utilizing AuNPs is their tendency to aggregate, especially when their surface is functionalized with ligands of low molecular weight (no steric repulsion) or ligands of neutral charge (no electrostatic repulsion). For biomedical applications, AuNPs that are colloidally stable are desirable because they have a high surface area and thus reactivity, resist sedimentation, and exhibit uniform optical properties. Here, we engineer the surface of AuNPs so that they remain stable when decorated with coiled-coil (CC) peptides while preserving the native polypeptide properties. We achieve this by using a neutral, mixed ligand layer composed of lipoic acid poly(ethylene glycol) and lipoic acid poly(ethylene glycol) maleimide to attach the CCs. Tuning the surface fraction of each component within the mixed ligand layer also allowed us to control the degree of AuNP labeling with CCs. We demonstrate the dynamic surface properties of these CC-AuNPs by performing a place-exchange reaction and their utility by designing an energy-transfer-based caspase-3 sensor. Overall, this study optimizes the surface chemistry of AuNPs to quantitatively present functional biomolecules while maintaining colloid stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Creyer
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Phan A, Avila H, MacKay JA. Biomimetic SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2030-2041. [PMID: 37001147 PMCID: PMC10084924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus contains a crucial coat protein that engages with target cells via a receptor binding domain (RBD) on its spike protein. To better study the RBD and its therapeutic opportunities, we genetically engineered a simple fusion with a thermo-responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). These fusions express in Escherichia coli at a high yield in the soluble fraction and were easily purified using ELP-mediated phase separation (79 mg/L culture). Interestingly, they assembled peptide-based nanoparticles (Rh = 71.4 nm), which was attributed to oligomerization of RBDs (25.3 kDa) counterbalanced by steric stabilization by a soluble ELP (73.4 kDa). To investigate their biophysical properties, we explored the size, shape, and binding affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and cellular uptake. Biomimetic nanoparticles such as these may enable future strategies to target the same cells, tissues, and cell-surface receptors as those harnessed by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Phan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los
Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hugo Avila
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los
Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - J. Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los
Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine
of USC, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo
Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC
Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern
California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
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4
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Michna A, Pomorska A, Ozcan O. Biocompatible Macroion/Growth Factor Assemblies for Medical Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040609. [PMID: 37189357 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors are a class of proteins that play a role in the proliferation (the increase in the number of cells resulting from cell division) and differentiation (when a cell undergoes changes in gene expression becoming a more specific type of cell) of cells. They can have both positive (accelerating the normal healing process) and negative effects (causing cancer) on disease progression and have potential applications in gene therapy and wound healing. However, their short half-life, low stability, and susceptibility to degradation by enzymes at body temperature make them easily degradable in vivo. To improve their effectiveness and stability, growth factors require carriers for delivery that protect them from heat, pH changes, and proteolysis. These carriers should also be able to deliver the growth factors to their intended destination. This review focuses on the current scientific literature concerning the physicochemical properties (such as biocompatibility, high affinity for binding growth factors, improved bioactivity and stability of the growth factors, protection from heat, pH changes or appropriate electric charge for growth factor attachment via electrostatic interactions) of macroions, growth factors, and macroion-growth factor assemblies, as well as their potential uses in medicine (e.g., diabetic wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer therapy). Specific attention is given to three types of growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factors, human fibroblast growth factors, and neurotrophins, as well as selected biocompatible synthetic macroions (obtained through standard polymerization techniques) and polysaccharides (natural macroions composed of repeating monomeric units of monosaccharides). Understanding the mechanisms by which growth factors bind to potential carriers could lead to more effective delivery methods for these proteins, which are of significant interest in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative and civilization diseases, as well as in the healing of chronic wounds.
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5
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Garcia Garcia C, Patkar SS, Wang B, Abouomar R, Kiick KL. Recombinant protein-based injectable materials for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114673. [PMID: 36574920 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Injectable nanocarriers and hydrogels have found widespread use in a variety of biomedical applications such as local and sustained biotherapeutic cargo delivery, and as cell-instructive matrices for tissue engineering. Recent advances in the development and application of recombinant protein-based materials as injectable platforms under physiological conditions have made them useful platforms for the development of nanoparticles and tissue engineering matrices, which are reviewed in this work. Protein-engineered biomaterials are highly customizable, and they provide distinctly tunable rheological properties, encapsulation efficiencies, and delivery profiles. In particular, the key advantages of emerging technologies which harness the stimuli-responsive properties of recombinant polypeptide-based materials are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Garcia Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sai S Patkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ramadan Abouomar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19176, USA.
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6
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Elastin-like polypeptide-based micelles as a promising platform in nanomedicine. J Control Release 2023; 353:713-726. [PMID: 36526018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New and improved nanomaterials are constantly being developed for biomedical purposes. Nanomaterials based on elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) have increasingly shown potential over the past two decades. These polymers are artificial proteins of which the design is based on human tropoelastin. Due to this similarity, ELP-based nanomaterials are biodegradable and therefore well suited to drug delivery. The assembly of ELP molecules into nanoparticles spontaneously occurs at temperatures above a transition temperature (Tt). The ELP sequence influences both the Tt and the physicochemical properties of the assembled nanomaterial. Nanoparticles with desired properties can hence be designed by choosing the appropriate sequence. A promising class of ELP nanoparticles are micelles assembled from amphiphilic ELP diblock copolymers. Such micelles are generally uniform and well defined. Furthermore, site-specific attachment of cargo to the hydrophobic block results in micelles with the cargo shielded inside their core, while conjugation to the hydrophilic block causes the cargo to reside in the corona where it is available for interactions. Such control over particle design is one of the main contributing factors for the potential of ELP-based micelles as a drug delivery system. Additionally, the micelles are easily loaded with protein or peptide-based cargo by expressing it as a fusion protein. Small molecule drugs and other cargo types can be either covalently conjugated to ELP domains or physically entrapped inside the micelle core. This review aims to give an overview of ELP-based micelles and their applications in nanomedicine.
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7
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Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Emerging opportunities in bioconjugates of Elastin-like polypeptides with synthetic or natural polymers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114589. [PMID: 36323382 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nature is an everlasting source of inspiration for chemical and polymer scientists seeking to develop ever more innovative materials with greater performances. Natural structural proteins are particularly scrutinized to design biomimetic materials. Often characterized by repeat peptide sequences, that together interact by inter- and intramolecular interactions and form a 3D skeleton, they contribute to the mechanical properties of individual cells, tissues, organs, and whole organisms. (Numata, K. Polymer Journal 2020, 52, 1043-1056) Among them elastin, and its main repeat sequences, have been a source of intense studies for more than 50 years resulting in the specific research field dedicated to elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). These are currently widely investigated in different applications, namely protein purification, tissue engineering, and drug delivery, and some technologies based on ELPs are currently explored by several start-up companies. In the present review, we have summarized pioneering contributions on ELPs, progress made in their genetic engineering, and understanding of their thermal behavior and self-assembly properties. Considered as intrinsically disordered protein polymers, we have finally focused on the works where ELPs have been conjugated to other synthetic macromolecules as covalent hybrid, statistical, graft, or block copolymers, highlighting the huge opportunities that have still not been explored so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Garanger
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, Pessac F-33600, France.
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, Pessac F-33600, France.
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8
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Jorgensen MD, Chmielewski J. Recent advances in coiled-coil peptide materials and their biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11625-11636. [PMID: 36172799 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has gone into deciphering the sequence requirements for peptides to fold into coiled-coils of varying oligomeric states. More recently, additional signals have been introduced within coiled-coils to promote higher order assembly into biomaterials with a rich distribution of morphologies. Herein we describe these strategies for association of coiled-coil building blocks and biomedical applications. With many of the systems described herein having proven use in protein storage, cargo binding and delivery, three dimensional cell culturing and vaccine development, the future potential of coiled-coil materials to have significant biomedical impact is highly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jorgensen
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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9
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Oliverio R, Patenaude V, Liberelle B, Virgilio N, Banquy X, De Crescenzo G. Macroporous dextran hydrogels for controlled growth factor capture and delivery using coiled-coil interactions. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:190-203. [PMID: 36113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous hydrogels possess a vast potential for various applications in the biomedical field. However, due to their large pore size allowing for unrestricted diffusion in the macropore network, macroporous hydrogels alone are not able to efficiently capture and release biomolecules in a controlled manner. There is thus a need for biofunctionalized, affinity-based gels that can efficiently load and release biomolecules in a sustained and controlled manner. For this purpose, we report here the use of a E/K coiled-coil affinity pair for the controlled capture and delivery of growth factors from highly interconnected, macroporous dextran hydrogels. By conjugating the Kcoil peptide to the dextran backbone, we achieved controlled loading and release of Ecoil-tagged Epidermal and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors. To finely tune the behavior of the gels, we propose four control parameters: (i) macropore size, (ii) Kcoil grafting density, (iii) Ecoil valency and (iv) E/K affinity. We demonstrate that Kcoil grafting can produce a 20-fold increase in passive growth factor capture by macroporous dextran gels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our gels can release as little as 20% of the loaded growth factors over one week, while retaining bioactivity. Altogether, we propose a versatile, highly tunable platform for the controlled delivery of growth factors in biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work presents a highly tunable platform for growth factor capture and sustained delivery using affinity peptides in macroporous, fully interconnected dextran hydrogels. It addresses several ongoing challenges by presenting: (i) a versatile platform for the delivery of a wide range of stable, bioactive molecules, (ii) a passive, affinity-based loading of growth factors in the platform, paving the way for in situ (re)loading of the device and (iii) four different control parameters to finely tune growth factor capture and release. Altogether, our macroporous dextran hydrogels have a vast potential for applications in controlled delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Oliverio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Victor Patenaude
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nick Virgilio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre de Recherche sur les Systèmes Polymères et Composites à Haute Performance (CREPEC), Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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10
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Steinhauff D, Armstrong B, Jensen MM, Ghandehari H. Development of Thermoresponsive Protein Complexes for Targeting CD20 Receptors. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200028. [PMID: 35526100 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics targeting cell receptors can elicits biological responses in situ. However, the ability to dictate when and where these responses occur is a current challenge. Therapeutic proteins can be combined with stimuli-responsive peptides to increase targeting and stimuli responsive behavior. To this end we have genetically engineered an elastinlike polypeptide (ELP) fusion protein for selective ELPylation. The addition of a charged foldable region provides these protein subunits with varied thermoresponsive properties from their parent ELPs. These subunits have responsive secondary structures, dependent on pH, indicating the capability to form coiled-coils with a complementary peptide tag. A Rituximab conjugate was generated herein, containing the complementary peptide. Upon mixing of the ELP and Rituximab subunits, the resulting protein complexes targeted CD20 receptors on Raji B cells, resulting in at least 2-fold increase in mean fluorescent intensities. These ELP subunits folded in vitro with complimentary the generated Rituximab conjugate. This work provides the basis for the design of a therapeutic stimuli-responsive biomacromolecule for targeting receptors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Steinhauff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Blair Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mark Martin Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 884112, USA
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11
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Li J, Tuma J, Han H, Kim H, Wilson RC, Lee HY, Murthy N. The Coiled-Coil Forming Peptide (KVSALKE) 5 Is a Cell Penetrating Peptide that Enhances the Intracellular Delivery of Proteins. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102118. [PMID: 34861744 PMCID: PMC9766156 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have the potential to treat a variety of diseases, however, safe and effective methods for delivering them into cells need to be developed before their clinical potential can be realized. Peptide fusions have great potential for improving intracellular delivery of proteins. However, very few peptides have been identified that can increase the intracellular delivery of proteins, and new peptides that can enhance intracellular protein delivery are greatly needed. In this report, the authors demonstrate that the coiled-coil forming peptide (KVSALKE)5 (termed K5) can function as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), and can also complex other proteins that contain its partner peptide E5. It is shown here that GFP and Cas9 fused to the K5 peptide has dramatically enhanced cell uptake in a variety of cell lines, and is able to edit neurons and astrocytes in the striatum and hippocampus of mice after a direct intracranial injection. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the coiled-coil forming peptide (KVSALKE)5 is a new class of multifunctional CPPs that has great potential for improving the delivery of proteins into cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, and the Innovative Genomics Institute 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jan Tuma
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78229 USA
| | - Hesong Han
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, and the Innovative Genomics Institute 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hansol Kim
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, and the Innovative Genomics Institute 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Ross C. Wilson
- The Innovative Genomics Institute 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hye Young Lee
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78229 USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, and the Innovative Genomics Institute 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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12
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Farhadi SA, Restuccia A, Sorrentino A, Cruz-Sánchez A, Hudalla GA. Heterogeneous protein co-assemblies with tunable functional domain stoichiometry. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2022; 7:44-57. [PMID: 35495737 PMCID: PMC9053397 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In nature, the precise heterogeneous co-assembly of different protein domains gives rise to supramolecular machines that perform complex functions through the co-integrated activity of the individual protein subunits. A synthetic approach capable of mimicking this process would afford access to supramolecular machines with new or improved functional capabilities. Here we show that the distinct peptide strands of a heterotrimeric α-helical coiled-coil (i.e., peptides "A", "B", and "C") can be used as fusion tags for heterogeneous co-assembly of proteins into supramolecular structures with tunable subunit stoichiometry. In particular, we demonstrate that recombinant fusion of A with NanoLuc luciferase (NL-A), B with superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP-B), and C with mRuby (mRuby-C) enables formation of ternary complexes capable of simultaneously emitting blue, green, and red light via sequential bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET/FRET). Fusion of galectin-3 onto the C-terminus of NL-A, sfGFP-B, and mRuby-C endows the ternary complexes with lactose-binding affinity that can be tuned by varying the number of galectin-3 domains integrated into the complex from one to three, while maintaining BRET/FRET function. The modular nature of the fusion protein design, the precise control of domain stoichiometry, and the multiplicity afforded by the three-stranded coiled-coil scaffold provides access to a greater range of subunit combinations than what is possible with heterodimeric coiled-coils used previously. We envision that access to this expanded range of co-integrated protein domain diversity will be advantageous for future development of designer supramolecular machines for therapeutic, diagnostic, and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen A. Farhadi
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Antonietta Restuccia
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anthony Sorrentino
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Andrés Cruz-Sánchez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gregory A. Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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13
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Utterström J, Naeimipour S, Selegård R, Aili D. Coiled coil-based therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:26-43. [PMID: 33378707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coiled coils are characterized by an arrangement of two or more α-helices into a superhelix and one of few protein motifs where the sequence-to-structure relationship to a large extent have been decoded and understood. The abundance of both natural and de novo designed coil coils provides a rich molecular toolbox for self-assembly of elaborate bespoke molecular architectures, nanostructures, and materials. Leveraging on the numerous possibilities to tune both affinities and preferences for polypeptide oligomerization, coiled coils offer unique possibilities to design modular and dynamic assemblies that can respond in a predictable manner to biomolecular interactions and subtle physicochemical cues. In this review, strategies to use coiled coils in design of novel therapeutics and advanced drug delivery systems are discussed. The applications of coiled coils for generating drug carriers and vaccines, and various aspects of using coiled coils for controlling and triggering drug release, and for improving drug targeting and drug uptake are described. The plethora of innovative coiled coil-based molecular systems provide new knowledge and techniques for improving efficacy of existing drugs and can facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Chambre L, Martín-Moldes Z, Parker RN, Kaplan DL. Bioengineered elastin- and silk-biomaterials for drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:186-198. [PMID: 33080258 PMCID: PMC7736173 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in medical science have led to diverse new therapeutic modalities, as well as enhanced understanding of the progression of various disease states. These findings facilitate the design and development of more customized and exquisite drug delivery systems that aim to improve therapeutic indices of drugs to treat a variety of conditions. Synthetic polymer-based drug carriers have often been the focus of such research. However, these structures suffer from challenges with heterogeneity of the starting material, limited chemical features, complex functionalization methods, and in some cases a lack of biocompatibility. Consequently, protein-based polymers have garnered much attention in recent years due to their monodisperse features, ease of production and functionalization, and biocompatibility. Genetic engineering techniques enable the advancement of protein-based drug delivery systems with finely tuned physicochemical properties, and thus an expanded level of customization unavailable with synthetic polymers. Of these genetically engineered proteins, elastin-like proteins (ELP), silk-like proteins (SLP), and silk-elastin-like proteins (SELP) provide a unique set of alternatives for designing drug delivery systems due to their inherent chemical and physical properties and ease of engineering afforded by recombinant DNA technologies. In this review we examine the advantages of genetically engineered drug delivery systems with emphasis on ELP and SLP constructions. Methods for fabrication and relevant biomedical applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chambre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Zaira Martín-Moldes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rachael N Parker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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15
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Nakano A, Hirata I, Pham BV, Shakya A, Tanimoto K, Kato K. Evaluation of a peptide motif designed for protein tethering to polymer surfaces. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:76-92. [PMID: 32867596 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1816870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In search for peptide motifs that allow us to efficiently tether fusion proteins onto polymer surfaces, we designed a KLKLKLKLKL (KL5) decapeptide in which basic and hydrophobic amino acids were alternately linked. By means of genetic engineering technology together with a bacterial expression system, the KL5 fusions of epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1α were prepared together with their control counterparts without KL5. The adsorption experiments were performed for these fusion proteins on the surface of polystyrene, hydrophilized polystyrene, and polycaprolactone by surface plasmon resonance analysis. To understand the results of the binding assays, the structure of the fusion proteins was predicted by ab initio computer simulation and analyzed empirically by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The result of structural analyses suggested that the KL5 peptide is exposed to the outside and has a negligible effect on the structure of the protein partners. However, it was found that the efficiency of KL5 as a peptide motif greatly depends on protein partners. Our results showed that KL5 exerts most effectively its function as a peptide motif when fused to acidic proteins such as EGF. Indeed, the number of living human mesenchymal stem cells determined after 7-day culture was larger on the polystyrene and polycaprolactone surfaces with EGF tethered through the KL5 peptide than control surfaces. According to the results obtained in this study, we conclude that KL5 is useful as a peptide motif for tethering a specific class of protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Nakano
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Hirata
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Binh Vinh Pham
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Ajay Shakya
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Community Dentistry, Chitwan Medical College & Hospital, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Nanomedicine Research Division, Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Georgilis E, Abdelghani M, Pille J, Aydinlioglu E, van Hest JC, Lecommandoux S, Garanger E. Nanoparticles based on natural, engineered or synthetic proteins and polypeptides for drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Enriquez-Ochoa D, Robles-Ovalle P, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Brunck MEG. Immobilization of Growth Factors for Cell Therapy Manufacturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:620. [PMID: 32637403 PMCID: PMC7317031 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy products exhibit great therapeutic potential but come with a deterring price tag partly caused by their costly manufacturing processes. The development of strategies that lead to cost-effective cell production is key to expand the reach of cell therapies. Growth factors are critical culture media components required for the maintenance and differentiation of cells in culture and are widely employed in cell therapy manufacturing. However, they are expensive, and their common use in soluble form is often associated with decreased stability and bioactivity. Immobilization has emerged as a possible strategy to optimize growth factor use in cell culture. To date, several immobilization techniques have been reported for attaching growth factors onto a variety of biomaterials, but these have been focused on tissue engineering. This review briefly summarizes the current landscape of cell therapy manufacturing, before describing the types of chemistry that can be used to immobilize growth factors for cell culture. Emphasis is placed to identify strategies that could reduce growth factor usage and enhance bioactivity. Finally, we describe a case study for stem cell factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marion E. G. Brunck
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, Monterrey, Mexico
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18
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Lee S, Pham TC, Bae C, Choi Y, Kim YK, Yoon J. Nano theranostics platforms that utilize proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Santos M, Serrano-Dúcar S, González-Valdivieso J, Vallejo R, Girotti A, Cuadrado P, Arias FJ. Genetically Engineered Elastin-based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7117-7146. [PMID: 29737250 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180508094637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based polymers are some of the most promising candidates for a new generation of innovative biomaterials as recent advances in genetic-engineering and biotechnological techniques mean that protein-based biomaterials can be designed and constructed with a higher degree of complexity and accuracy. Moreover, their sequences, which are derived from structural protein-based modules, can easily be modified to include bioactive motifs that improve their functions and material-host interactions, thereby satisfying fundamental biological requirements. The accuracy with which these advanced polypeptides can be produced, and their versatility, self-assembly behavior, stimuli-responsiveness and biocompatibility, means that they have attracted increasing attention for use in biomedical applications such as cell culture, tissue engineering, protein purification, surface engineering and controlled drug delivery. The biopolymers discussed in this review are elastin-derived protein-based polymers which are biologically inspired and biomimetic materials. This review will also focus on the design, synthesis and characterization of these genetically encoded polymers and their potential utility for controlled drug and gene delivery, as well as in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Santos
- BIOFORGE Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sofía Serrano-Dúcar
- BIOFORGE Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Reinaldo Vallejo
- BIOFORGE Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Purificación Cuadrado
- BIOFORGE Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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20
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Kim J, Narayana A, Patel S, Sahay G. Advances in intracellular delivery through supramolecular self-assembly of oligonucleotides and peptides. Theranostics 2019; 9:3191-3212. [PMID: 31244949 PMCID: PMC6567962 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize natural supramolecular assemblies to maintain homeostasis and biological functions. Naturally inspired modular assembly of biomaterials are now being exploited for understanding or manipulating cell biology for treatment, diagnosis, and detection of diseases. Supramolecular biomaterials, in particular peptides and oligonucleotides, can be precisely tuned to have diverse structural, mechanical, physicochemical and biological properties. These merits of oligonucleotides and peptides as building blocks have given rise to the evolution of numerous nucleic acid- and peptide-based self-assembling nanomaterials for various medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the intracellular delivery approaches using supramolecular self-assembly of DNA, RNA, and peptides. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges related to subcellular delivery and provide future perspectives of the application of supramolecular biomaterials for intracellular delivery in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Ashwanikumar Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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22
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Roth A, Murschel F, Latreille PL, Martinez VA, Liberelle B, Banquy X, De Crescenzo G. Coiled Coil Affinity-Based Systems for the Controlled Release of Biofunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles from Alginate Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1926-1936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Frederic Murschel
- Canadian Research Chair in Bioinspired Materials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Latreille
- Canadian Research Chair in Bioinspired Materials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent A. Martinez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Canadian Research Chair in Bioinspired Materials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
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23
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Mie M, Matsumoto R, Mashimo Y, Cass AEG, Kobatake E. Development of drug-loaded protein nanoparticles displaying enzymatically-conjugated DNA aptamers for cancer cell targeting. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:261-269. [PMID: 30421127 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Modification of protein-based drug carriers with tumor-targeting properties is an important area of research in the field of anticancer drug delivery. To this end, we developed nanoparticles comprised of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) with fused poly-aspartic acid chains (ELP-D) displaying DNA aptamers. DNA aptamers were enzymatically conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticles via genetic incorporation of Gene A* protein into the sequence of the ELP-D fusion protein. Gene A* protein, derived from bacteriophage ϕX174, can form covalent complexes with single-stranded DNA via the latter's recognition sequence. Gene A* protein-displaying nanoparticles exhibited the ability to deliver the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX), whilst retaining activity of the conjugated Gene A* protein. PTX-loaded protein nanoparticles displaying DNA aptamers known to bind to the MUC1 tumor marker resulted in increased cytotoxicity with MCF-7 breast cancer cells compared to PTX-loaded protein nanoparticles without the DNA aptamer modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Mie
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Rie Matsumoto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mashimo
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Anthony E G Cass
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan.
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24
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Spicer CD, Jumeaux C, Gupta B, Stevens MM. Peptide and protein nanoparticle conjugates: versatile platforms for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3574-3620. [PMID: 29479622 PMCID: PMC6386136 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00877e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide- and protein-nanoparticle conjugates have emerged as powerful tools for biomedical applications, enabling the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of disease. In this review, we focus on the key roles played by peptides and proteins in improving, controlling, and defining the performance of nanotechnologies. Within this framework, we provide a comprehensive overview of the key sequences and structures utilised to provide biological and physical stability to nano-constructs, direct particles to their target and influence their cellular and tissue distribution, induce and control biological responses, and form polypeptide self-assembled nanoparticles. In doing so, we highlight the great advances made by the field, as well as the challenges still faced in achieving the clinical translation of peptide- and protein-functionalised nano-drug delivery vehicles, imaging species, and active therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Spicer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Mizuguchi Y, Mashimo Y, Mie M, Kobatake E. Design of bFGF-tethered self-assembling extracellular matrix proteins via coiled-coil triple-helix formation. Biomed Mater 2017; 12:045021. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Abstract
The development of biomaterials designed for specific applications is an important objective in personalized medicine. While the breadth and prominence of biomaterials have increased exponentially over the past decades, critical challenges remain to be addressed, particularly in the development of biomaterials that exhibit highly specific functions. These functional properties are often encoded within the molecular structure of the component molecules. Proteins, as a consequence of their structural specificity, represent useful substrates for the construction of functional biomaterials through rational design. This chapter provides an in-depth survey of biomaterials constructed from coiled-coils, one of the best-understood protein structural motifs. We discuss the utility of this structurally diverse and functionally tunable class of proteins for the creation of novel biomaterials. This discussion illustrates the progress that has been made in the development of coiled-coil biomaterials by showcasing studies that bridge the gap between the academic science and potential technological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A.D. Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John M. Squire
- Muscle Contraction Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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27
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Bioavailability of immobilized epidermal growth factor: Covalent versus noncovalent grafting. Biointerphases 2017; 12:010501. [PMID: 28325051 DOI: 10.1116/1.4978871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to rationalize and optimize an antiapoptotic coating combining chondroitin sulfate (CS) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) for vascular applications, the authors here report the comparison of two grafting strategies aiming to display EGF in an oriented fashion on CS. For that purpose, the authors produced, purified, and characterized a chimeric protein corresponding to EGF that was N-terminally fused to a cysteine and a coil peptide. The chimera was covalently immobilized via its free thiol group or captured via coiled-coil interactions at the surface of a biosensor or on a chondroitin sulfate coating in multiwell plates, mimicking the coating that was previously developed by them for stent-graft surfaces. The interactions of grafted EGF with the soluble domain of its receptor or the impact of grafted EGF upon vascular smooth muscle survival in proapoptotic conditions indicated that the coiled-coil based tethering was the best approach to display EGF. These results, combined to direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements, indicated that the coiled-coil tethering approach allowed increasing the amount of bioavailable EGF when compared to covalent coupling, rather than the total amount of grafted EGF, while using much lower concentrations of tagged EGF during incubation.
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28
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Murschel F, Fortier C, Jolicoeur M, Hodges RS, De Crescenzo G. Two Complementary Approaches for the Controlled Release of Biomolecules Immobilized via Coiled-Coil Interactions: Peptide Core Mutations and Multivalent Presentation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:965-975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Murschel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies
Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Charles Fortier
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies
Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Mario Jolicoeur
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies
Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Robert S. Hodges
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies
Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
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29
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Kesireddy V, Kasper FK. Approaches for building bioactive elements into synthetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6773-6786. [PMID: 28133536 PMCID: PMC5267491 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00783j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is emerging as a possible solution for regeneration of bone in a number of applications. For effective utilization, BTE scaffolds often need modifications to impart biological cues that drive diverse cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and biomineralization. This review provides an outline of various approaches for building bioactive elements into synthetic scaffolds for BTE and classifies them broadly under two distinct schemes; namely, the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. Synthetic and natural routes for top-down approaches to production of bioactive constructs for BTE, such as generation of scaffold-extracellular matrix (ECM) hybrid constructs or decellularized and demineralized scaffolds, are provided. Similarly, traditional scaffold-based bottom-up approaches, including growth factor immobilization or peptide-tethered scaffolds, are provided. Finally, a brief overview of emerging bottom-up approaches for generating biologically active constructs for BTE is given. A discussion of the key areas for further investigation, challenges, and opportunities is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Kesireddy
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry
| | - F. Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry
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30
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Yang J, Shimada Y, Olsthoorn RCL, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Spaink HP, Kros A. Application of Coiled Coil Peptides in Liposomal Anticancer Drug Delivery Using a Zebrafish Xenograft Model. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7428-35. [PMID: 27504667 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The complementary coiled coil forming peptides E4 [(EIAALEK)4] and K4 [(KIAALKE)4] are known to trigger liposomal membrane fusion when tethered to lipid vesicles in the form of lipopeptides. In this study, we examined whether these coiled coil forming peptides can be used for drug delivery applications. First, we prepared E4 peptide modified liposomes containing the far-red fluorescent dye TO-PRO-3 iodide (E4-Lipo-TP3) and confirmed that E4-liposomes could deliver TP3 into HeLa cells expressing K4 peptide on the membrane (HeLa-K) under cell culture conditions in a selective manner. Next, we prepared doxorubicin-containing E4-liposomes (E4-Lipo-DOX) and confirmed that E4-liposomes could also deliver DOX into HeLa-K cells. Moreover, E4-Lipo-DOX showed enhanced cytotoxicity toward HeLa-K cells compared to free doxorubicin. To prove the suitability of E4/K4 coiled coil formation for in vivo drug delivery, we injected E4-Lipo-TP3 or E4-Lipo-DOX into zebrafish xenografts of HeLa-K. As a result, E4-liposomes delivered TP3 to the implanted HeLa-K cells, and E4-Lipo-DOX could suppress cancer proliferation in the xenograft when compared to nontargeted conditions (i.e., zebrafish xenograft with free DOX injection). These data demonstrate that coiled coil formation enables drug selectivity and efficacy in vivo. It is envisaged that these findings are a step forward toward biorthogonal targeting systems as a tool for clinical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry-Supramolecular and Biomaterial Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - René C L Olsthoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry-Supramolecular and Biomaterial Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry-Supramolecular and Biomaterial Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Nuschke A, Rodrigues M, Rivera J, Yates C, Whaley D, Stolz D, Griffith L, Wells A. Epidermal Growth Factor Tethered to β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Scaffolds via a High-Affinity Binding Peptide Enhances Survival of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells/Multipotent Stromal Cells in an Immune-Competent Parafascial Implantation Assay in Mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1580-1586. [PMID: 27400798 PMCID: PMC5070502 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
: Mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for cell therapies owing to their ability to differentiate into many lineages. However, these cells often fail to survive when implanted into a harsh wound environment, limiting efficacy in vivo. To improve MSC survival, we previously found that tethered epidermal growth factor (tEGF) molecules that restrict epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to the cell surface provide resistance to death signals. To adapt this system to wound healing, we tethered epidermal growth factor (EGF) to tricalcium phosphate (TCP) particle scaffolds, clinically used in bone healing. Human primary MSCs seeded on TCP and mixed into a collagen-based gel were injected in the perifascial space of immunocompetent mice with or without tEGF attached to the surface. We found that tethering EGF to the TCP scaffolds yielded approximately a fourfold increase in MSC survival compared with non-EGF scaffolds at 21 days, as well as significant improvements in survival in the short term at 2 and 7 days after implantation. Overall, our approach to sustaining EGFR signaling reduced MSC death in vivo and may be useful for future cell therapies where MSCs typically die on implantation. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells are limited as tissue replacements owing to rapid death induced in the hostile wound environment. It has been found that restricting epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling to the membrane provides a survival advantage. This report elucidates a method to tether EGF to bone induction material to improve the survival of mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent stromal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Nuschke
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaime Rivera
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecelia Yates
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Whaley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna Stolz
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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van Eldijk MB, Schoonen L, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Metal Ion-Induced Self-Assembly of a Multi-Responsive Block Copolypeptide into Well-Defined Nanocapsules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2476-2483. [PMID: 27151830 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages are an interesting class of biomaterials with potential applications in bionanotechnology. Therefore, substantial effort is spent on the development of capsule-forming designer polypeptides with a tailor-made assembly profile. The expanded assembly profile of a triblock copolypeptide consisting of a metal ion chelating hexahistidine-tag, a stimulus-responsive elastin-like polypeptide block, and a pH-responsive morphology-controlling viral capsid protein is presented. The self-assembly of this multi-responsive protein-based block copolymer is triggered by the addition of divalent metal ions. This assembly process yields monodisperse nanocapsules with a 20 nm diameter composed of 60 polypeptides. The well-defined nanoparticles are the result of the emergent properties of all the blocks of the polypeptide. These results demonstrate the feasibility of hexahistidine-tags to function as supramolecular cross-linkers. Furthermore, their potential for the metal ion-mediated encapsulation of hexahistidine-tagged proteins is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B van Eldijk
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Schoonen
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J L M Cornelissen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J M Nolte
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Oude Blenke EE, van den Dikkenberg J, van Kolck B, Kros A, Mastrobattista E. Coiled coil interactions for the targeting of liposomes for nucleic acid delivery. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8955-65. [PMID: 27073992 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coiled coil interactions are strong protein-protein interactions that are involved in many biological processes, including intracellular trafficking and membrane fusion. A synthetic heterodimeric coiled-coil forming peptide pair, known as E3 (EIAALEK)3 and K3 (KIAALKE)3 was used to functionalize liposomes encapsulating a splice correcting oligonucleotide or siRNA. These peptide-functionalized vesicles are highly stable in solution but start to cluster when vesicles modified with complementary peptides are mixed together, demonstrating that the peptides quickly coil and crosslink the vesicles. When one of the peptides was anchored to the cell membrane using a hydrophobic cholesterol anchor, vesicles functionalized with the complementary peptide could be docked to these cells, whereas non-functionalized cells did not show any vesicle tethering. Although the anchored peptides do not have a downstream signaling pathway, microscopy pictures revealed that after four hours, the majority of the docked vesicles were internalized by endocytosis. Finally, for the first time, it was shown that the coiled coil assembly at the interface between the vesicles and the cell membrane induces active uptake and leads to cytosolic delivery of the nucleic acid cargo. Both the siRNA and the splice correcting oligonucleotide were functionally delivered, resulting respectively in the silencing or recovery of luciferase expression in the appropriate cell lines. These results demonstrate that the docking to the cell by coiled coil interaction can induce active uptake and achieve the successful intracellular delivery of otherwise membrane impermeable nucleic acids in a highly specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Oude Blenke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Arias FJ, Rodrigo MA, Girotti A. Elastin-like polypeptides in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:85-100. [PMID: 26705126 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant elastin-like materials, or elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs), in drug-delivery applications is reviewed in this work. Although ELRs were initially used in similar ways to other, more conventional kinds of polymeric carriers, their unique properties soon gave rise to systems of unparalleled functionality and efficiency, with the stimuli responsiveness of ELRs and their ability to self-assemble readily allowing the creation of advanced systems. However, their recombinant nature is likely the most important factor that has driven the current breakthrough properties of ELR-based delivery systems. Recombinant technology allows an unprecedented degree of complexity in macromolecular design and synthesis. In addition, recombinant materials easily incorporate any functional domain present in natural proteins. Therefore, ELR-based delivery systems can exhibit complex interactions with both their drug load and the tissues and cells towards which this load is directed. Selected examples, ranging from highly functional nanocarriers to macrodepots, will be presented.
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35
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Ikeda Y, Mashimo Y, Mie M, Kobatake E. Design of luciferase-displaying protein nanoparticles for use as highly sensitive immunoassay detection probes. Analyst 2016; 141:6557-6563. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a protein nanoparticle-based immunoassay to detect cancer biomarkers using a bioluminescent fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ikeda
- Department of Life Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mashimo
- Department of Life Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Masayasu Mie
- Department of Life Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Department of Life Science and Technology
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
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36
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Soluble expression, purification and functional characterization of a coil peptide composed of a positively charged and hydrophobic motif. Amino Acids 2015; 48:567-77. [PMID: 26459292 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A de novo heterodimeric coiled-coil system formed by the association of two synthetic peptides, the Ecoil and Kcoil, has been previously designed and proven to be an excellent and versatile tool for various biotechnology applications. However, based on the challenges encountered during its chemical synthesis, the Kcoil peptide has been designated as a "difficult peptide". In this study, we explore the expression of the Kcoil peptide by a bacterial system as well as its subsequent purification. The maximum expression level was observed when the peptide was fused to thioredoxin and the optimized purification process consisted of three chromatographic steps: immobilized-metal affinity chromatography followed by cation-exchange chromatography and, finally, a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This entire process led to a final volumetric production yield of 1.5 mg of pure Kcoil peptide per liter of bacterial culture, which represents a significant step towards the cost-effective production and application of coiled-coil motifs. Our results thus demonstrate for the first time that bacterial production is a viable alternative to the chemical synthesis of de novo designed coil peptides.
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37
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Murschel F, Zaimi A, Noel S, Jolicoeur M, De Crescenzo G. Specific Adsorption via Peptide Tags: Oriented Grafting and Release of Growth Factors for Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3445-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Murschel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of
Biomedical Engineering,
Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales
(GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Aldo Zaimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of
Biomedical Engineering,
Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales
(GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Samantha Noel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of
Biomedical Engineering,
Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales
(GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Mario Jolicoeur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of
Biomedical Engineering,
Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales
(GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of
Biomedical Engineering,
Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales
(GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
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