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Huang X, Ge Y, Yang T, Song Z, Yu S, Li Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X, Su J, Xue L, Mellouki A, Chen J. Relaxation of Spring Festival Firework Regulations Leads to a Deterioration in Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38804824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The relaxation of restrictions on Chinese Spring Festival (SF) firework displays in certain regions has raised concerns due to intensive emissions exacerbating air quality deterioration. To evaluate the impacts of fireworks on air quality, a comparative investigation was conducted in a city between 2022 (restricted fireworks) and 2023 SF (unrestricted), utilizing high time-resolution field observations of particle chemical components and air quality model simulations. We observed two severe PM2.5 pollution episodes primarily triggered by firework emissions and exacerbated by static meteorology (contributing approximately 30%) during 2023 SF, contrasting with its absence in 2022. During firework displays, freshly emitted particles containing more primary inorganics (such as chloride and metals like Al, Mg, and Ba), elemental carbon, and organic compounds (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were predominant; subsequently, aged particles with more secondary components became prevalent and continued to worsen air quality. The primary emissions from fireworks constituted 54% of the observed high PM2.5 during the displays, contributing a peak hourly PM2.5 concentration of 188 μg/m3 and representing over 70% of the ambient PM2.5. This study underscores that caution should be exercised when igniting substantial fireworks under stable meteorological conditions, considering both the primary and potential secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanzhen Ge
- Tai'an Ecological Environment Protection and Control Center, Tai'an Ecological Environment Bureau, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Tongsuo Yang
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jixin Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Abdewahid Mellouki
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Fu X, Sun X, Travnikov O, Li Q, Qin C, Cuevas CA, Fernandez RP, Mahajan AS, Wang S, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Anthropogenic short-lived halogens increase human exposure to mercury contamination due to enhanced mercury oxidation over continents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315058121. [PMID: 38466839 PMCID: PMC10963006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315058121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of global concern, and an accurate understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to assess its risks to humans and ecosystem health. Atmospheric oxidation of Hg is key to the deposition of this toxic metal to the Earth's surface. Short-lived halogens (SLHs) can provide halogen radicals to directly oxidize Hg and perturb the budget of other Hg oxidants (e.g., OH and O3). In addition to known ocean emissions of halogens, recent observational evidence has revealed abundant anthropogenic emissions of SLHs over continental areas. However, the impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions on the atmospheric fate of Hg and human exposure to Hg contamination remain unknown. Here, we show that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs substantially increased local Hg oxidation and, consequently, deposition in/near Hg continental source regions by up to 20%, thereby decreasing Hg export from source regions to clean environments. Our modeling results indicated that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs can lead to higher Hg exposure in/near Hg source regions than estimated in previous assessments, e.g., with increases of 8.7% and 7.5% in China and India, respectively, consequently leading to higher Hg-related human health risks. These results highlight the urgent need for policymakers to reduce local Hg and SLHs emissions. We conclude that the substantial impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions should be included in model assessments of the Hg budget and associated health risks at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xianyi Sun
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Oleg Travnikov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana1000, Slovenia
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Chuang Qin
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, MendozaM5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Anoop S. Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pashan, Pune411008, India
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
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Wei J, Li Z, Chen X, Li C, Sun Y, Wang J, Lyapustin A, Brasseur GP, Jiang M, Sun L, Wang T, Jung CH, Qiu B, Fang C, Liu X, Hao J, Wang Y, Zhan M, Song X, Liu Y. Separating Daily 1 km PM 2.5 Inorganic Chemical Composition in China since 2000 via Deep Learning Integrating Ground, Satellite, and Model Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18282-18295. [PMID: 37114869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) chemical composition has strong and diverse impacts on the planetary environment, climate, and health. These effects are still not well understood due to limited surface observations and uncertainties in chemical model simulations. We developed a four-dimensional spatiotemporal deep forest (4D-STDF) model to estimate daily PM2.5 chemical composition at a spatial resolution of 1 km in China since 2000 by integrating measurements of PM2.5 species from a high-density observation network, satellite PM2.5 retrievals, atmospheric reanalyses, and model simulations. Cross-validation results illustrate the reliability of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and chloride (Cl-) estimates, with high coefficients of determination (CV-R2) with ground-based observations of 0.74, 0.75, 0.71, and 0.66, and average root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 6.0, 6.6, 4.3, and 2.3 μg/m3, respectively. The three components of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) account for 21% (SO42-), 20% (NO3-), and 14% (NH4+) of the total PM2.5 mass in eastern China; we observed significant reductions in the mass of inorganic components by 40-43% between 2013 and 2020, slowing down since 2018. Comparatively, the ratio of SIA to PM2.5 increased by 7% across eastern China except in Beijing and nearby areas, accelerating in recent years. SO42- has been the dominant SIA component in eastern China, although it was surpassed by NO3- in some areas, e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region since 2016. SIA, accounting for nearly half (∼46%) of the PM2.5 mass, drove the explosive formation of winter haze episodes in the North China Plain. A sharp decline in SIA concentrations and an increase in SIA-to-PM2.5 ratios during the COVID-19 lockdown were also revealed, reflecting the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and formation of secondary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Guy Pierre Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Mengjiao Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon 21041, Korea
| | - Bing Qiu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Cuilan Fang
- Jiulongpo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Jinrui Hao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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4
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Jo HY, Park J, Heo G, Lee HJ, Jeon W, Kim JM, Kim S, Kim JK, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang B, Kim CH. Interpretation of the effects of anthropogenic chlorine on nitrate formation over northeast Asia during KORUS-AQ 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164920. [PMID: 37331392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model, implemented with anthropogenic chlorine (Cl) emissions, was evaluated against ground and NASA DC-8 aircraft measurements during the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) 2016 campaign. The latest anthropogenic Cl emissions, including gaseous HCl and particulate chloride (pCl-) emissions from the Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory of China (ACEIC-2014) (over China) and a global emissions inventory (Zhang et al., 2022) (over outer China), were used to examine the impacts of Cl emissions and the role of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) chemistry in N2O5 heterogeneous reactions on secondary nitrate (NO3-) formation across the Korean Peninsula. The model results against aircraft measurements clearly showed significant Cl- underestimations due mainly to the high gas-particle (G/P) partitioning ratios at aircraft measurement altitudes such as 700-850 hPa, but the ClNO2 simulations were reasonable. Several simulations of CMAQ-based sensitivity experiments against ground measurements indicated that although addition of Cl emission did not significantly alter NO3- formation, the activated ClNO2 chemistry with Cl emissions showed the best model performance with the reduced normalized mean bias (NMB) of 18.7 % compared to a value of 21.1 % for the Cl emissions-free case. In our model evaluation, ClNO2 accumulated during the night but quickly produced Cl radical due to ClNO2 photolysis at sunrise, which modulated other oxidation radicals (e.g., ozone [O3] and hydrogen oxide radicals [HOx]) in the early morning. In the morning hours (0800-1000 LST), the HOx were the dominant oxidants, contributing 86.6 % of the total oxidation capacity (sum of major oxidants such as O3 and HOx species), while oxidability was enhanced by up to ∼6.4 % (increase in 1 h HOx average of 2.89 × 106 molecules·cm-3) in the early morning mainly due to the changes in OH (+7.2 %), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2)(+10.0 %), and O3 (+4.2 %) over the Seoul Metropolitan Area, during the KORUS-AQ campaign. Our results improve understanding of the atmospheric changes in the PM2.5 formation pathway caused by ClNO2 chemistry and Cl emissions over northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Jo
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeoung Park
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gookyoung Heo
- National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, Ministry of Environment, Cheongju 28166, Republic of Korea; Now at Environmental Satellite Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbae Jeon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ma W, Chen X, Xia M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Zhan J, Hua C, Wang Z, Wang W, Fu P, Kulmala M, Liu Y. Reactive Chlorine Species Advancing the Atmospheric Oxidation Capacities of Inland Urban Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14638-14647. [PMID: 37738177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl) radicals from photolabile chlorine species are highly reactive and can affect the fate of air pollutants in the atmosphere. Although several campaigns have been conducted, typically in coastal environments, long-term observations of reactive chlorine species and their impacts on atmospheric oxidation capacities (AOCs) are lacking. Here, we report nearly full-year observations of Cl2 and ClNO2 levels in Beijing and evaluate their impacts on the AOC with a box model coupled with Cl chemistry. Cl radicals promote the circulation of OH-HO2-RO2 by accelerating the OH chain lengths by up to 12.6% on average, hence boosting the AOC, especially in the winter or spring. This promotion effect is nonlinearly dependent on the VOC and NOx concentrations, thus leading to a slight shift in ozone formation from a VOC-sensitive regime to a transition regime with seasonal differences. Given the ubiquitous reactive chlorines in polluted inland urban regions, the AOCs and the formation of secondary pollutants will be underestimated if the reactive chlorine species are neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Men Xia
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuzheng Wang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zongcheng Wang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Asicotech Company Limited, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Hebei Sailhero Environmental Protection Hi-tech, Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Fan S, Li Y. Potential deterioration of ozone pollution in coastal areas caused by marine-emitted halogens: A case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160456. [PMID: 36436642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most important air pollutants worldwide in terms of its great damage to human health and agriculture. Previous studies show that marine-emitted halogens significantly influence O3 concentrations, mainly through the consumption of O3 by bromine and iodine atoms. In this study, we investigate the temporal variation at finer time scales (daily and hourly) than previous studies (annual or monthly) to better characterize the influence of marine-emitted halogens on coastal O3. In contrast to previous studies that mainly reported a decrease in O3, our results show significant temporal variations in halogen-induced O3 changes. More specifically, the halogen-induced decrease in coastal O3 in southern China is concentrated on clean days, while an unexpected increase in some regions of up to >10 ppbv could occur on polluted days. On polluted days, the activation of particulate chloride (Cl-) in sea salt aerosol (SSA) is effective due to the high level of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) that is formed from the reactions of O3 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In addition, the wind fields are unfavorable for the transport of marine air masses with large O3 depletion inland. These two factors together result in the increase in hourly and MDA8 O3 on polluted days in some regions in the GBA. The locations of O3 increases are controlled by the distribution of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) at sunrise, which is influenced by O3 and NO2 during the previous night. As a result, the increase in O3 is a continuation of the O3 pollution from the previous day, and the whole area is under potential threat of this worsening pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Fan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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7
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Wang X, Bi X, Li H, Zhang W, Dai Q, Song L, Li L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y. The role of sources and meteorology in driving PM 2.5-bound chlorine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129910. [PMID: 36088877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of chloride in atmospheric chemistry received increased attention over recent years. Given the primary and chemical-active nature of PM2.5-bound chlorine (p-Cl-), it makes sense to get to know the sources and processes of p-Cl-. The temporal behavior of observed p-Cl- concentration based on 1-h high resolution exhibited seasonal variation of high in winter, low in summer and diurnal variation of high in the morning, low in afternoon. Meteorological normalization technique based on random forest was used to disentangle the effects of emission changes which affected the seasonal variation and meteorology which was related to diurnal variation on p-Cl-. Generalized additive model (GAM) identified RH and temperature as the key meteorological factors of p-Cl- generation, and p-Cl- pollution was serious under the condition of low temperature and high RH. Dispersion-normalized positive matrix factorization (DN-PMF) was used to apportion the p-Cl- to its sources, finding that coal combustion was the main source of p-Cl-, followed by biomass burning and industrial process emissions. Our results will provide the basis for further analysis the causes of p-Cl- pollution and composite air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hu Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lilai Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
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8
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Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85742-85760. [PMID: 35091954 PMCID: PMC8799444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated disinfectants are widely used in hospitals, COVID-19 quarantine facilities, households, institutes, and public areas to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus as they are effective against viruses on various surfaces. Medical facilities have enhanced their routine disinfection of indoors, premises, and in-house sewage. Besides questioning the efficiency of these compounds in combating coronavirus, the impacts of these excessive disinfection efforts have not been discussed anywhere. The impacts of chlorine-based disinfectants on both environment and human health are reviewed in this paper. Chlorine in molecular and in compound forms is known to pose many health hazards. Hypochlorite addition to soil can increase chlorine/chloride concentration, which can be fatal to plant species if exposed. When chlorine compounds reach the sewer/drainage system and are exposed to aqueous media such as wastewater, many disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed depending on the concentrations of natural organic matter, inorganics, and anthropogenic pollutants present. Chlorination of hospital wastewater can also produce toxic drug-derived disinfection by-products. Many DBPs are carcinogenic to humans, and some of them are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. DBPs can be harmful to the flora and fauna of the receiving water body and may have adverse effects on microorganisms and plankton present in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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9
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Wang H, Sun Y, Dong F. Insight into the Overlooked Photochemical Decomposition of Atmospheric Surface Nitrates Triggered by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 P. R. China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 P. R. China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 P. R. China
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10
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Wang H, Sun Y, Dong F. Insight into the Overlooked Photochemical Decomposition of Atmospheric Surface Nitrates Triggered by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences CHINA
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China School of Resources and Environmental CHINA
| | - Fan Dong
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices Chengdu, China 610054 Chengdu CHINA
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11
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Liu J, Zhang T, Ding X, Li X, Liu Y, Yan C, Shen Y, Yao X, Zheng M. A clear north-to-south spatial gradience of chloride in marine aerosol in Chinese seas under the influence of East Asian Winter Monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154929. [PMID: 35367263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate chloride is a major component of sea salt particles and plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Anthropogenic pollutants over the northeastern Asia can be transported to the adjacent seas through the northwest monsoon, which profoundly influences the chloride chemistry over the seas. In this study, spatial distribution of particulate chloride and its sources over the Chinese seas were investigated based on shipboard particle samplings especially online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) over Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea, and South Yellow Sea (SYS) during a cruise in November 2012. A strong north-to-south (N-S) gradience in marine aerosol composition was found. The Cl-/Na+ ratios in PM2.5 and single particle composition by SPAMS indicated remarkable chloride enrichment in marine aerosol in the north (Bohai Sea), while depletion in southern SYS. The results of size distribution showed that particulate chloride had higher concentration in coarse particles, while the Cl-/Na+ ratio was much higher in submicron particles. In the north (38-40°N), biomass burning, carbonaceous, and Pb-rich type particles had high fractions in all chloride-containing particles identified by SPAMS (on average 66%). Combining chemical composition with back trajectory, it was found that fine-mode chloride enrichment in the north was mainly due to anthropogenic emission especially coal combustion and biomass burning from northern China. However, the high fine-mode chloride depletion in the south (32-34°N) was probably due to acid replacement by sulfate in aged aerosol during atmospheric transport. Our new findings reveal that marine aerosol in Chinese seas would show a clear N-S pattern of more fresh and anthropogenic enriched particles in the north, but more aged aerosol in the south during the East Asia Winter Monsoon, which provides new insights for the quantitative assessment of anthropogenic impact on marine aerosol and future modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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12
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Wang DS, Masoud CG, Modi M, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Isoprene-Chlorine Oxidation in the Presence of NO x and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9251-9264. [PMID: 35700480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a key indicator of urban air quality. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributes substantially to the PM2.5 concentration. Discrepancies between modeling and field measurements of SOA indicate missing sources and formation mechanisms. Recent studies report elevated concentrations of reactive chlorine species in inland and urban regions, which increase the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and serve as sources for SOA and particulate chlorides. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon, is known to produce SOA under pristine conditions, but the effects of anthropogenic influences in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain unexplored. Here, we investigate chlorine-isoprene reactions under low- and high-NOx conditions inside an environmental chamber. Organic chlorides including C5H11ClO3, C5H9ClO3, and C5H9ClO4 are observed as major gas- and particle-phase products. Modeling and experimental results show that the secondary OH-isoprene chemistry is significantly enhanced under high-NOx conditions, accounting for up to 40% of all isoprene oxidized and leading to the suppression of organic chloride formation. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene could serve as a source for multifunctional (chlorinated) organic oxidation products and SOA in both pristine and anthropogenically influenced environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Meidan D, Brown SS, Sinha V, Rudich Y. Nocturnal Atmospheric Oxidative Processes in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Their Variation During the COVID-19 Lockdowns. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097472. [PMID: 35601504 PMCID: PMC9111199 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates selected secondary atmospheric responses to the widely reported emission change attributed to COVID-19 lockdowns in the highly polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using ground-based measurements of trace gases and particulate matter. We used a chemical box-model to show that production of nighttime oxidant, NO3, was affected mainly by emission decrease (average nighttime production rates 1.2, 0.8 and 1.5 ppbv hr-1 before, during and relaxation of lockdown restrictions, respectively), while NO3 sinks were sensitive to both emission reduction and seasonal variations. We have also shown that the maximum potential mixing ratio of nitryl chloride, a photolytic chlorine radical source which has not been previously considered in the IGP, is as high as 5.5 ppbv at this inland site, resulting from strong nitrate radical production and a potentially large particulate chloride mass. This analysis suggests that air quality measurement campaigns and modeling explicitly consider heterogeneous nitrogen oxide and halogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - S. S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - V. Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Y. Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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14
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Zhang B, Shen H, Yun X, Zhong Q, Henderson BH, Wang X, Shi L, Gunthe SS, Huey LG, Tao S, Russell AG, Liu P. Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Particulate Chloride from Continental Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3894-3904. [PMID: 35319880 PMCID: PMC10558010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate chlorine species play an important role in modulating tropospheric oxidation capacity, aerosol water uptake, visibility degradation, and human health. The lack of recent global continental chlorine emissions has hindered modeling studies of the role of chlorine in the atmosphere. Here, we develop a comprehensive global emission inventory of gaseous HCl and particulate Cl- (pCl), including 35 sources categorized in six source sectors based on published up-to-date activity data and emission factors. These emissions are gridded at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° for the years 1960 to 2014. The estimated emissions of HCl and pCl in 2014 are 2354 (1661-3201) and 2321 (930-3264) Gg Cl a-1, respectively. Emissions of HCl are mostly from open waste burning (38%), open biomass burning (19%), energy (19%), and residential (13%) sectors, and the major sources classified by fuel type are combustion of waste (43%), biomass (32%), and coal (25%). Emissions of pCl are mostly from biofuel (29%) and open biomass burning processes (44%). The sectoral and spatial distributions of HCl and pCl emissions are very heterogeneous along the study period, and the temporal trends are mainly driven by the changes in emission factors, energy intensity, economy, and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Department of Earth Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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15
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Effects of Humidity Pretreatment Devices on the Loss of HCl Gas Emitted from Industrial Stacks. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A high humidity at a high temperature presents a common challenge in monitoring the air pollutants emitted from stationary sources. Thus, humidity removal is a pivotal issue. In this study, the effect of humidity pretreatment devices (HPDs) on hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas emitted from an incinerator stack was investigated. A conventional cooler (HPD_CL), and poly-tube (HPD_NP) and single-tube (HPD_NS) Nafion™ dryers were used as HPDs in this study. HCl concentrations varied at five and 10 parts per million in volume (ppmv). Low (i.e., ~4%) and high (i.e., ~17%) humidities were generated at 180 °C. The removal efficiencies of humidity and the loss rates of HCl by the devices were determined. The removal efficiencies of humidity by HPD_CL and the two dryers were found to be similar, at approximately 85% at a low humidity and 95% at a high humidity. In terms of HCl loss rates, HPD_CL revealed the highest loss rates in all conditions (i.e., >95%), followed by HPD_NP and HPD_NS. At normal room temperature (i.e., 25 °C), the HCl loss rates of HPD_NP were >40% at a low humidity and >70% at a high humidity, while those of HPD_NS were >10% at a low humidity and >60% at a high humidity. The performance of the two dryers improved when they were heated to 80 °C. However, this temperature caused damage to the dryers, which reduced their lifetime.
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16
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Li Q, Fu X, Peng X, Wang W, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Mu Y, Chen J, Jimenez JL, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Halogens Enhance Haze Pollution in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13625-13637. [PMID: 34591460 PMCID: PMC8529710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe and persistent haze events in northern China, characterized by high loading of fine aerosol especially of secondary origin, negatively impact human health and the welfare of ecosystems. However, current knowledge cannot fully explain the formation of this haze pollution. Despite field observations of elevated levels of reactive halogen species (e.g., BrCl, ClNO2, Cl2, HBr) at several sites in China, the influence of halogens (particularly bromine) on haze pollution is largely unknown. Here, for the first time, we compile an emission inventory of anthropogenic bromine and quantify the collective impact of halogens on haze pollution in northern China. We utilize a regional model (WRF-Chem), revised to incorporate updated halogen chemistry and anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions and validated by measurements of atmospheric pollutants and halogens, to show that halogens enhance the loading of fine aerosol in northern China (on average by 21%) and especially its secondary components (∼130% for secondary organic aerosol and ∼20% for sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosols). Such a significant increase is attributed to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidants (OH, HO2, O3, NO3, Cl, and Br) by halogen chemistry, with a significant contribution from previously unconsidered bromine. These results show that higher recognition of the impact of anthropogenic halogens shall be given in haze pollution research and air quality regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute
of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate
School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Institute
of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Institute
for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of
Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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17
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Li J, Zhang N, Wang P, Choi M, Ying Q, Guo S, Lu K, Qiu X, Wang S, Hu M, Zhang Y, Hu J. Impacts of chlorine chemistry and anthropogenic emissions on secondary pollutants in the Yangtze river delta region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117624. [PMID: 34192645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of chlorine is coupled into a 3D regional air quality model (CMAQv5.0.1) to investigate the impacts on the atmospheric oxidation capacity, ozone (O3), as well as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its major components over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The developed model has significantly improved the simulated hydrochloric acid (HCl), particulate chloride (PCl), and hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals. O3 is enhanced in the high chlorine emission regions by up to 4% and depleted in the rest of the region. PM2.5 is enhanced by 2-6%, mostly due to the increases in PCl, ammonium, organic aerosols, and sulfate. Nitrate exhibits inhomogeneous variations, by up to 8% increase in Shanghai and 2-5% decrease in most of the domain. Radicals show different responses to the inclusion of the multiphase chlorine chemistry during the daytime and nighttime. Both OH and HO2 are increased throughout the day, while nitrate radicals (NO3) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) show an opposite pattern during the daytime and nighttime. Higher HCl and PCl emissions can further enhance the atmospheric oxidation capacity, O3, and PM2.5. Therefore, the anthropogenic chlorine emission inventory must be carefully evaluated and constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 99907, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minsu Choi
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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18
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Shao M, Dai Q, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Xie M, Feng Y. Responses in PM 2.5 and its chemical components to typical unfavorable meteorological events in the suburban area of Tianjin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147814. [PMID: 34034169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the result of enormous emissions and unfavorable meteorological conditions. The role of meteorology, particularly extremely unfavorable meteorological events (EUMEs), in processing atmospheric PM2.5 pollution has not been fully addressed. This work examined the variations of PM2.5 mass and its chemical components associated with various meteorological parameters and three EUMEs based on meteorological observations and analysis combined with one-year long in situ measurement in 2018 in the suburban area of Tianjin, China. Analysis shows that the polluted days in 2018 were mostly related to the increase in sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA). Temperature between -2 to 13 °C is more favorable for the formation of SNA, while high temperature exceeding 28 °C is favorable for the formation of organic carbon and sulfate. Most of the ions and carbon components showed significant increase in concentrations when relative humidity exceeded 80%. The maximum decreasing rate of PM2.5 concentrations due to increase in wind speed and planetary boundary height could be 15.35 μg m-3 (m s-1)-1, and 34.37 μg m-3 (100 m)-1, respectively. EUMEs showed significant impacts on PM2.5 components, in which PM2.5 concentrations showed the most significant increase under temperature inversion (TI) events, and surface-based TI (SBTI) events usually have much stronger impacts on PM2.5 concentrations than elevated TI (ELTI). Nitrate was found to be the most sensitive component to EUMEs, especially under multiple EUMEs. The synthetic effects of multiple EUMEs could result in an increase of nitrate by 35.53 μg m-3 (523.3%). In addition, OC and sulfate are more sensitive to heat wave events. Our analysis provides improved understanding of the formation of PM2.5 pollution with respect to meteorology, particularly EUMEs. Based on such information, more attention may be needed on the collaborative prediction of EUMEs and air pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhuojun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
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19
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Jahn LG, Wang DS, Dhulipala SV, Ruiz LH. Gas-Phase Chlorine Radical Oxidation of Alkanes: Effects of Structural Branching, NO x, and Relative Humidity Observed during Environmental Chamber Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7303-7317. [PMID: 34383508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine-initiated oxidation of alkanes has been shown to rapidly form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at higher yields than OH-alkane reactions. However, the effects of alkane volatile organic compound precursor structure and the reasons for the differences in SOA yield from OH-alkane reactions remain unclear. In this work, we investigated the effects of alkane molecular structure on oxidation by chlorine radical (Cl) and resulting formation of SOA through a series of laboratory chamber experiments, utilizing data from an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Experiments were conducted with linear, branched, and branched cyclic C10 alkane precursors under different NOx and RH conditions. Observed product fragmentation patterns during the oxidation of branched alkanes demonstrate the abstraction of primary hydrogens by Cl, confirming a key difference between OH- and Cl-initiated oxidation of alkanes and providing a possible explanation for higher SOA production from Cl-initiated oxidation. Low-NOx conditions led to higher SOA production. SOA formed from butylcyclohexane under low NOx conditions contained higher fractions of organic acids and lower volatility molecules that were less prone to oligomerization relative to decane SOA. Branched alkanes produced less SOA, and branched cycloalkanes produced more SOA than linear n-alkanes, consistent with past work on OH-initiated reactions. Overall, our work provides insights into the differences between Cl- and OH-initiated oxidation of alkanes of different structures and the potential significance of Cl as an atmospheric oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif G Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States.,Now at Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Surya Venkatesh Dhulipala
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States.,Now at Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States
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Yi X, Yin S, Huang L, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Chan A, Traoré D, Ooi MCG, Chen Y, Allen DT, Li L. Anthropogenic emissions of atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144644. [PMID: 33736175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radical plays an important role in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols in the troposphere. It is hence important to develop comprehensive emissions inventory of chlorine precursors in order to enhance our understanding of the role of chlorine chemistry in ozone and secondary pollution issues. Based on a bottom-up methodology, this study presents a comprehensive emission inventory for major atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China for the year 2017. Four primary chlorine precursors are considered in this study: hydrogen chloride (HCl), fine particulate chloride (Cl-) (Cl- in PM2.5), chlorine gas (Cl2), and hypochlorous acid (HClO) with emissions estimated for twelve source categories. The total emissions of these four species in the YRD region are estimated to be 20,424 t, 15,719 t, 1556 and 9331 t, respectively. The emissions of HCl are substantial, with major emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion, together accounting for 68% of the total HCl emissions. Fine particulate Cl- is mainly emitted from industrial processing, biomass burning and waste incineration. The emissions of Cl2 and HClO are mainly associated with usage of chlorine-containing disinfectants, for example, water treatment, wastewater treatment, and swimming pools. Emissions of each chlorine precursor are spatially allocated based on the characteristics of individual source category. This study provides important basic dataset for further studies with respect to the effects of chlorine chemistry on the formation of air pollution complex in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Andy Chan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dramane Traoré
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yonghang Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - David T Allen
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, United States
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Li K, Jacob DJ, Liao H, Qiu Y, Shen L, Zhai S, Bates KH, Sulprizio MP, Song S, Lu X, Zhang Q, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lee HC, Kuk SK. Ozone pollution in the North China Plain spreading into the late-winter haze season. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015797118. [PMID: 33649215 PMCID: PMC7958175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015797118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone is a severe air pollution problem in the North China Plain, which is home to 300 million people. Ozone concentrations are highest in summer, driven by fast photochemical production of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) that can overcome the radical titration caused by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fuel combustion. Ozone has been very low during winter haze (particulate) pollution episodes. However, the abrupt decrease of NOx emissions following the COVID-19 lockdown in January 2020 reveals a switch to fast ozone production during winter haze episodes with maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations of 60 to 70 parts per billion. We reproduce this switch with the GEOS-Chem model, where the fast production of ozone is driven by HOx radicals from photolysis of formaldehyde, overcoming radical titration from the decreased NOx emissions. Formaldehyde is produced by oxidation of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have very high emissions in the North China Plain. This remarkable switch to an ozone-producing regime in January-February following the lockdown illustrates a more general tendency from 2013 to 2019 of increasing winter-spring ozone in the North China Plain and increasing association of high ozone with winter haze events, as pollution control efforts have targeted NOx emissions (30% decrease) while VOC emissions have remained constant. Decreasing VOC emissions would avoid further spreading of severe ozone pollution events into the winter-spring season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China;
| | - Yulu Qiu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Melissa P Sulprizio
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shaojie Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Xiao Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
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