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Kayaba S, Kajino M. Potential Impacts of Energy and Vehicle Transformation Through 2050 on Oxidative Stress-Inducing PM 2.5 Metals Concentration in Japan. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000789. [PMID: 37842137 PMCID: PMC10574721 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of renewable energy shifting, passenger car electrification, and lightweighting through 2050 on the atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 total mass and oxidative stress-inducing metals (PM2.5-Fe, Cu, and Zn) in Japan were evaluated using a regional meteorology-chemistry model. The surface concentrations of PM2.5 total mass, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the urban area decreased by 8%, 13%, 18%, and 5%, respectively. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been considered to have no advantage in terms of non-exhaust PM emissions by previous studies. This is because the disadvantages (heavier weight increases tire wear, road wear, and resuspention) offset the advantages (regenerative braking system (RBS) reduces brake wear). However, the future lightweighting of drive battery and body frame were estimated to reduce all non-exhaust PM. Passenger car electrification only reduced PM2.5 concentration by 2%. However, Fe and Cu concentrations were more reduced (-8% and -13%, respectively) because they have high brake wear-derived and significantly reflects the benefits of BEV's RBS. The water-soluble fraction concentration of metals (induces oxidative stress in the body) was estimated based on aerosol acidity. The reduction of SOx, NOx, and NH3 emissions from on-road and thermal power plants slightly changed the aerosol acidity (pH ± 0.2). However, it had a negligible effect on water-soluble metal concentrations (maximum +2% for Fe and +0.5% for Cu and Zn). Therefore, the metal emissions reduction was more important than gaseous pollutants in decreasing the water-soluble metals that induces respiratory oxidative stress and passenger car electrification and lightweighting were effective means of achieving this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kayaba
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Meteorological Research InstituteJapan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
| | - Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research InstituteJapan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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Wei Y, Wang S, Jiang N, Zhang R, Hao Q. Comparative multi-model study of PM 2.5 acidity trend changes in ammonia-rich regions in winter: Based on a new ammonia concentration assessment method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131970. [PMID: 37399728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in ammonia-rich regions such as Zhengzhou is improving year by year, however, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is serious in winter. Aerosol acidity (pH) affects every aspect of the surrounding particle composition and environment. Thermodynamic models of gaseous and particulate composition datasets can provide pH estimates. Nevertheless, for ammonia-rich regions in the presence of prolonged NH3 deficiency, the thermodynamic model is limited in calculating pH by using only datasets composed of the particulate phase. In this study, an NH3 concentration calculation method was established via SPSS-coupled multiple linear regression to simulate the trend of NH3 concentration over a long period of time and to assess the long-term pH value in ammonia-rich regions. The reliability of this method was verified using multiple models. The range of NH3 concentration change from 2013 to 2020 was found to be 4.3-68.6 μg·m-3, and the range of pH change was 4.5-6.0. The pH sensitivity analysis indicated that decreasing aerosol precursor concentrations and variations in temperature and relative humidity were the driving factors for aerosol pH changes. Therefore, policies to reduce NH3 emissions are becoming increasingly necessary. This study provides a feasibility analysis for reducing PM2.5, thus achieving standards in ammonia-rich regions, including Zhengzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuodi Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D, Demaria G, Russo M, Scotto F, Trentini A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in urban aerosol: levels, chemical profiles, and contribution to PM 2.5 oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54391-54406. [PMID: 35297001 PMCID: PMC9356935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones, a subgroup of oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), were measured in PM2.5 samples collected during warm (May-June 2019) and cold (February-March 2020) seasons in the city of Bologna, Italy. Total PAHs concentration was nearly double in winter (6.58 ± 1.03 ng m-3) compared with spring (3.16 ± 0.53 ng m-3), following the trend of the PM2.5 mass concentration. Molecular diagnostic ratios suggested that, together with traffic, biomass burning was the dominant emission source contributing to the peaks of concentration of PM2.5 registered in the cold season. Quinone level was constant in both seasons, being 1.44 ± 0.24 ng m-3, that may be related to the increased secondary formation during warm season, as confirmed by the higher Σoxy-PAHs/ΣPAHs ratio in spring than in winter. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM2.5 samples was assessed using acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays. The obtained responses showed a strong seasonality, with higher volume-normalized (OPV) values in winter than in spring, i.e., OPVDTT: 0.32 ± 0.15 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 nmol min-1 m-3 and OPVAA: 0.72 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.28 ± 0.21 nmol min-1 m-3. Both OPVDTT and OPVAA responses were significantly associated with total PAHs, as a general descriptor of redox-active PAH derivatives, associated with co-emission from burning sources or secondary atmospheric oxidation of parent PAHs. Otherwise, only winter OPVDTT responses showed a significant correlation with total Ʃoxy-PAHs concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Demaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mara Russo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiana Scotto
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
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Baker AR, Kanakidou M, Nenes A, Myriokefalitakis S, Croot PL, Duce RA, Gao Y, Guieu C, Ito A, Jickells TD, Mahowald NM, Middag R, Perron MMG, Sarin MM, Shelley R, Turner DR. Changing atmospheric acidity as a modulator of nutrient deposition and ocean biogeochemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/28/eabd8800. [PMID: 34233872 PMCID: PMC8262812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere have increased the flux of nutrients, especially nitrogen, to the ocean, but they have also altered the acidity of aerosol, cloud water, and precipitation over much of the marine atmosphere. For nitrogen, acidity-driven changes in chemical speciation result in altered partitioning between the gas and particulate phases that subsequently affect long-range transport. Other important nutrients, notably iron and phosphorus, are affected, because their soluble fractions increase upon exposure to acidic environments during atmospheric transport. These changes affect the magnitude, distribution, and deposition mode of individual nutrients supplied to the ocean, the extent to which nutrient deposition interacts with the sea surface microlayer during its passage into bulk seawater, and the relative abundances of soluble nutrients in atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric acidity change therefore affects ecosystem composition, in addition to overall marine productivity, and these effects will continue to evolve with changing anthropogenic emissions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Center of Studies of Air quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
- Excellence Chair, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center of Studies of Air quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts (LAPI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stelios Myriokefalitakis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), GR-15236 Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Peter L Croot
- iCRAG (Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geoscience), Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert A Duce
- Departments of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, USA
| | - Cécile Guieu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Akinori Ito
- Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tim D Jickells
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Rob Middag
- Department of Ocean Systems (OCS), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Morgane M G Perron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Manmohan M Sarin
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rachel Shelley
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - David R Turner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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