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Wang H, Zhou Q. Bioelectrochemistry promotes microbial activity and accelerates wastewater methanogenesis in anaerobic digestion under combined exposure to antibiotics and microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 492:138053. [PMID: 40154124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2025] [Revised: 03/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025]
Abstract
Antibiotics and microplastics (MPs), as pervasive environmental pollutants, coexist in wastewater and pose significant threats to public health. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES), which integrate microbial metabolism and electrochemical redox reactions, exhibit considerable potential for treating recalcitrant pollutants and recovering bioenergy from wastewater. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the application of BES for treating wastewater contaminated with multiple antibiotics and MPs, focusing on the synergistic effects of composite pollutants rather than isolated toxicological impacts. Compared to conventional anaerobic digestion, BES demonstrated enhanced wastewater treatment efficiency (14.39 %) and methane recovery (14.32 %). Under pollutant exposure and electrical stimulation, significant alterations in microbial cell viability and enzyme activities were observed. While pollutants reduced microbial species abundance, BES increased microbial diversity. The microbial community was predominantly composed of methanogens (Methanothrix), whereas fermentative bacteria (Proteiniphilum) dominated the cathode compartment. Although the addition of antibiotics did not significantly alter the overall abundance of antibiotic class and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the cathode exhibited the potential to reduce their abundance. Functional gene abundance related to methane synthesis (EC:6.2.1.1) increased at the anode, while the cathode exacerbated inhibitory effects, primarily mediating acetate generation (EC:1.2.4.1, EC:2.3.1.12). These findings provide novel insights into the application of BES for treating co-contaminated wastewater, highlighting its capacity to mitigate emerging environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Qixing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Li T, Xin H, Zhao W. Escherichia coli migration in saturated porous media: Mechanisms of humic acid regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 373:126137. [PMID: 40154868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025]
Abstract
The regulatory behavior of humic acid (HA) on the migration of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in saturated porous media has garnered considerable research interest. Although prior studies have confirmed that HA indeed facilitates the migration of E. coli in saturated porous media, investigating the migration process and regulatory mechanisms at the microscale remains challenging. This study compared the differences in the migration behavior of E. coli in saturated porous media under conditions with and without HA, revealing the dynamic mechanism by which HA regulates microbial migration through the "bacterium-medium-solution" triple interface interaction. The results indicated that E. coli achieves the transition of the "run-tumble" movement pattern (run ≈ 1 s, tumble ≈ 0.1 s) through flagellar morphological regulation, thus completing directed migration in a complex pore network. The addition of HA significantly enhanced the migration rate of E. coli, with an increase of at least 5 %. For the bacteria, HA induced the restructuring of lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial surface, altered the surface Zeta potential of the bacteria, and promoted the formation of stable hetero-aggregates between bacteria and HA. At the medium interface, HA modifies the surface charge of the medium, regulates pore structure, and increases hydrophilicity through the adsorption-desorption mechanism. In the solution system, the dissociation characteristics of HA's carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups dynamically regulated the solution's ionic strength and pH value, creating a chemical microenvironment suitable for bacterial migration. This study systematically revealed the multi-dimensional mechanisms by which HA regulates microbial transport through molecular interface engineering. It provides theoretical support for establishing predictive models of pathogen migration in groundwater systems and offers important guidance for optimizing microbial control strategies in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Department of Environmental Science, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Huijuan Xin
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Weigao Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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3
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Hendiani S, Carbajo C, Caicedo PNA, Verma T, Hansen MF, Agbaje OBA, Mulec IM, Burmølle M, Sand KK. Reconciling the role of mineral surfaces for bacterial evolution: Importance of minerals in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 962:178301. [PMID: 39798291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Hendiani
- Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlota Carbajo
- Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Taru Verma
- Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Frederik Hansen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ines Mandic Mulec
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Krarup Sand
- Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Song J, Huang Z, Gao Y, Wang W, Guo G, Duan Y, Zhou S, Tang Z. Metagenomic insight into the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge upon exposure to nanoplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 363:125260. [PMID: 39510298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Activated sludge is an important reservoir for the co-occurring emerging contaminants including nanoplastics (NPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the impacts and potential mechanisms of NPs on the fate of ARGs in activated sludge are not fully understood. Herein, we used metagenomic approach to investigate the responses of ARGs, host bacteria, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and functional genes to polystyrene (PS) NPs at environmentally relevant (0.5 mg/L) and high stress concentrations (50 mg/L) in activated sludge. The results showed that 0.5 and 50 mg/L PS NPs increased the relative abundance of ARGs in the activated sludge by 58.68% and 46.52%, respectively (p < 0.05). Host tracking analysis elucidated that the hosts of ARGs were significantly enriched by PS NPs (p < 0.05), with Proteobacteria being the predominant host bacteria. Additionally, the occurrence of new ARGs hosts and the enrichment of MGEs and functional genes (i.e., genes related to SOS response, cell membrane permeability, and secretion system, etc.) indicated that PS NPs promoted horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs. Finally, path modeling analysis revealed that the proliferation of ARGs caused by PS NPs was primarily attributed to the enhancement of HGT and the enrichment of host bacteria. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the spread risk of ARGs in activated sludge under NPs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Zefeng Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Zhenping Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Wang S, Li W, Xi B, Cao L, Huang C. Mechanisms and influencing factors of horizontal gene transfer in composting system: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 955:177017. [PMID: 39427888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Organic solid wastes such as livestock manure and sewage sludge are important sources and repositories of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Composting, a solid waste treatment technology, has demonstrated efficacy in degrading various antibiotics and reducing ARGs. However, some recalcitrant ARGs (e.g., sul1, sul2) will enrich during the composting maturation period. These ARGs persist in compost products and spread through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). We analyzed the reasons behind the increase of ARGs during the maturation phase. It was found that the proliferation of ARG-host bacteria and HGT process play an important role. This article revealed that microbial physiological responses, environmental factors, pollutants, and quorum sensing (QS) can all influence the HGT process in composting systems. We examined the influence of these factors on HGT in the compost system and summarized potential mechanisms by analyzing the alterations in microbial communities. We comprehensively summarized the HGT hazards that these factors may present in composting systems. Finally, we summarized methods to inhibit HGT in compost, such as using additives, quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), microbial inoculation, and predicting HGT events. Overall, the HGT mechanism and driving force in complex composting systems are still insufficiently studied. In view of the current situation, using predictions to assess the risk of HGT in composting may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lijia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Caihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Wang Y, Ren Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Han S. Antibiotic resistance genes transfer risk: Contributions from soil erosion and sedimentation activities, agricultural cycles, and soil chemical contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:136227. [PMID: 39454331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
The transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose environmental risks that are influenced by soil activity and pollution. Soil erosion and sedimentation accelerate degradation and migration, thereby affecting soil distribution and contamination. This study quantified the vertical and horizontal transfer capabilities of ARGs and simulated soil environments under various scenarios, such as erosion, agricultural cycles, and chemical pollution. The results showed that slope, runoff, and sediment volume significantly affected soil erosion and ARG transfer risks. The response of environmental factors to the transfer risk of ARGs is as follows: the promotion effect of soil deposition (average: 21.41 %) is significantly greater than the inhibitory effect of soil erosion (average: -11.31 %); the planting period (average: -64.654) is greater than the harvest period (average: -56.225); the response to soil chemical pollution is: the impact of phosphate fertilizer residues, antibiotics, and pesticide pollution is more significant. This study constructed a vertical and horizontal transfer system of ARGs in soil erosion and sedimentation environments and proposed a response analysis method for the impact of factors, such as soil erosion and sedimentation activities, agricultural cycles, and soil chemical pollution, on ARGs transfer capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhixing Ren
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Jilin Emergency Management, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuhan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yufei Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Song Han
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Kong F, Qi Z, Tong H, Ren N, You S. Case study on the relationship between transmission of antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community under freeze-thaw cycle on cold-region dairy farm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175989. [PMID: 39233087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) is a naturally occurring phenomenon in high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems, which may exert influence on distribution and evolution of microbial community in the soil. The relationship between transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial community was investigated upon the case study on the soil of cold-region dairy farm under seasonal FTC. The results demonstrated that 37 ARGs underwent decrease in the abundance of blaTEM from 80.4 % for frozen soil to 71.7 % for thawed soil, and that sul2 from 8.8 % for frozen soil to 6.5 % for thawed soil, respectively. Antibiotic deactivation was identified to be closely related to the highest relative abundance of blaTEM, and the spread of sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs) occurred mainly via target modification. Firmicutes in frozen soil were responsible for dominating the abundance of ARGs by suppressing the native bacteria under starvation effect in cold regions, and then underwent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among native bacteria through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The TRB-C (32.6-49.1 %) and tnpA-06 (0.27-7.5 %) were significantly increased in frozen soil, while Int3 (0.67-10.6 %) and tnpA-04 (11.1-19.4 %) were up-regulated in thawed soil. Moreover, the ARGs in frozen soil primarily underwent HGT through MGEs, i.e. TRB-C and tnpA-06, with increased number of Firmicutes serving as carrier. The case study not only demonstrated relationship between transmission of ARGs and microbial community in the soil under practically relevant FTC condition, but also emphasized the importance for formulating better strategies for preventing FTC-induced ARGs in dairy farm in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzi Kong
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Zheng Qi
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, PR China.
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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Verma T, Hendiani S, Carbajo C, Andersen SB, Hammarlund EU, Burmølle M, Sand KK. Recurrence and propagation of past functions through mineral facilitated horizontal gene transfer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1449094. [PMID: 39575186 PMCID: PMC11580795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1449094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer is one of the most important drivers of bacterial evolution. Transformation by uptake of extracellular DNA is traditionally not considered to be an effective mode of gene acquisition, simply because extracellular DNA is degraded in a matter of days when it is suspended in e.g. seawater. Recently the age span of stored DNA was increased to at least 2 Ma. Here, we show that Acinetobacter baylyi can incorporate 60 bp DNA fragments adsorbed to common sedimentary minerals and that the transformation frequencies scale with mineral surface properties. Our work highlights that ancient environmental DNA can fuel the evolution of contemporary bacteria. In contrast to heritable stochastic mutations, the processes by which bacteria acquire new genomic material during times of increased stress and needs, indicate a non-random mechanism that may propel evolution in a non-stochastic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Verma
- Section of Geogenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade, Denmark
| | - Saghar Hendiani
- Section of Geogenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade, Denmark
| | - Carlota Carbajo
- Section of Geogenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade, Denmark
| | - Sandra B. Andersen
- Section for Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Denmark
| | - Emma U. Hammarlund
- Section of Cell and Tissue Biology Cancer Research, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan, Sweden
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Denmark
| | - Karina K. Sand
- Section of Geogenetics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade, Denmark
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Wu J, Lv YH, Sun D, Zhou JH, Wu J, He RL, Liu DF, Song H, Li WW. Phthalates Boost Natural Transformation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes through Enhancing Bacterial Motility and DNA Environmental Persistence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7291-7301. [PMID: 38623940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The environmental dissemination of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) in wastewater and natural water bodies has aroused growing ecological concerns. The coexisting chemical pollutants in water are known to markedly affect the eARGs transfer behaviors of the environmental microbial community, but the detailed interactions and specific impacts remain elusive so far. Here, we revealed a concentration-dependent impact of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and several other types of phthalate esters (common water pollutants released from plastics) on the natural transformation of eARGs. The DMP exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (10 μg/L) resulted in a 4.8-times raised transformation frequency of Acinetobacter baylyi but severely suppressed the transformation at a high concentration (1000 μg/L). The promotion by low-concentration DMP was attributed to multiple mechanisms, including increased bacterial mobility and membrane permeability to facilitate eARGs uptake and improved resistance of the DMP-bounded eARGs (via noncovalent interaction) to enzymatic degradation (with suppressed DNase activity). Similar promoting effects of DMP on the eARGs transformation were also found in real wastewater and biofilm systems. In contrast, higher-concentration DMP suppressed the eARGs transformation by disrupting the DNA structure. Our findings highlight a potentially underestimated eARGs spreading in aquatic environments due to the impacts of coexisting chemical pollutants and deepen our understanding of the risks of biological-chemical combined pollution in wastewater and environmental water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
| | - Yun-Hui Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
| | - Jun-Hua Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
| | - Jie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
| | - Ru-Li He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Materials Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123,China
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