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Li S, Liu D, Jiang X, Tian P, Sheng J, Wu Y, Hu K, Bi K, Li R, Zhao D, Huang M, Kong S, Zheng C. Dynamic evolution of particulate and gaseous emissions for typical residential coal combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175851. [PMID: 39214355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion still accounts for half of the heating energy consumption in many developing countries. The dynamic variation during the combustion process importantly determines the combustion facility design and appropriate air quality assessment, which was omitted in conventional studies. This study investigated the emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants during the combustion process for typical coal types using online monitoring. During the first pyrolysis stage with temperature climbing, the organic aerosols (OA) and gases reached peak concentration. The second fierce combustion stage had the highest temperature and produced the highest cumulative emissions, particularly a substantial amount of black carbon for coals with higher volatile content. Using higher-quality coals will undoubtedly reduce PM emissions, by a factor of 10 from bituminous to anthracite coal. However, more ultrafine particles (d < 0.1 μm) from cleaner coal may pose additional health risks. Anthracite and honeycomb coal had approximately twice the energy content and emitted more CO2 per unit mass of fuel and had more persistent SO2 emissions throughout the burnout stage. The oxygenation of OA and organic gases remained increased during combustion, suggesting the pyrolysis products underwent oxidation before being emitted. The investigation of the coal combustion process suggests the importance of reducing volatiles to control PM emissions, but the potential negative synergistic effects between PM reduction and increased carbon emissions should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - JiuJiang Sheng
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- StateKey Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Schneider E, Neumann A, Chacón-Patiño ML, Somero M, Ruppel MM, Ihalainen M, Köster K, Sippula O, Czech H, Rüger CP, Zimmermann R. Accessing the Low-Polar Molecular Composition of Boreal and Arctic Peat-Burning Organic Aerosol via Thermal Analysis and Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Structural Motifs and Their Formation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1713-1725. [PMID: 38950165 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Peatland fires emit organic carbon-rich particulate matter into the atmosphere. Boreal and Arctic peatlands are becoming more vulnerable to wildfires, resulting in a need for better understanding of the emissions of these special fires. Extractable, nonpolar, and low-polar organic aerosol species emitted from laboratory-based boreal and Arctic peat-burning experiments are analyzed by direct-infusion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS) and compared to time-resolved APPI UHRMS evolved gas analysis from the thermal analysis of peat under inert nitrogen (pyrolysis) and oxidative atmosphere. The chemical composition is characterized on a molecular level, revealing abundant aromatic compounds that partially contain oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and are formed at characteristic temperatures. Two main structural motifs are identified, single core and multicore, and their temperature-dependent formation is assigned to the thermal degradation of the lignocellulose building blocks and other parts of peat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schneider
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LL&M), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Neumann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LL&M), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martha L Chacón-Patiño
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 32310 Tallahassee, United States
| | - Markus Somero
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meri M Ruppel
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LL&M), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LL&M), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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3
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Li S, Liu D, Wu Y, Hu K, Jiang X, Tian P, Sheng J, Pan B, Zhao D. Aging effects on residential biomass burning emissions under quasi-real atmospheric conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122615. [PMID: 37757938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning (BB) vastly contribute to the atmospheric trace gases and particles, which affect air quality and human health. After emission, the chemical evolution changes the mass and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in the diluted and aged plume. In this study, we used a quasi-real atmospheric smog chamber system to conduct aging experiments and investigated the multiphase oxidation of primary organic aerosol (POA) and the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in residential biomass burning plumes. We found that the emissions in the gas and particle phases were interlinked during the plume evolution. During photochemical aging, more oxidized OA was produced, and SOA formation increased by a factor of 2 due to functionalization reactions of gaseous precursors such as furans, phenols, and carbonyls. On the other hand, dark aging resulted in a lower OA mass enhancement by a factor of 1.2, with weaker oxidation from gaseous reactions. Dark aging experiments resulted in the generation of substantial quantities of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in both gas and particulate phases, while photochemical aging led to a notable increase in the concentration of gaseous carboxylic acids. Our observations show that the properties of SOA are influenced by exposure to sunlight radiation and oxidants such as OH or NO3 radicals. These results reflect the aging process of BB plumes in real-world atmospheric conditions and highlight the importance of considering various aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jiujiang Sheng
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Baiwan Pan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, 100089, China
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4
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Wan F, Hao Y, Huang W, Wang X, Tian M, Chen J. Hindered visibility improvement despite marked reduction in anthropogenic emissions in a megacity of southwestern China: An interplay between enhanced secondary inorganics formation and hygroscopic growth at prevailing high RH conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165114. [PMID: 37379922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The PM2.5-bound visibility improvement remains challenging in China despite vigorous control on anthropogenic emissions in recent years. One critical issue could exist in the distinct physicochemical properties especially of secondary aerosol components. Taken the COVID-19 lockdown as an extreme case, we focus on the relationship between visibility, emission cuts, and secondary formation of inorganics with changing optical and hygroscopic behaviors in Chongqing, a representative city characterized with humid weather and poor diffusion conditions in Sichuan Basin, southwest of China. It is found that the increased secondary aerosol abundance (e.g., PM2.5/CO and PM2.5/PM10 as a proxy) with enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity (e.g., O3/Ox, Ox = O3 + NO2), combined with insignificant meteorological dilution effect, might partly offset the benefit on the improved visibility from substantial reduction in anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown. This is in line with the efficient oxidation rates of sulfur and nitrogen (i.e., SOR, NOR), increasing more significantly with PM2.5 and relative humidity (RH) in comparison to O3/Ox. The resulted larger fraction of nitrate and sulfate (i.e., fSNA) would promote the optical enhancement (i.e., f(RH)) and mass extinction efficiency (MEE) of PM2.5, especially under highly humid conditions (e.g., RH > 80 %, with approximately half of the occurrence frequency). This could further facilitate secondary aerosol formation via aqueous-phase reaction and heterogeneous oxidation, likely due to enhanced water uptake and enlarged size/surface area upon hydration. In combination of gradually increased atmospheric oxidative capacity, this positive feedback would in turn inhibit the visibility improvement particularly at high RH environment. Considering the current air pollution complex status over China, further work on the formation mechanisms of major secondary species (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organics), size-resolved chemical and hygroscopic properties, together with their interactions are highly recommended. Our results are hoping to assist in the atmospheric pollution complex mitigation and prevention in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Wan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhang Hao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Sun Q, Liang B, Cai M, Zhang Y, Ou H, Ni X, Sun X, Han B, Deng X, Zhou S, Zhao J. Cruise observation of the marine atmosphere and ship emissions in South China Sea: Aerosol composition, sources, and the aging process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120539. [PMID: 36328278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Marine atmospheric aerosols impact the global climate and biogeochemical cycles. However, how the composition, sources, and aging of these aerosols affect the above processes has not been thoroughly studied. Here, we conducted ship-based measurements in the northern South China Sea to investigate the chemical composition and aging of aerosols from various sources during the summer of 2019. Separate measurements were conducted at the bow (marine environment) and stern (cooking, smoking, and engine exhaust) of the ship. Source apportionment of organic aerosols (OAs) was conducted using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and trajectory models. The results showed that ship exhaust and coastal submicron particles were composed of comparable sulfate and organic fractions (both approximately 43%), distinct from the sulfate-dominated particles in the marine atmosphere (52-77%). PMF using the multilinear engine-2 solver identified five factors for the stern sampling period: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA-I, 9%), slightly oxidized HOA (HOA-II, 25%), cooking OA (COA, 13%), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA, 4%), and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA, 49%). The primary OAs (HOA-I/II + COA + CSOA), derived mostly from direct ship-related emissions, contributed to approximately half of the OAs, whereas the contribution from the highly aged marine atmosphere was only 20%. Notably, certain living-related emissions (i.e., COA and CSOA), which were often neglected in previous studies, might represent a considerable contribution to OA emissions from the ship. Four factors were identified for the bow sampling periods: HOA (13%), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 9%), semi-volatile OOA (7%), and LV-OOA (71%). The BBOAs from the Indo-China and Malay peninsulas were aged, converted to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) during transport, and influenced by the combined photo-oxidation and liquid-phase reactions, indicating a substantial impact of BB on SOA formation. Our study highlights the influence of ship and inland emissions and their aging during transport on marine atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Sun
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Baoling Liang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Mingfu Cai
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Air Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yongyun Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Hengjia Ou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Xue Ni
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Xi Sun
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Xuejiao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China.
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Vokina VA, Sosedova LM, Novikov MA, Titov EA, Andreeva ES, Rukavishnikov VS. Effects of Daily Peat Smoke Exposure on Present and Next Generations. TOXICS 2022; 10:750. [PMID: 36548583 PMCID: PMC9786320 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to follow the neurotoxic effect of peat smoke on adult outbred rats and its influence on central nervous system (CNS) parameters in first-generation offspring. Under experimental conditions, exposure to peat smoke was carried out on adult male Wistar rats for 24 h. After the end of the exposure, an open field test (OFT), electroencephalography (EEG), and histological analysis of the testes and brains of smoke-exposed males were performed, after which they were mated with intact females to obtain F1 offspring. Stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and body weight at 4, 7, 14, and 21 postnatal days, as well as behavior in the OFT and EEG parameters during puberty (3 months), were assessed. The results of the examination of F0 males showed a significant increase in motor activity and anxiety in the open field test and a violation of EEG parameters. Histopathologically, peat smoke caused a sharp increase in shadow cells (homogeneous cells with pale-stained cytoplasm, in which the cell and nuclear membranes are not visualized) and degeneratively altered neurons in the brain; we found no changes in the testicles. Peat smoke exposure during preconception did not affect neonatal mortality and weight gain in F1 offspring. Adult females born to peat-smoke-exposed males showed an increase in locomotor activity, and the behavior of adult F1 males did not differ from the control. In F1 males, a statistically significant increase in slow-wave activity indices in the delta band was observed.
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7
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhai L, Zhao W. Characterization of Aerosol Properties from the Burning Emissions of Typical Residential Fuels on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14296-14305. [PMID: 36198091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tibet Autonomous Region in China is a unique place with high altitude and special Tibetan culture. The residents have different living habits and domestic fuels from those in other parts of China, however, knowledge on the emission characteristics of local residential fuels remain poorly understood until now. In this study, nine popular residential fuels in the Tibet are burned in situ to study the aerosol chemical compositions, mass spectral signatures, and emission characteristics from their burning emissions. Overall, emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants depend strongly on the burning conditions, in addition to the fuel constituents themselves. Burning the biofuels of yak dung, WeiSang mixture fuels, and two powdery Tibetan incenses with relatively low combustion efficiencies can emit large amounts of CO and aerosols, especially organic aerosols (>90%) with large diameters. In contrast, burning of wood, coal, ghee lamp, stick-like Tibetan incense, and diesel can release abundant CO2 but fewer aerosols from their flaming combustion. A comprehensive database consisting of the high-resolution mass spectra of organics and emission factors of multiple chemical components are established. Distinctly different mass spectral signatures are found among the different fuels, in particularly those unique Tibetan biofuels. All these findings have significant implications for the identification of aerosol sources, compilation of pollutant emission inventories, and assessment of potential environment effects in this remote region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Seasonality of Aerosol Sources Calls for Distinct Air Quality Mitigation Strategies. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030121. [PMID: 35324746 PMCID: PMC8953366 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) was deployed to investigate the temporal variability of non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM1) in the coastal city of Galway, Ireland, from February to July 2016. Source apportionment of the organic aerosol (OA) was performed using the newly developed rolling PMF strategy and was compared with the conventional seasonal PMF. Primary OA (POA) factors apportioned by rolling and seasonal PMF were similar. POA factors of hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), peat, wood, and coal were associated with domestic heating, and with an increased contribution to the OA mass in winter. Even in summer, sporadic heating events occurred with similar diurnal patterns to that in winter. Two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors were resolved, including more-oxygenated OOA and less-oxygenated OOA (i.e., MO-OOA and LO-OOA, accordingly) which were found to be the dominant OA factors during summer. On average, MO-OOA accounted for 62% of OA and was associated with long-range transport in summer. In summer, compared to rolling PMF, the conventional seasonal PMF over-estimated LO-OOA by nearly 100% while it underestimated MO-OOA by 30%. The results from this study show residential heating and long-range transport alternately dominate the submicron aerosol concentrations in this coastal city, requiring different mitigation strategies in different seasons.
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Zhao R, Zhang Q, Xu X, Wang W, Zhao W, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Light absorption properties and molecular compositions of water-soluble and methanol-soluble organic carbon emitted from wood pyrolysis and combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151136. [PMID: 34695472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) emitted from biomass burning (BB) plays an important role in the global radiation budget. In this work, primary OC emitted from wood pyrolysis and combustion under nitrogen (N2) and air conditions in a tube furnace was investigated. The absorption spectra, chemical functional groups, and molecular compositions of OC were analyzed using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. The light absorption properties showed that the mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) of methanol-soluble OC (MSOC) is 3.1-3.8 times higher than that of water-soluble OC (WSOC). Moreover, the MAE365 values derived from the N2 pyrolysis atmosphere are higher than that from the air atmosphere for both MSOC and WSOC. These results indicated that OC extracted by methanol has higher light absorption, especially for the OC emitted from the N2 pyrolysis atmosphere. Although the FTIR spectra showed identical functional groups for the OC from the air and N2 conditions, molecular compositions from the FT-ICR MS analysis presented significant differences. The molecular weight (MW), double bonds equivalent (DBE), DBE/C, and modified aromaticity index (AImod) of extracted OC showed higher values in MSOC than those in WSOC, and higher values under the N2 atmosphere than those under the air atmosphere. In addition, MAE365 showed positive correlations with MW (r = 0.94), DBE (r = 0.88), DBE/C (r = 0.96), and AImod (r = 0.97), whereas negative correlations with H/C (r = -0.97), O/C (r = -0.90), N/C (r = -0.88), and S/C (r = -0.93). These results indicated that molecules with larger MW and a high level of unsaturation and aromaticity present higher light absorption, while molecules with high elemental ratios of H/C, O/C, N/C, and S/C are adverse to light absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Xuezhe Xu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Wenjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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Manchanda C, Kumar M, Singh V, Faisal M, Hazarika N, Shukla A, Lalchandani V, Goel V, Thamban N, Ganguly D, Tripathi SN. Variation in chemical composition and sources of PM 2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown in Delhi. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106541. [PMID: 33845290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Government of India (GOI) announced a nationwide lockdown starting 25th March 2020 to contain the spread of COVID-19, leading to an unprecedented decline in anthropogenic activities and, in turn, improvements in ambient air quality. This is the first study to focus on highly time-resolved chemical speciation and source apportionment of PM2.5 to assess the impact of the lockdown and subsequent relaxations on the sources of ambient PM2.5 in Delhi, India. The elemental, organic, and black carbon fractions of PM2.5 were measured at the IIT Delhi campus from February 2020 to May 2020. We report source apportionment results using positive matrix factorization (PMF) of organic and elemental fractions of PM2.5 during the different phases of the lockdown. The resolved sources such as vehicular emissions, domestic coal combustion, and semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA) were found to decrease by 96%, 95%, and 86%, respectively, during lockdown phase-1 as compared to pre-lockdown. An unforeseen rise in O3 concentrations with declining NOx levels was observed, similar to other parts of the globe, leading to the low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosols (LVOOA) increasing to almost double the pre-lockdown concentrations during the last phase of the lockdown. The effect of the lockdown was found to be less pronounced on other resolved sources like secondary chloride, power plants, dust-related, hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols (HOA), and biomass burning related emissions, which were also swayed by the changing meteorological conditions during the four lockdown phases. The results presented in this study provide a basis for future emission control strategies, quantifying the extent to which constraining certain anthropogenic activities can ameliorate the ambient air. These results have direct relevance to not only Delhi but the entire Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), citing similar geographical and meteorological conditions common to the region along with overlapping regional emission sources. SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS: We identify sources like vehicular emissions, domestic coal combustion, and semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA) to be severely impacted by the lockdown, whereas ozone levels and, in turn, low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosols (LVOOA) rise by more than 95% compared to the pre-lockdown concentrations during the last phase of the lockdown. However, other sources resolved in this study, like secondary chloride, power plants, dust-related, hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols (HOA), and biomass burning related emissions, were mainly driven by the changes in the meteorological conditions rather than the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Manchanda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohd Faisal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Naba Hazarika
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Goel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Navaneeth Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Ni H, Huang RJ, Pieber SM, Corbin JC, Stefenelli G, Pospisilova V, Klein F, Gysel-Beer M, Yang L, Baltensperger U, Haddad IE, Slowik JG, Cao J, Prévôt ASH, Dusek U. Brown Carbon in Primary and Aged Coal Combustion Emission. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5701-5710. [PMID: 33826309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smog chamber experiments were conducted to characterize the light absorption of brown carbon (BrC) from primary and photochemically aged coal combustion emissions. Light absorption was measured by the UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of water and methanol extracts of filter samples. The single-scattering albedo at 450 nm was 0.73 ± 0.10 for primary emissions and 0.75 ± 0.13 for aged emissions. The light absorption coefficient at 365 nm of methanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts by a factor of 10 for primary emissions and a factor of 7 for aged emissions. This suggests that the majority of BrC is water-insoluble even after aging. The mass absorption efficiency of this BrC (MAE365) for primary OA (POA) was dependent on combustion conditions, with an average of 0.84 ± 0.54 m2 g-1, which was significantly higher than that for aged OA (0.24 ± 0.18 m2 g-1). Secondary OA (SOA) dominated aged OA and the decreased MAE365 after aging indicates that SOA is less light absorbing than POA and/or that BrC is bleached (oxidized) with aging. The estimated MAE365 of SOA (0.14 ± 0.08 m2 g-1) was much lower than that of POA. A comparison of MAE365 of residential coal combustion with other anthropogenic sources suggests that residential coal combustion emissions are among the strongest absorbing BrC organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Simone M Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Joel C Corbin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gysel-Beer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Tian J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yan M, Liu H, Zhang N, Ran W, Cao J. Impacts of primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation on air pollution in an urban area of China during the COVID-19 lockdown. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106426. [PMID: 33578069 PMCID: PMC7997682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on human activities were implemented in China to cope with the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), providing an opportunity to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic emissions on air quality. Intensive real-time measurements were made to compare primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation in Xi'an, China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Decreases in mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and its components were observed during the lockdown with reductions of 32-51%. The dominant contributor of PM was organic aerosol (OA), and results of a hybrid environmental receptor model indicated OA was composed of four primary OA (POA) factors (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors (less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA) and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA)). The mass concentrations of OA factors decreased from before to during the lockdown over a range of 17% to 58%, and they were affected by control measures and secondary processes. Correlations of secondary aerosols/ΔCO with Ox (NO2 + O3) and aerosol liquid water content indicated that photochemical oxidation had a greater effect on the formation of nitrate and two OOAs than sulfate; however, aqueous-phase reaction presented a more complex effect on secondary aerosols formation at different relative humidity condition. The formation efficiencies of secondary aerosols were enhanced during the lockdown as the increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity. Analyses of pollution episodes highlighted the importance of OA, especially the LO-OOA, for air pollution during the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengyuan Yan
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Huikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China.
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13
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Trubetskaya A, Lin C, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O’Dowd C, Leahy JJ, Monaghan RFD, Johnson R, Layden P, Smith W. Study of Emissions from Domestic Solid-Fuel Stove Combustion in Ireland. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:4966-4978. [PMID: 34276128 PMCID: PMC8277100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-fuel stoves are at the heart of many homes not only in developing nations, but also in developed regions where there is significant deployment of such heating appliances. They are often operated inefficiently and in association with high emission fuels like wood. This leads to disproportionate air pollution contributions. Despite the proliferation of these appliances, an understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions from these sources remains relatively low. Emissions from five solid fuels are quantified using a "conventional" and an Ecodesign stove. PM measurements are obtained using both "hot filter" sampling of the raw flue gas, and sampling of cooled, diluted flue gas using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and AE33 aethalometer. PM emissions factors (EF) derived from diluted flue gas incorporate light condensable organic compounds; hence they are generally higher than those obtained with "hot filter" sampling, which do not. Overall, the PM EFs ranged from 0.2 to 108.2 g GJ-1 for solid fuels. The PM EF determined for a solid fuel depends strongly on the measurement method employed and on user behavior, and less strongly on secondary air supply and stove type. Kerosene-based firelighters were found to make a disproportionately high contribution to PM emissions. Organic aerosol dominated PM composition for all fuels, constituting 50-65% of PM from bituminous and low-smoke ovoids, and 85-95% from torrefied olive stone (TOS) briquettes, sod peat, and wood logs. Torrefied biomass and low-smoke ovoids were found to yield the lowest PM emissions. Substituting these fuels for smoky coal, peat, and wood could reduce PM2.5 emissions by approximately 63%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trubetskaya
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of
Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute
of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Colin O’Dowd
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - J. J. Leahy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Rory F. D. Monaghan
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
- School of
Engineering and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Robert Johnson
- Arigna
Fuels, Arigna Carrick-on-Shannon Co., Roscommon N41 E527, Ireland
| | - Peter Layden
- Arigna
Fuels, Arigna Carrick-on-Shannon Co., Roscommon N41 E527, Ireland
| | - William Smith
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Martin BL, Thompson LC, Kim YH, King C, Snow S, Schladweiler M, Haykal-Coates N, George I, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Peat smoke inhalation alters blood pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac arrhythmia risk in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:748-763. [PMID: 33016233 PMCID: PMC7682804 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1826375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires (WF) are linked to adverse health impacts related to poor air quality. The cardiovascular impacts of emissions from specific biomass sources are however unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the cardiovascular impacts of a single exposure to peat smoke, a key regional WF air pollution source, and relate these to baroreceptor sensitivity and inflammation. Three-month-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats, implanted with radiotelemeters for continuous monitoring of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), were exposed once, for 1-hr, to filtered air or low (0.38 mg/m3 PM) or high (4.04 mg/m3) concentrations of peat smoke. Systemic markers of inflammation and sensitivity to aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmias, a measure of latent myocardial vulnerability, were assessed in separate cohorts of rats 24 hr after exposure. PM size (low peat = 0.4-0.5 microns vs. high peat = 0.8-1.2 microns) and proportion of organic carbon (low peat = 77% vs. high peat = 65%) varied with exposure level. Exposure to high peat and to a lesser extent low peat increased systolic and diastolic BP relative to filtered air. In contrast, only exposure to low peat elevated BRS and aconitine-induced arrhythmogenesis relative to filtered air and increased circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, complement components C3 and C4, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and white blood cells. Taken together, exposure to peat smoke produced overt and latent cardiovascular consequences that were likely influenced by physicochemical characteristics of the smoke and associated adaptive homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Ho Kim
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charly King
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - Samantha Snow
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
- ICF International, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Ingrid George
- Air Methods & Characterization Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | | | - Mehdi S. Hazari
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
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15
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Byrne CP, Bennett KE, Hickey A, Kavanagh P, Broderick B, O’Mahony M, Williams DJ. Short-Term Air Pollution as a Risk for Stroke Admission: A Time-Series Analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 49:404-411. [DOI: 10.1159/000510080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The harmful effects of outdoor air pollution on stroke incidence are becoming increasingly recognised. We examined the impact of different air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, ozone, and SO2) on admission for all strokes in two Irish urban centres from 2013 to 2017. Methods: Using an ecological time series design with Poisson regression models, we analysed daily hospitalisation for all strokes and ischaemic stroke by residence in Dublin or Cork, with air pollution level monitoring data with a lag of 0–2 days from exposure. Splines of temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, and time were included as confounders. Analysis was also performed across all four seasons. Data are presented as relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in each pollutant. Results: There was no significant association between all stroke admission and any individual air pollutant. On seasonal analysis, during winter in the larger urban centre (Dublin), we found an association between all stroke cases and an IQR increase in NO2 (RR 1.035, 95% CI: 1.003–1.069), PM10 (RR 1.032, 95% CI: 1.007–1.057), PM2.5 (RR 1.024, 95% CI: 1.011–1.039), and SO2 (RR 1.035, 95% CI: 1.001–1.071). There was no significant association found in the smaller urban area of Cork. On meta-analysis, there remained a significant association between NO2 (RR 1.013, 95% CI: 1.001–1.024) and PM2.5 (1.009, 95% CI 1.004–1.014) per IQR increase in each. Discussion: Short-term air pollution in winter was found to be associated with hospitalisation for all strokes in a large urban centre in Ireland. As Ireland has relatively low air pollution internationally, this highlights the need to introduce policy changes to reduce air pollution in all countries.
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16
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Summertime Aerosol over the West of Ireland Dominated by Secondary Aerosol during Long-Range Transport. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition and sources of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) on Galway, a west coast city of Ireland, were characterized using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor during summertime in June 2016. Organic aerosol (OA) was found to be the major part of NR-PM1 (54%), followed by secondary inorganic sulfate (25%), ammonium (11%), and nitrate (10%). Factor analysis revealed that oxygenated OA (OOA) was the dominant OA factor, on average accounting for 84% of the total OA. The remaining 16% of OA was attributed to primary peat burning associated with domestic heating activities. As a result, secondary organic and inorganic aerosol together accounted for 91% of the total NR-PM1, pointing to an aged aerosol population originating from secondary formation during long-range transport. Concentration-weighted trajectory analysis indicated that these secondary aerosols were mainly associated with easterly long-range transport from the UK and/or France.
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