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Wang Y, Huang RJ, Xu W, Zhong H, Duan J, Lin C, Gu Y, Wang T, Li Y, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O’Dowd C. Staggered-peak production is a mixed blessing in the control of particulate matter pollution. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 2022; 5:99. [PMID: 36530483 PMCID: PMC9739352 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Staggered-peak production (SP)-a measure to halt industrial production in the heating season-has been implemented in North China Plain to alleviate air pollution. We compared the variations of PM1 composition in Beijing during the SP period in the 2016 heating season (SPhs) with those in the normal production (NP) periods during the 2015 heating season (NPhs) and 2016 non-heating season (NPnhs) to investigate the effectiveness of SP. The PM1 mass concentration decreased from 70.0 ± 54.4 μg m-3 in NPhs to 53.0 ± 56.4 μg m-3 in SPhs, with prominent reductions in primary emissions. However, the fraction of nitrate during SPhs (20.2%) was roughly twice that during NPhs (12.7%) despite a large decrease of NOx, suggesting an efficient transformation of NOx to nitrate during the SP period. This is consistent with the increase of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), which almost doubled from NPhs (22.5%) to SPhs (43.0%) in the total organic aerosol (OA) fraction, highlighting efficient secondary formation during SP. The PM1 loading was similar between SPhs (53.0 ± 56.4 μg m-3) and NPnhs (50.7 ± 49.4 μg m-3), indicating a smaller difference in PM pollution between heating and non-heating seasons after the implementation of the SP measure. In addition, a machine learning technique was used to decouple the impact of meteorology on air pollutants. The deweathered results were comparable with the observed results, indicating that meteorological conditions did not have a large impact on the comparison results. Our study indicates that the SP policy is effective in reducing primary emissions but promotes the formation of secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier (IRCESF), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078 China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Colin O’Dowd
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
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Spohn TK, Martin D, Geever M, O’Dowd C. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on regional pollution in Ireland. Air Qual Atmos Health 2021; 15:221-234. [PMID: 34603555 PMCID: PMC8476717 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the regional impact of the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on pollution in Ireland by comparing the 2020 measurements of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) from monitoring stations around the country to the previous 3-year average. Results indicate that O3 was 5.6% lower and 13.7% higher than previous years during the lockdown at rural and suburban sites, respectively. NO2 decreased by 50.7% in urban areas, but increased slightly in agricultural regions, consistent with satellite observations. PM concentrations did not change significantly compared to previous years; however, a reduction in the signal variability in the smaller size particle measurements may be the result of different emission sources. The reduction in NO2 likely increased the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to NOx (nitrogen oxides), creating a NOx limited environment, which resulted in an initial increase in O3 in suburban areas, and the lower than usual levels observed at rural sites. Meteorology showed higher than average wind speeds prior to lockdown, which likely acted to disperse PM and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa K. Spohn
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies (C-CAPS), School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Damien Martin
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies (C-CAPS), School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Geever
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies (C-CAPS), School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colin O’Dowd
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies (C-CAPS), School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Trubetskaya A, Lin C, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O’Dowd C, Leahy JJ, Monaghan RFD, Johnson R, Layden P, Smith W. Study of Emissions from Domestic Solid-Fuel Stove Combustion in Ireland. Energy Fuels 2021; 35:4966-4978. [PMID: 34276128 PMCID: PMC8277100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-fuel stoves are at the heart of many homes not only in developing nations, but also in developed regions where there is significant deployment of such heating appliances. They are often operated inefficiently and in association with high emission fuels like wood. This leads to disproportionate air pollution contributions. Despite the proliferation of these appliances, an understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions from these sources remains relatively low. Emissions from five solid fuels are quantified using a "conventional" and an Ecodesign stove. PM measurements are obtained using both "hot filter" sampling of the raw flue gas, and sampling of cooled, diluted flue gas using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and AE33 aethalometer. PM emissions factors (EF) derived from diluted flue gas incorporate light condensable organic compounds; hence they are generally higher than those obtained with "hot filter" sampling, which do not. Overall, the PM EFs ranged from 0.2 to 108.2 g GJ-1 for solid fuels. The PM EF determined for a solid fuel depends strongly on the measurement method employed and on user behavior, and less strongly on secondary air supply and stove type. Kerosene-based firelighters were found to make a disproportionately high contribution to PM emissions. Organic aerosol dominated PM composition for all fuels, constituting 50-65% of PM from bituminous and low-smoke ovoids, and 85-95% from torrefied olive stone (TOS) briquettes, sod peat, and wood logs. Torrefied biomass and low-smoke ovoids were found to yield the lowest PM emissions. Substituting these fuels for smoky coal, peat, and wood could reduce PM2.5 emissions by approximately 63%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trubetskaya
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of
Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute
of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - Colin O’Dowd
- School
of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 R8EC, Ireland
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
| | - J. J. Leahy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Rory F. D. Monaghan
- MaREI,
the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine, Galway P43 C573, Ireland
- School of
Engineering and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Robert Johnson
- Arigna
Fuels, Arigna Carrick-on-Shannon Co., Roscommon N41 E527, Ireland
| | - Peter Layden
- Arigna
Fuels, Arigna Carrick-on-Shannon Co., Roscommon N41 E527, Ireland
| | - William Smith
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Schmale J, Henning S, Henzing B, Keskinen H, Sellegri K, Ovadnevaite J, Bougiatioti A, Kalivitis N, Stavroulas I, Jefferson A, Park M, Schlag P, Kristensson A, Iwamoto Y, Pringle K, Reddington C, Aalto P, Äijälä M, Baltensperger U, Bialek J, Birmili W, Bukowiecki N, Ehn M, Fjæraa AM, Fiebig M, Frank G, Fröhlich R, Frumau A, Furuya M, Hammer E, Heikkinen L, Herrmann E, Holzinger R, Hyono H, Kanakidou M, Kiendler-Scharr A, Kinouchi K, Kos G, Kulmala M, Mihalopoulos N, Motos G, Nenes A, O’Dowd C, Paramonov M, Petäjä T, Picard D, Poulain L, Prévôt ASH, Slowik J, Sonntag A, Swietlicki E, Svenningsson B, Tsurumaru H, Wiedensohler A, Wittbom C, Ogren JA, Matsuki A, Yum SS, Myhre CL, Carslaw K, Stratmann F, Gysel M. Erratum: Corrigendum: Collocated observations of cloud condensation nuclei, particle size distributions, and chemical composition. Sci Data 2018; 5:180094. [PMID: 29737978 PMCID: PMC5944905 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Grigas T, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, Moran E, McGovern FM, Jennings SG, O’Dowd C. Sophisticated Clean Air Strategies Required to Mitigate Against Particulate Organic Pollution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44737. [PMID: 28303958 PMCID: PMC5356191 DOI: 10.1038/srep44737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980's, measures mitigating the impact of transboundary air pollution have been implemented successfully as evidenced in the 1980-2014 record of atmospheric sulphur pollution over the NE-Atlantic, a key region for monitoring background northern-hemisphere pollution levels. The record reveals a 72-79% reduction in annual-average airborne sulphur pollution (SO4 and SO2, respectively) over the 35-year period. The NE-Atlantic, as observed from the Mace Head research station on the Irish coast, can be considered clean for 64% of the time during which sulphate dominates PM1 levels, contributing 42% of the mass, and for the remainder of the time, under polluted conditions, a carbonaceous (organic matter and Black Carbon) aerosol prevails, contributing 60% to 90% of the PM1 mass and exhibiting a trend whereby its contribution increases with increasing pollution levels. The carbonaceous aerosol is known to be diverse in source and nature and requires sophisticated air pollution policies underpinned by sophisticated characterisation and source apportionment capabilities to inform selective emissions-reduction strategies. Inauspiciously, however, this carbonaceous concoction is not measured in regulatory Air Quality networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Grigas
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J. Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Moran
- Met Éireann Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 Y921, Ireland
| | - F. M. McGovern
- Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, D14 YR62, Ireland.
| | - S. G. Jennings
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C. O’Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Gavory G, O’Dowd C, Burkamp F, Rountree S, Rozycka E, Boyd C, Gorges B, Burton S, Wilkinson A, Shepherd S, Janssen D, McFarland M, Rountree S, Harrison T. Abstract LB-159: A novel, potent and selective inhibitor of Wee1 with robust antitumor activity in various cancer xenograph models. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Wee1 is a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1/CDC2) to inactive the CDC2/cyclinB complex. Wee1 is therefore a key regulator of the cell cycle, maintaining the G2 checkpoint arrest to allow for premitotic repair in case of DNA damage. Unlike normal cells, most p53-deficient tumors lack a functional G1 checkpoint and instead rely on the G2 checkpoint for DNA repair. Abrogation of the G2 checkpoint by a Wee1 inhibitor may therefore sensitize p53-deficient tumors to DNA-damaging anticancer agents and enhance their cytotoxic effect. Strong evidence for chemo-sensitization has been demonstrated from multiple pre-clinical models and also from clinical trials. In particular, treatment in combination with carboplatin recently showed encouraging antitumor activity in patients with p53-mutated ovarian cancer refractory or resistant to standard first-line therapy. These clinical observations combined with recent reports demonstrating single agent efficacy in specific contexts make Wee1 a promising target for anticancer therapy. With only one inhibitor in clinical development (AZD1775) and very limited reports at the preclinical stage, the development of alternative, novel Wee1 inhibitors may have significant therapeutic value.
In this study, we describe the development and characterization of ADC730, a potent and highly selective small molecule Wee1 inhibitor. ADC730 inhibits Wee1 kinase activity with an IC50 of <5 nM and demonstrates excellent selectivity when profiled against a diverse panel of kinases. In cellular assays, ADC730 potently inhibited CDC2-dependent Wee1 phosphorylation. Further studies in a panel of cancer cell lines demonstrated strong anti-proliferative activity of ADC730 both in combination with gemcitabine or in monotherapy modalities. Single agent activity was observed in multiple cancer types including lung and kidney. gH2AX foci formation followed by apoptosis induction were typically observed in a dose-dependent manner for the most sensitive cell lines.
In vivo, oral administration of ADC730 (10, 30 mg/kg/day) in combination with gemcitabine caused a significant dose-dependent growth reduction of HT29 tumors and the combination was synergistic. ADC730 was well tolerated in all cases with no signs of adverse effects. Dosed orally as a single agent (10, 30 mg/kg/day), ADC730 also demonstrated robust dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy in the A427 lung carcinoma model with inhibition of tumor growth consistent with the pharmacodynamic modulation of Wee1 signaling. In comparison and under similar experimental conditions, AZD1775 demonstrated similar efficacy profiles at significantly higher doses.
To conclude, we describe the development and profiling towards candidate nomination of ADC730, a novel potent highly selective Wee1 inhibitor with robust efficacy in cancer xenograft models both in combination and single agent modalities. Subsequent analogs and examples with potentially enhanced profiles will also be described.
Citation Format: Gerald Gavory, Colin O’Dowd, Frank Burkamp, Shane Rountree, Ewelina Rozycka, Caroline Boyd, Beronia Gorges, Stephanie Burton, Andy Wilkinson, Steven Shepherd, Dominic Janssen, Mary McFarland, Shane Rountree, Tim Harrison. A novel, potent and selective inhibitor of Wee1 with robust antitumor activity in various cancer xenograph models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-159.
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Sanami M, Shtein Z, Sweeney I, Sorushanova A, Rivkin A, Miraftab M, Shoseyov O, O’Dowd C, Mullen AM, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Biophysical and biological characterisation of collagen/resilin-like protein composite fibres. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:065005. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pitman NI, McCartney RA, O’Dowd C, Blyth KG, Choo-Kang B, Johnson MK. S12 Experience with Intrapleural Tissue Plasminogen Activator and DNase in the Treatment of Pleural Infection: Abstract S12 Table 1. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Heintzenberg J, Raes F, Schwartz SE, Ackermann I, Artaxo P, Bates TS, Benkovitz C, Bigg K, Bond T, Brenguier JL, Eisele FL, Feichter J, Flossman AI, Fuzzi S, Graf HF, Hales JM, Herrmann H, Hoffmann T, Huebert B, Husar RB, Jaenicke R, Kärcher B, Kaufman Y, Kent GS, Kulmala M, Leck C, Liousse C, Lohmann U, Marticorena B, McMurry P, Noone K, O’Dowd C, Penner JE, Pszenny A, Putaud JP, Quinn PK, Schurath U, Seinfeld JH, Sievering H, Snider J, Sokolik I, Stratmann F, van Dingenen R, Westphal D, Wexler AS, Wiedensohler A, Winker DM, Wilson J. Tropospheric Aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18984-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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