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Manzer S, Thamm M, Hilsmann L, Krischke B, Steffan-Dewenter I, Scheiner R. The neonicotinoid acetamiprid reduces larval and adult survival in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and interacts with a fungicide mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124643. [PMID: 39097258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant protection products (PPPs), which are frequently used in agriculture, can be major stressors for honeybees. They have been found abundantly in the beehive, particularly in pollen. Few studies have analysed effects on honeybee larvae, and little is known about effects of insecticide-fungicide-mixtures, although this is a highly realistic exposure scenario. We asked whether the combination of a frequently used insecticide and fungicides would affect developing bees. Honeybee larvae (Apis mellifera carnica) were reared in vitro on larval diets containing different PPPs at two concentrations, derived from residues found in pollen. We used the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, the combined fungicides boscalid/dimoxystrobin and the mixture of all three substances. Mortality was assessed at larval, pupal, and adult stages, and the size and weight of newly emerged bees were measured. The insecticide treatment in higher concentrations significantly reduced larval and adult survival. Interestingly, survival was not affected by the high concentrated insecticide-fungicides-mixture. However, negative synergistic effects on adult survival were caused by the low concentrated insecticide-fungicides-mixture, which had no effect when applied alone. The lower concentrated combined fungicides led to significantly lighter adult bees, although the survival was unaffected. Our results suggest that environmental relevant concentrations can be harmful to honeybees. To fully understand the interaction of different PPPs, more combinations and concentrations should be studied in social and solitary bees with possibly different sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Manzer
- Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Thamm
- Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lioba Hilsmann
- Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Krischke
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Fine JD, Foster LJ, McAfee A. Indirect exposure to insect growth disruptors affects honey bee (Apis mellifera) reproductive behaviors and ovarian protein expression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292176. [PMID: 37782633 PMCID: PMC10545116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide exposure and queen loss are considered to be major causes of honey bee colony mortality, yet little is known regarding the effects of regularly encountered agrochemicals on honey bee reproduction. Here, we present the results of a two-generational study using specialized cages to expose queens to commonly used insect growth disrupting pesticides (IGDs) via their retinue of worker bees. Under IGD exposure, we tracked queen performance and worker responses to queens, then the performance of the exposed queens' offspring was assessed to identify patterns that may contribute to the long-term health and stability of a social insect colony. The positive control, novaluron, resulted in deformed larvae hatching from eggs laid by exposed queens, and methoxyfenozide, diflubenzuron, and novaluron caused a slight decrease in daily egg laying rates, but this was not reflected in the total egg production over the course of the experiment. Curiously, eggs laid by queens exposed to pyriproxyfen exhibited increased hatching rates, and those larvae developed into worker progeny with increased responsiveness to their queens. Additionally, pyriproxyfen and novaluron exposure affected the queen ovarian protein expression, with the overwhelming majority of differentially expressed proteins coming from the pyriproxyfen exposure. We discuss these results and the potential implications for honey bee reproduction and colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Fine
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison McAfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Straw EA, Thompson LJ, Leadbeater E, Brown MJF. 'Inert' ingredients are understudied, potentially dangerous to bees and deserve more research attention. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212353. [PMID: 35232234 PMCID: PMC8889201 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrochemical formulations are composed of two broad groups of chemicals: active ingredients, which confer pest control action, and 'inert' ingredients, which facilitate the action of the active ingredient. Most research into the effects of agrochemicals focusses on the effects of active ingredients. This reflects the assumption that 'inert' ingredients are non-toxic. A review of relevant research shows that for bees, this assumption is without empirical foundation. After conducting a systematic literature search, we found just 19 studies that tested the effects of 'inert' ingredients on bee health. In these studies, 'inert' ingredients were found to cause mortality in bees through multiple exposure routes, act synergistically with other stressors and cause colony level effects. This lack of research is compounded by a lack of diversity in study organism used. We argue that 'inert' ingredients have distinct, and poorly understood, ecological persistency profiles and toxicities, making research into their individual effects necessary. We highlight the lack of mitigation in place to protect bees from 'inert' ingredients and argue that research efforts should be redistributed to address the knowledge gap identified here. If so-called 'inert' ingredients are, in fact, detrimental to bee health, their potential role in widespread bee declines needs urgent assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Straw
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linzi J. Thompson
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ellouise Leadbeater
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Zhang Y, Chen D, Xu Y, Ma L, Du M, Li P, Yin Z, Xu H, Wu X. Stereoselective toxicity mechanism of neonicotinoid dinotefuran in honeybees: New perspective from a spatial metabolomics study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151116. [PMID: 34688756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of stereoisomeric neonicotinoid pesticides with lower toxicity is key to preventing global population declines of honeybees, whereas little is known about the in situ metabolic regulation of honeybees in response to stereoisomeric pesticides. Herein, we demonstrate an integrated mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and untargeted metabolomics method to disclose disturbed metabolic expression levels and spatial differentiation in honeybees (Apis cerana) associated with stereoisomeric dinotefuran. This method affords a metabolic network mapping capability regarding a wide range of metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways in honeybees. Metabolomics results indicate more metabolic pathways of honeybees can be significantly affected by S-(+)-dinotefuran than R-(-)-dinotefuran, such as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and various amino acid metabolisms. MSI results demonstrate the cross-regulation and spatial differentiation of crucial metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, purine, glycolysis, and amino acid metabolisms within honeybees. Taken together, the integrated MSI and metabolomics results indicated the higher toxicity of S-(+)-dinotefuran arises from metabolic pathway disturbance and its inhibitory role in the energy metabolism, resulting in significantly reduced degradation rates of detoxification mechanisms. From the view of spatial metabolomics, our findings provide novel perspectives for the development and applications of pure chiral agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yizhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lianlian Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingyi Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21653. [PMID: 34741036 PMCID: PMC8571393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.
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Lupi D, Palamara Mesiano M, Adani A, Benocci R, Giacchini R, Parenti P, Zambon G, Lavazza A, Boniotti MB, Bassi S, Colombo M, Tremolada P. Combined Effects of Pesticides and Electromagnetic-Fields on Honeybees: Multi-Stress Exposure. INSECTS 2021; 12:716. [PMID: 34442282 PMCID: PMC8396937 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Honeybee and general pollinator decline is extensively reported in many countries, adding new concern to the general biodiversity loss. Many studies were addressed to assess the causes of pollinator decline, concluding that in most cases multi-stress effects were the most probable ones. In this research, the combined effects of two possible stress sources for bees, pesticides and electromagnetic fields (multi-stress conditions), were analyzed in the field. Three experimental sites were chosen: a control one far from direct anthropogenic stress sources, a pesticide-stress site and multi-stress one, adding to the same exposure to pesticides the presence of an electromagnetic field, coming from a high-voltage electric line. Experimental apiaries were monitored weekly for one year (from April 2017 to April 2018) by means of colony survival, queen activity, storage and brood amount, parasites and pathogens, and several biomarkers in young workers and pupae. Both exposure and effect biomarkers were analysed: among the first, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); and among the last, DNA fragmentation (DNAFRAGM) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Results showed that bee health conditions were the worst in the multi-stress site with only one colony alive out of the four ones present at the beginning. In this site, a complex picture of adverse effects was observed, such as disease appearance (American foulbrood), higher mortality in the underbaskets (common to pesticide-stress site), behavioral alterations (queen changes, excess of honey storage) and biochemical anomalies (higher ALP activity at the end of the season). The overall results clearly indicate that the multi-stress conditions were able to induce biochemical, physiological and behavioral alterations which severely threatened bee colony survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lupi
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Palamara Mesiano
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Agnese Adani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (P.T.)
| | - Roberto Benocci
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (R.G.); (P.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Roberto Giacchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (R.G.); (P.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Paolo Parenti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (R.G.); (P.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giovanni Zambon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (R.G.); (P.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (M.B.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (M.B.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Bassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (M.B.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Mario Colombo
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (P.T.)
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Zhu YC, Caren J, Reddy GVP, Li W, Yao J. Effect of age on insecticide susceptibility and enzymatic activities of three detoxification enzymes and one invertase in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108844. [PMID: 32777468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee is an economically important insect for honey production and pollination. Frequent exposure to toxic pesticides is one of the major risk factors causing the pollinator population decline. However, age effects of honey bees on pesticide susceptibility have been largely ignored and many researchers use bees of unknown age for assessing the risk of pesticides. Honey bee workers are known to go through physiological and behavioral changes in order to differentiate different phenotypes to perform specific duties over their natural lifetime of 6 weeks or longer. In this study, we provide multi-parameter evidences of unignorable age effects of honey bee workers and suggest using a standard bee age to produce reliable and comparable data when assessing variable and realistic situations of in-hive and field exposures to pesticides. Using honey bee workers aged 4- to 42-days old, we examined susceptibility of the bees to five different insecticides from five different classes and measured enzymatic activities of three major detoxification enzymes and an invertase involved in honey production. Results showed gradual increase of natural mortality and decrease of soluble protein content in bees over the age span from 4 days to 42 days. Significant increases of mortality after separate treatments of five different insecticides confirmed drastic age effects of bees over the assessed age span. As they aged, honey bees also showed a gradual increase of cytochrome P450 oxidase activity while still maintaining constant levels of two other detoxification enzymes (esterase and glutathione S-transferase) and an invertase responsible for honey production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng Zhu
- USDA-ARS-JWDSRC, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Joel Caren
- USDA-ARS-JWDSRC, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Gadi V P Reddy
- USDA-ARS-JWDSRC, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Wenhong Li
- USDA-ARS-JWDSRC, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- USDA-ARS-JWDSRC, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Yanar N, Kallem P, Son M, Park H, Kang S, Choi H. A New era of water treatment technologies: 3D printing for membranes. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li C, Zhou J, Yue N, Wang Y, Wang J, Jin F. Dissipation and dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylate homologues in cucumber after field application. Food Chem 2020; 338:127988. [PMID: 32950866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOs) residues to contaminate crops or be released into the environment is of increasing concern, as they are toxic to living organisms. This study determined the dissipation of TSPEO homologues in cucumber under field conditions. TSPEOn (n = 6-29) dissipated more rapidly in cucumber than in soil samples, with half-lives of 1.80-4.30 d and 3.73-6.52 d, respectively. Short-chain TSPEOn (n = 6-11) persisted for longer than other oligomers in soil. Concentrations of the final residues (∑TSPEOs) in cucumber and soil were 24.3-1349 μg/kg and 47.3-1337 μg/kg, respectively. TSP15EO or TSP16EO was the dominant oligomer, with concentrations of 2.30-150 μg/kg. The risk assessment showed that the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of ∑TSPEOs in cucumber were 0.03-0.57% and 0.05-0.39%, respectively, suggesting little or no health risk to Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Raimets R, Bontšutšnaja A, Bartkevics V, Pugajeva I, Kaart T, Puusepp L, Pihlik P, Keres I, Viinalass H, Mänd M, Karise R. Pesticide residues in beehive matrices are dependent on collection time and matrix type but independent of proportion of foraged oilseed rape and agricultural land in foraging territory. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124555. [PMID: 31454746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in bee products is still a major issue. However, the relations to botanical source and land use characteristics are not clear. The large variability of residues detected questions the suitability of bee-collected- and other hive materials as indicators for environmental contamination. The aim of our study was to clarify whether different beehive matrices contain similar pesticide residues, and how these are correlated with forage preferences and land use types in foraging areas. We tested bee-collected pollen, beebread, honey, nurse bees and honey bee larvae for the presence of concurrently used agricultural pesticides in Estonia. Samples were collected at the end of May and mid-July to include the main crop in northern region - winter and spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus). We saw that different beehive matrices contained various types of pesticide residues in different proportions: pollen and beebread tended to contain more insecticides and fungicides, whereas herbicides represented the primary contaminant in honey. The variations were related to collection year and time but were not related to crops as basic forage resource nor the land use type. We found few positive correlations between amount of pesticides and proportion of pollen from any particular plant family. None of these correlations were related to any land-use type. We conclude that pesticide residues in different honey bee colony components vary largely in amount and composition. The occurrence rate of pesticide residues was not linked to any particular crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Raimets
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univesity of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Anna Bontšutšnaja
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univesity of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisa Puusepp
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Uus-Sadama 5, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Priit Pihlik
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Keres
- Department of Field Crops and Grassland Husbandry, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univesity of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Haldja Viinalass
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univesity of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Karise
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univesity of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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Zaworra M, Nauen R. New approaches to old problems: Removal of phospholipase A 2 results in highly active microsomal membranes from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:68-76. [PMID: 31685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years numerous studies were published by insect toxicologists using native microsomal membrane preparations in order to investigate in vitro cytochrome P450-(P450) mediated oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Whereas the preparation of active microsomal membranes from many pest insect species is straightforward, their isolation from honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) remained difficult, if not impossible, due to the presence of a yet unidentified endogenous inhibitory factor released during abdominal gut membrane isolation. Thus hampering in vitro toxicological studies on microsomal oxidative phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics, including compounds of ecotoxicological concern. The use of microsomal membranes rather than individually expressed P450s offers advantages and allows to develop a better understanding of phase 1 driven metabolic fate of foreign compounds. Here we biochemically investigated the problems associated with the isolation of active honey bee microsomes and developed a method resulting in highly active native microsomal preparations from adult female worker abdomens. This was achieved by removal of the abdominal venom gland sting complex prior to microsomal membrane preparation. Molecular sieve chromatography of the venom sac content leads to the identification of phospholipase A2 as the enzyme responsible for the immediate inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in microsomal preparations. The substrate specificity of functional honey bee microsomes was investigated with different fluorogenic substrates, and revealed a strong preference for coumarin over resorufin derivatives. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate the metabolism of insecticides by honey bee microsomes using an approach coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis of hydroxylated metabolites. Our work provides access to a new and simple in vitro tool to study honey bee phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics utilising the entire range of microsomal cytochrome P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany; University of Bonn, INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
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Transformation Products of Organic Contaminants and Residues-Overview of Current Simulation Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040753. [PMID: 30791496 PMCID: PMC6413221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of transformation products (TPs) from contaminants and residues is becoming an increasing focus of scientific community. All organic compounds can form different TPs, thus demonstrating the complexity and interdisciplinarity of this topic. The properties of TPs could stand in relation to the unchanged substance or be more harmful and persistent. To get important information about the generated TPs, methods are needed to simulate natural and manmade transformation processes. Current tools are based on metabolism studies, photochemical methods, electrochemical methods, and Fenton’s reagent. Finally, most transformation processes are based on redox reactions. This review aims to compare these methods for structurally different compounds. The groups of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and mycotoxins were selected as important residues/contaminants relating to their worldwide occurrence and impact to health, food, and environmental safety issues. Thus, there is an increasing need for investigation of transformation processes and identification of TPs by fast and reliable methods.
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