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Jing N, Peng J, Yang X, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang H, Li W, Dong F, He K, Wang N. Metabolomics Analysis of Chronic Exposure to Dimethylarsenic Acid in Mice and Toxicity Assessment of Organic Arsenic in Food. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35774-35782. [PMID: 36249356 PMCID: PMC9557882 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylarsenic acid is a natural organic arsenic in seafood and one of the important metabolites of inorganic arsenic, which is generally considered to have low or no toxicity. However, due to the controversy of the toxicity of organic arsenic, the food safety standard of organic arsenic has not been established until now, and the effects of organic arsenic on chronic toxicity and the overall metabolic level of animals are rarely reported. In our study, 64 female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to different concentrations of dimethylarsenic acid with water intake. Fifteen metabolites in serum were detected to be altered with the increase of arsenic concentration and exposure time. Dimethylarsenic acid exposure significantly affected the overall metabolic level of mice, and the related effects were not recovered shortly after the suspension of arsenic intake. Although arsenic was excreted largely in urine and feces, continued dimethylarsenic acid exposure could still lead to arsenic accumulation in the liver and kidneys and cause mild nephritis in mice.
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Tibon J, Amlund H, Gomez-Delgado AI, Berntssen MHG, Silva MS, Wiech M, Sloth JJ, Sele V. Arsenic species in mesopelagic organisms and their fate during aquafeed processing. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134906. [PMID: 35561763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A responsible harvest of mesopelagic species as aquafeed ingredients has the potential to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, which calls for sustainable use of marine resources. Prior to utilization, the levels of undesirable substances need to be examined, and earlier studies on mesopelagic species have reported on total arsenic (As) content. However, the total As content does not give a complete basis for risk assessment since As can occur in different chemical species with varying toxicity. In this work, As speciation was conducted in single-species samples of the five most abundant mesopelagic organisms in Norwegian fjords. In addition, As species were studied in mesopelagic mixed biomass and in the resulting oil and meal feed ingredients after lab-scale feed processing. Water-soluble As species were determined based on ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). This was supplemented by extracting arsenolipids (AsLipids) and determining total As in this fraction. The non-toxic arsenobetaine (AB) was the dominant form in mesopelagic crustaceans and fish species, accounting for approximately 70% and 50% of total As, respectively. Other water-soluble species were present in minor fractions, including carcinogenic inorganic As, which, in most samples, was below limit of quantification. The fish species had a higher proportion of AsLipids, approximately 35% of total As, compared to crustaceans which contained 20% on average. The feed processing simulation revealed generally low levels of water-soluble As species besides AB, but considerable fractions of potentially toxic AsLipids were found in the biomass, and transferred to the mesopelagic meal and oil. This study is the first to report occurrence data of at least 12 As species in mesopelagic organisms, thereby providing valuable information for future risk assessments on the feasibility of harnessing mesopelagic biomass as feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Tibon
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Amlund
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marc H G Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta S Silva
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Wiech
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens J Sloth
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Veronika Sele
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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El-Ghiaty MA, El-Kadi AO. Arsenic: Various species with different effects on cytochrome P450 regulation in humans. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1184-1242. [PMID: 34512225 PMCID: PMC8419240 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is well-recognized as one of the most hazardous elements which is characterized by its omnipresence throughout the environment in various chemical forms. From the simple inorganic arsenite (iAsIII) and arsenate (iAsV) molecules, a multitude of more complex organic species are biologically produced through a process of metabolic transformation with biomethylation being the core of this process. Because of their differential toxicity, speciation of arsenic-based compounds is necessary for assessing health risks posed by exposure to individual species or co-exposure to several species. In this regard, exposure assessment is another pivotal factor that includes identification of the potential sources as well as routes of exposure. Identification of arsenic impact on different physiological organ systems, through understanding its behavior in the human body that leads to homeostatic derangements, is the key for developing strategies to mitigate its toxicity. Metabolic machinery is one of the sophisticated body systems targeted by arsenic. The prominent role of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the metabolism of both endobiotics and xenobiotics necessitates paying a great deal of attention to the possible effects of arsenic compounds on this superfamily of enzymes. Here we highlight the toxicologically relevant arsenic species with a detailed description of the different environmental sources as well as the possible routes of human exposure to these species. We also summarize the reported findings of experimental investigations evaluating the influence of various arsenicals on different members of CYP superfamily using human-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. El-Ghiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O.S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Du S, Zhou Y, Zhang L. The potential of arsenic biomagnification in marine ecosystems: A systematic investigation in Daya Bay in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145068. [PMID: 33592468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of arsenic (As) in a typical semi-enclosed gulf, Daya Bay. Ten categories of organisms and environmental samples for As, δ13C, and δ15N analyses were collected from 14 sampling sites in all four seasons. The results demonstrated that As concentrations in the organisms and environmental samples were within the normal range of As levels in other uncontaminated marine ecosystems. Arsenic concentrations were generally lower in the pelagic organisms than in the benthic organisms. Arsenic concentrations in the organisms at higher trophic levels (fish, crabs, shrimp, and cephalopods) were lower in summer and higher in winter, while As in the environments was stable in all seasons. The results of δ13C and δ15N analysis indicated that this ecosystem had a marine-derived food web with approximately 3.5 trophic levels. The positive correlation of As and δ15N in the organisms demonstrated that As was biomagnified along trophic transfer in the whole gulf food web in winter and spring. Specifically, As was biomagnified in the benthic food chains in all four seasons and in the pelagic food chains in winter and spring. These trends were consistent with the analysis of As transfer among the categories within the empirical food web. The trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of As were generally higher among the benthic categories than the pelagic categories. In addition, As transfer from stomach content to muscle was positively correlated to δ13C in fish, suggesting that As transfer was enhanced by a benthic habit. These results demonstrated that As could be biomagnified in marine food webs for specific organism compositions and seasonal variations, and a benthic habit was an important promoter for As biomagnification. Therefore, this study partially explained previous investigations in which As trophic transfers were diverse among marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Du
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Meharg AA, Meharg C. The Pedosphere as a Sink, Source, and Record of Anthropogenic and Natural Arsenic Atmospheric Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7757-7769. [PMID: 34048658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Anthropocene has led to global-scale contamination of the biosphere through diffuse atmospheric dispersal of arsenic. This review considers the sources arsenic to soils and its subsequent fate, identifying key knowledge gaps. There is a particular focus on soil classification and stratigraphy, as this is central to the topic under consideration. For Europe and North America, peat core chrono-sequences record massive enhancement of arsenic depositional flux from the onset of the Industrial Revolution to the late 20th century, while modern mitigation efforts have led to a sharp decline in emissions. Recent arsenic wet and dry depositional flux measurements and modern ice core records suggest that it is South America and East Asia that are now primary global-scale polluters. Natural sources of arsenic to the atmosphere are primarily from volcanic emissions, aeolian soil dust entrainment, and microbial biomethylation. However, quantifying these natural inputs to the atmosphere, and subsequent redeposition to soils, is only starting to become better defined. The pedosphere acts as both a sink and source of deposited arsenic. Soil is highly heterogeneous in the natural arsenic already present, in the chemical and biological regulation of its mobility within soil horizons, and in interaction with climatic and geomorphological settings. Mineral soils tend to be an arsenic sink, while organic soils act as both a sink and a source. It is identified here that peatlands hold a considerable amount of Anthropocene released arsenic, and that this store can be potentially remobilized under climate change scenarios. Also, increased ambient temperature seems to cause enhanced arsine release from soils, and potentially also from the oceans, leading to enhanced rates of arsenic biogeochemical cycling through the atmosphere. With respect to agriculture, rice cultivation was identified as a particular concern in Southeast Asia due to the current high arsenic deposition rates to soil, the efficiency of arsenic assimilation by rice grain, and grain yield reduction through toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Meharg
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland
| | - Caroline Meharg
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland
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Glabonjat RA, Raber G, Holm HC, Van Mooy BAS, Francesconi KA. Arsenolipids in Plankton from High- and Low-Nutrient Oceanic Waters Along a Transect in the North Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5515-5524. [PMID: 33789045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the natural occurrence of arsenic-containing lipids (arsenolipids) in marine organisms is now well established, the possible role of these unusual compounds in organisms and in the cycling of arsenic in marine systems remains largely unexplored. We report the finding of arsenolipids in 61 plankton samples collected from surface marine waters of high- and low-nutrient content along a transect spanning the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic Ocean. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to both elemental and molecular mass spectrometry, we show that all 61 plankton samples contained six identifiable arsenolipids, namely, three arsenosugar phospholipids (AsPL958, 10-13%; AsPL978, 13-25%; and AsPL1006, 7-10% of total arsenolipids), two arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC332, 4-10% and AsHC360, 1-2%), and a methoxy-sugar arsenolipid that contained phytol (AsSugPhytol, 1-3%). The relative amounts of the six arsenolipids showed clear dependence on the nutrient status of the ambient water with plankton collected from high-nutrient waters having less of the arsenosugar phospholipids and more of the three non-P containing arsenolipids compared to low-nutrient waters. By combining these first field data of arsenolipids in plankton with reported global phytoplankton productivity, we estimate that the oceans' phytoplankton transform per year 50 000-100 000 tons of arsenic into arsenolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Glabonjat
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Raber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Henry C Holm
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Heavy Metals in a High Arctic Fiord and Their Introduction with the Wastewater: A Case Study of Adventfjorden-Longyearbyen System, Svalbard. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Longyearbyen is the largest settlement on Svalbard archipelago, with 2400 permanent residents and approximately 150,000 tourists visiting every year. The city annually releases approximately 285,000 m3 of untreated wastewater to the nearby Adventfjorden. To date, the environmental impact of this continuous input has been studied mainly regarding the sediments and benthic fauna in the fiord. Here, we present results from a study of raw wastewater entering Adventfjorden as well as heavy metals concentrations in the water column within the fjord itself. Two surveys were carried out in summer and autumn season 2018, to establish physical and chemical properties of water at various locations. Trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, As, Cd, Pb, U), total suspended solids (TSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured. Our results show that Longyearbyen’s raw wastewater introduces low concentrations of heavy metals to the fiord, but due to the growing number of inhabitants and tourists, it should be monitored to avoid degradation of Adventfjorden ecosystem
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The Bioaccumulation and Tissue Distribution of Arsenic Species in Tilapia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050757. [PMID: 30832351 PMCID: PMC6427281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a public concern due to its widespread occurrence and carcinogenicity. Consumption of arsenic-contaminated fish is an important exposure pathway for human health. This study focused on understanding how exposure to arsenic-contaminated fish is informative to human health risk assessment. While the bioaccumulation and tissue distributions of total arsenic concentration in fish are commonly reported, there are limited studies related to the time-course of arsenic species in various tissues. Using the Tilapia as a case, this study aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation and tissue distributions (liver, gastrointestinal (GI), muscle, and gill) of arsenic species in freshwater fish via diet-borne inorganic arsenic exposure. In particular, the Tilapia were exposed to arsenic (III) and As(V) for 32 days. The accumulation of arsenic in all tissues linearly increased with time in the first 10 days’ exposure, while the arsenic levels remained stable in the following 20 days’ exposure. The accumulation of arsenic in tissue followed the sequence of intestine > liver > gill > muscle. Meanwhile, more than 90% of arsenic was converted into organic form in liver, gill, and muscle, while organic arsenic contributed about 30–80% to the total arsenic in the GI. The percentage of organic form in muscle is the highest, followed by gill, liver, and intestine, and arsenobetaine is the main form of organic arsenic. While the exposure profiles of As(III) and As(V) are quite similar, the absorption rate of As(V) is relatively higher than that of As(III). Information provided here can be instrumental for exposure assessment and risk management for arsenic in aquatic environment.
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An online preconcentration system for speciation analysis of arsenic in seawater by hydride generation flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yang L, Nadeau K, Meija J, Grinberg P, Pagliano E, Ardini F, Grotti M, Schlosser C, Streu P, Achterberg EP, Sohrin Y, Minami T, Zheng L, Wu J, Chen G, Ellwood MJ, Turetta C, Aguilar-Islas A, Rember R, Sarthou G, Tonnard M, Planquette H, Matoušek T, Crum S, Mester Z. Inter-laboratory study for the certification of trace elements in seawater certified reference materials NASS-7 and CASS-6. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4469-4479. [PMID: 29721576 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Certification of trace metals in seawater certified reference materials (CRMs) NASS-7 and CASS-6 is described. At the National Research Council Canada (NRC), column separation was performed to remove the seawater matrix prior to the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn, whereas As was directly measured in 10-fold diluted seawater samples, and B was directly measured in 200-fold diluted seawater samples. High-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS) was used for elemental analyses, with double isotope dilution for the accurate determination of B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, U, and Zn in seawater NASS-7 and CASS-6, and standard addition calibration for As, Co, Mn, and V. In addition, all analytes were measured using standard addition calibration with triple quadrupole (QQQ)-ICPMS to provide a second set of data at NRC. Expert laboratories worldwide were invited to contribute data to the certification of trace metals in NASS-7 and CASS-6. Various analytical methods were employed by participants including column separation, co-precipitation, and simple dilution coupled to ICPMS detection or flow injection analysis coupled to chemiluminescence detection, with use of double isotope dilution calibration, matrix matching external calibration, and standard addition calibration. Results presented in this study show that majority of laboratories have demonstrated their measurement capabilities for the accurate determination of trace metals in seawater. As a result of this comparison, certified/reference values and associated uncertainties were assigned for 14 elements in seawater CRMs NASS-7 and CASS-6, suitable for the validation of methods used for seawater analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Kenny Nadeau
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Patricia Grinberg
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa (UG), Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa (UG), Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christian Schlosser
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Wischhofstr 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Streu
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Wischhofstr 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Wischhofstr 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yoshiki Sohrin
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University (KU), Gokasho, Uji-city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Minami
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University (KU), Gokasho, Uji-city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Linjie Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University (KU), Gokasho, Uji-city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jingfeng Wu
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.,School of Biology and Marine sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Gedun Chen
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Michael J Ellwood
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council of Italy (DEP), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Ana Aguilar-Islas
- CFOS/IARC, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7220, USA
| | - Robert Rember
- CFOS/IARC, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7220, USA
| | - Géraldine Sarthou
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), UMR CNRS UBO IRD Ifremer 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Manon Tonnard
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), UMR CNRS UBO IRD Ifremer 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.,Institute for Marine Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Hélène Planquette
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), UMR CNRS UBO IRD Ifremer 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Tomáš Matoušek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IAC), Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Crum
- QUASIMEME, NL- 6700 EC Wageningen, Bornsesteeg 10, Bennekom, 6721 NG, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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