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Hung CM, Gautam DS, Huang CP, Chen CW, Dong CD. Metal-free nitrogen and sulfur binary-doped cellulose-based biochar for efficient suppression of priority organic pollutants and environmental application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130131. [PMID: 38040300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Biochar production from cellulose biomass is an alternative solution in the search for clean and renewable biofuel. However, the rational design of cellulose biochar (CLBC) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reduction by integrating pyrolysis process parameters and introducing heteroatoms as inhibitors remains to be studied. Therefore, exogenous heteroatoms (N, B, S, SB, NB, and NS) were used to modify CLBC for the first time. CLBC300 pyrolyzed at 300 °C in a CO2 atmosphere achieved the highest concentrations of PAHs (4982 ± 271 ng g-1), compared with that of CLBC700 (3615 ± 71 ng g-1) formed in a N2 atmosphere without heteroatom doping. The results showed that binary nitrogen- and sulfur-doped CLBC exhibited remarkable PAH-removal performance of 99 % with the lowest toxic equivalency (TEQ) value of 9 ng g-1. Overall, this study presents novel insights into the development of a heteroatom-based modification approach for reducing CLBC-borne PAHs and creating value-added products from cellulose biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Divyashakti Sureshchandra Gautam
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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2
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Babinszki B, Sebestyén Z, Jakab E, Kőhalmi L, Bozi J, Várhegyi G, Wang L, Skreiberg Ø, Czégény Z. Effect of slow pyrolysis conditions on biocarbon yield and properties: Characterization of the volatiles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 338:125567. [PMID: 34303140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Slow pyrolysis of spruce and birch was performed at various heating programs and conditions in a horizontal quartz tube reactor heated by an electric furnace. The effects of feedstock and carbonization conditions on the yield of biocarbon, liquid and gaseous products were studied. The thermal properties, volatile matter (VM) content and the evolution profiles of volatiles from the biocarbons were characterized by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry. The composition of volatiles was analyzed in detail by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Increased char yield was observed when staged pyrolysis program, low purging flow rate or covered sample holder were applied. Spruce produced more charcoal than birch due to the higher lignin content of softwood. The amount and the evolution profiles of the main gaseous products were similar from spruce and birch biocarbons prepared under the same conditions. The relative amount of aromatic and polyaromatic compounds in VM drastically decreased with increasing carbonization temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Babinszki
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Z Sebestyén
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - E Jakab
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - L Kőhalmi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Bozi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - G Várhegyi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - L Wang
- SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælands vei 11, Trondheim NO-7034, Norway.
| | - Ø Skreiberg
- SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælands vei 11, Trondheim NO-7034, Norway.
| | - Zs Czégény
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Constantine M, Mooney S, Hibbert B, Marjo C, Bird M, Cohen T, Forbes M, McBeath A, Rich A, Stride J. Using charcoal, ATR FTIR and chemometrics to model the intensity of pyrolysis: Exploratory steps towards characterising fire events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147052. [PMID: 34088137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a multivariate statistical model (derived using partial least squares regression, PLS-R) that derives charring intensity (reaction temperature and duration) from the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of charcoal. Data for the model was obtained from a library of charcoal samples produced under laboratory conditions at charring intensities (CI) relevant to wildfires and a series of feedstocks representing common tree species collected from Australia. The PLS-R model developed reveals the potential of FTIR to determine the charring intensity of charcoal. Though limited by the differences between laboratory-produced charcoal and the more heterogeneous and less-structured charcoal produced in a wildfire, the method was tested against fossil charcoal from a well-dated sediment core collected from Thirlmere Lakes National Park, Australia and showed a distinct change in CI that can be related to other climatic and environmental proxies. We suggest that the method has the potential to offer insights into the conditions under which natural charcoal is formed including the modelling of charring intensities of fossil charcoal samples isolated from sediments, archaeological applications or characterisation of contemporary fire events from charcoal in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Constantine
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Mooney
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Brynn Hibbert
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Bird
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tim Cohen
- GeoQuest Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Matt Forbes
- Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anna McBeath
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Rich
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Stride
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Rennhofer H, Köhnke J, Keckes J, Tintner J, Unterweger C, Zinn T, Deix K, Lichtenegger H, Gindl-Altmutter W. Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072087. [PMID: 33917323 PMCID: PMC8038752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of low-cost carbon black from lignin highly depends on the materials properties, which might by determined by raw material and processing conditions. Four different technical lignins were subjected to thermostabilization followed by stepwise heat treatment up to a temperature of 2000 °C in order to obtain micro-sized carbon particles. The development of the pore structure, graphitization and inner surfaces were investigated by X-ray scattering complemented by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Lignosulfonate-based carbons exhibit a complex pore structure with nanopores and mesopores that evolve by heat treatment. Organosolv, kraft and soda lignin-based samples exhibit distinct pores growing steadily with heat treatment temperature. All carbons exhibit increasing pore size of about 0.5-2 nm and increasing inner surface, with a strong increase between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The chemistry and bonding nature shifts from basic organic material towards pure graphite. The crystallite size was found to increase with the increasing degree of graphitization. Heat treatment of just 1600 °C might be sufficient for many applications, allowing to reduce production energy while maintaining materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rennhofer
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-89212
| | - Janea Köhnke
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität of Leoben, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Johannes Tintner
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | | | - Thomas Zinn
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France;
| | - Karl Deix
- Institute of Material Technology, Building Physics and Building Ecology, TU Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
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Tintner J. Recent developments in using the molecular decay dating method: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1493:29-40. [PMID: 33442875 PMCID: PMC8247969 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The dating of organic findings is a fundamental task for many scientific fields. Radiocarbon dating is currently the most commonly used method. For wood, dendrochronology is another state‐of‐the‐art method. Both methods suffer from systematic restrictions, leading to samples that have not yet been able to be dated. Molecular changes over time are reported for many materials under different preservation conditions. Many of them are intrinsically monotonous. These monotonous molecular decay (MD) patterns can be understood as clocks that start at the time when a given molecule was formed. Factors that influence these clocks include input material composition and preservation conditions. Different wood species, degrees of pyrolysis, and pretreatments lead to different prediction models. Preservation conditions might change the speed of a given clock and lead to different prediction models. Currently published models for predicting the age of wood, paper, and parchment depend on infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to radiocarbon dating, dating via MD does not comprise a single methodology. Some clocks may deliver less precise results than the others. Ultimately, developing a completely different, new dating strategy‐such as MD dating–will help to bring to light a treasure trove of information hidden in the darkness of organic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tintner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Tintner J, Rennhofer H, Kennedy C, Revie W, Weber H, Pavlik C, Lanszki J. Recalcitrance of hair in historical plasters. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Smidt E, Tintner J, Nelle O, Oliveira RR, Patzlaff R, Novotny EH, Klemm S. Infrared spectroscopy refines chronological assessment, depositional environment and pyrolysis conditions of archeological charcoals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12427. [PMID: 32709969 PMCID: PMC7381679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on infrared spectral characteristics, six archeological sample sets of charcoals from German (5) and Brazilian (1) sites, covering the time span from the nineteenth century CE to 3950 BCE, were compared to a chronological (present to the fifteenth century BCE) series of Austrian charcoals. A typical chronological trend of several bands (stretch vibrations: O–C–O of carboxylates at 1,585–1,565 and 1,385–1,375 cm−1, C–O carboxylic acids at 1,260–1,250 cm−1) that indicate oxidation and subsequently increasing hydrophilicity (O–H stretch vibration at about 3,400 cm−1) was also contained in the archive samples. Three sample sets fit in the typical band development according to their age. For three sample sets this conformity was not observed. Despite the age of two sample sets (3950–2820 BCE), most charcoals were assigned to the Modern Period. Apart from the high degree of carbonization, anaerobic depositional conditions over a longer period of time seem to contribute to the surprising conservation. Non-removable mineral components in charcoals, as observed in a third sample set, strongly influence infrared band intensities and positions of organic compounds. The role of inorganic components in terms of charcoal aging, and the information we can obtain from spectral characteristics in an archeological context, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smidt
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Tintner
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - O Nelle
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, Tree-ring lab, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | - R R Oliveira
- Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, PUC-Rio Rua Marquês de S. Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - R Patzlaff
- Anthropological Collections at the Archaeobotanical and Landscape Lab of the National Museum, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E H Novotny
- Embrapa Soil, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-000, Brazil
| | - S Klemm
- Archaeology & Communication, Lammgasse 3/12, 1080, Vienna, Austria
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Qian X, Li N, Imerhasan M, Wang W. Conversion of low molecular weight hydrogel to nitrogen-doped carbon materials and its application as supercapacitor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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