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Ren T, Zou B, Cai B, Liang T, Chen J, Huang R, Yang D, Xiang H, Ang EH, Song X. Sustainable reprocessing of lithium iron phosphate batteries: A recovery approach using liquid-phase method at reduced temperature. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:209-219. [PMID: 38761485 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate batteries, known for their durability, safety, and cost-efficiency, have become essential in new energy applications. However, their widespread use has highlighted the urgency of battery recycling. Inadequate management could lead to resource waste and environmental harm. Traditional recycling methods, like hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, are complex and energy-intensive, resulting in high costs. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel low-temperature liquid-phase method for regenerating lithium iron phosphate positive electrode materials. By using N2H4·H2O as a reducing agent, missing Li+ ions are replenished, and anti-site defects are reduced through annealing. This process restores nearly all missing Li+ ions at 80 °C/6h. After high-temperature sintering at 700 °C/2h, the regenerated LiFePO4 matches commercial LiFePO4 in terms of anti-site defects and exhibits excellent performance with a 97 % capacity retention rate after 100 cycles at 1C. Compared to high-temperature techniques, this low-temperature liquid-phase method is simpler, safer, and more energy-efficient, offering a blueprint for reclaiming discarded LiFePO4 and similar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyan Ren
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Bolin Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Bin Cai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Tong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hongfa Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Xiaohui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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Morozov AV, Paik H, Boev AO, Aksyonov DA, Lipovskikh SA, Stevenson KJ, Rupp JLM, Abakumov AM. Thermodynamics as a Driving Factor of LiCoO 2 Grain Growth on Nanocrystalline Ta-LLZO Thin Films for All-Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39907-39916. [PMID: 36007961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries primarily focus on macrocrystalline solid electrolyte/cathode interfaces, and little is explored on the growth and stability of nanograined Li-garnet and cathode ones. In this work, a thin (∼500 nm) film of LiCoO2 (LCO) has been grown on top of the polycrystalline layer of Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Ta-LLZO) solid electrolyte using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and electron tomography demonstrated that the LCO film is formed by columnar elements with the shape of inverted cones. The film appears to be highly textured, with the (003) LCO crystal planes parallel to the LCO/Ta-LLZO interface and with internal pores shaped by the {104} and {102} planes. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this specific microstructure is governed by a competition between free energies of the corresponding crystal planes, which in turn depends on the oxygen and lithium chemical potentials during the deposition, indicating that thermodynamics plays an important role in the resulting LCO microstructure even under nonequilibrium PLD conditions. Based on the thermodynamic estimates, the experimental conditions within the LCO stability domain are proposed for the preferential {104} LCO orientation, which is considered favorable for enhanced Li diffusion in the positive electrode layers of all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii V Morozov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Haemin Paik
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anton O Boev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Aksyonov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Lipovskikh
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith J Stevenson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Artem M Abakumov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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Kim Y, Seol JS, Jung KH, Han H, Kim KC. Effective Nitrogen Incorporation for High‐Potential Anthracene Cathodes with Conjugated Frameworks. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Seol
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
| | - Ku Hyun Jung
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungu Han
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering Konkuk University Seoul 05029 The Republic of Korea
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