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Dworzak MR, Montone CM, Halaszynski NI, Yap GPA, Kloxin CJ, Bloch ED. Rapid post-synthetic modification of porous coordination cages with copper-catalyzed click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:8977-8980. [PMID: 37387311 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel cobalt calixarene-capped and zirconium-based porous coordination cages were prepared with alkyne and azide functionality to leverage post-synthetic modification by click chemistry. While the calixarene-capped cages showed impressive stability when exposed to the most straightforward copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction conditions with copper(II) sulfate and sodium ascorbate as the reducing agent, milder reaction conditions were necessary to perform analogous CuAAC reactions on zirconium-based cages. Reaction kinetics were monitored by IR spectroscopy, confirming rapid reaction times (<3 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Christine M Montone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Nicole I Halaszynski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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2
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Korman KJ, Dworzak MR, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Porous Salts as Platforms for Heterogeneous Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207507. [PMID: 37052509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a new class of reactive porous solids, prepared via straightforward salt metathesis reactions, is described here. Reaction of the dimethylammonium salt of a magnesium-based porous coordination cage with the chloride salt of [CrII Cl(Me4 cyclam)]+ affords a porous solid with concomitant removal of dimethylammonium chloride. The salt consists of the ions combined in the expected ratio based on their charge as confirmed by UV-vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The porous salt boasts a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 213 m2 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the chromium(II) cations in the structure reside in the interstitial space between porous cages. Importantly, the chromium(II) centers, previously shown to react with O2 to afford reactive chromium(III)-superoxide adducts, are still accessible in the solid state as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The site-isolated reactive centers have competence toward hydrogen atom abstraction chemistry and display significantly increased stability and reactivity as compared to dissolved ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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3
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Gong W, Xie Y, Wang X, Kirlikovali KO, Idrees KB, Sha F, Xie H, Liu Y, Chen B, Cui Y, Farha OK. Programmed Polarizability Engineering in a Cyclen-Based Cubic Zr(IV) Metal-Organic Framework to Boost Xe/Kr Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2679-2689. [PMID: 36652593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient separation of xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr) mixtures through vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) is considered the most attractive route to reduce energy consumption, but discriminating between these two gases is difficult due to their similar properties. In this work, we report a cubic zirconium-based MOF (Zr-MOF) platform, denoted as NU-1107, capable of achieving selective separation of Xe/Kr by post-synthetically engineering framework polarizability in a programmable manner. Specifically, the tetratopic linkers in NU-1107 feature tetradentate cyclen cores that are capable of chelating a variety of transition-metal ions, affording a sequence of metal-docked cationic isostructural Zr-MOFs. NU-1107-Ag(I), which features the strongest framework polarizability among this series, achieves the best performance for a 20:80 v/v Xe/Kr mixture at 298 K and 1.0 bar with an ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) predicted selectivity of 13.4, placing it among the highest performing MOF materials reported to date. Notably, the Xe/Kr separation performance for NU-1107-Ag(I) is significantly better than that of the isoreticular, porphyrin-based MOF-525-Ag(II), highlighting how the cyclen core can generate relatively stronger framework polarizability through the formation of low-valent Ag(I) species and polarizable counteranions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate these experimental results and suggest strong interactions between Xe and exposed Ag(I) sites in NU-1107-Ag(I). Finally, we validated this framework polarizability regulation approach by demonstrating the effectiveness of NU-1107-Ag(I) toward C3H6/C3H8 separation, indicating that this generalizable strategy can facilitate the bespoke synthesis of polarized porous materials for targeted separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fanrui Sha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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4
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Thomas CM, Liang W, Preston D, Doonan CJ, White NG. Post‐Synthetic Modification of a Porous Hydrocarbon Cage to Give a Discrete Co
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Organometallic Complex**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200958. [PMID: 35863888 PMCID: PMC9544953 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new alkyne‐based hydrocarbon cage was synthesized in high overall yield using alkyne‐alkyne coupling in the cage forming step. The cage is porous and displays a moderately high BET surface area (546 m2 g−1). The cage loses crystallinity on activation and thus is porous in its amorphous form, while very similar cages have been either non‐porous, or retained crystallinity on activation. Reaction of the cage with Co2(CO)8 results in exhaustive metalation of its 12 alkyne groups to give the Co24(CO)72 adduct of the cage in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriso M. Thomas
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Nicholas G. White
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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Spenke F, Hartke B. Graph-based Automated Macro-Molecule Assembly. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3714-3723. [PMID: 35938711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a general molecular framework assembly algorithm that takes a largely arbitrary molecular fragment database and a user-supplied target template graph as input. Automatic assembly of molecular fragments from the database, following a prescribed, user-supplied set of connection rules, then turns the template graph into an actual, chemically reasonable molecular framework. Assembly capabilities of our algorithm are tested by producing several abstract, closed-loop shapes. To indicate a few of many possible application areas we demonstrate a host-guest complex and a road toward catalysis. Postassembly substituent exchange can be used to produce electric fields of desired values at desired points inside the framework or at its surface as a stepping stone toward rationally designed, artificial heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Spenke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
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6
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Gosselin AJ, Antonio AM, Korman KJ, Deegan MM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Elaboration of Porous Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14956-14961. [PMID: 34498853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large library of novel porous salts based on charged coordination cages was synthesized via straightforward salt metathesis reactions. For these, solutions of salts of oppositely charged coordination cages are mixed to precipitate MOF-like permanently porous products where metal identity, pore size, ligand functional groups, and surface area are highly tunable. For most of these materials, the constituent cages combine in the ratios expected based on their charge. Additional studies focused on the rate of salt metathesis or reaction stoichiometry as variables to tune particle size or product composition, respectively. It is expected that the design principles outlined here will be widely applicable for the synthesis of new porous salts based on a variety of charged porous molecular precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexandra M Antonio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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7
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Nguyen BN, Thoburn JD, Grommet AB, Howe DJ, Ronson TK, Ryan HP, Bolliger JL, Nitschke JR. Coordination Cages Selectively Transport Molecular Cargoes Across Liquid Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12175-12180. [PMID: 34337947 PMCID: PMC8397303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical purifications are critical processes across many industries, requiring 10-15% of humanity's global energy budget. Coordination cages are able to catch and release guest molecules based upon their size and shape, providing a new technological basis for achieving chemical separation. Here, we show that aqueous solutions of FeII4L6 and CoII4L4 cages can be used as liquid membranes. Selective transport of complex hydrocarbons across these membranes enabled the separation of target compounds from mixtures under ambient conditions. The kinetics of cage-mediated cargo transport are governed by guest binding affinity. Using sequential transport across two consecutive membranes, target compounds were isolated from a mixture in a size-selective fashion. The selectivities of both cages thus enabled a two-stage separation process to isolate a single compound from a mixture of physicochemically similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Thoburn
- Randolph-Macon
College, Department of Chemistry, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
| | - Angela B. Grommet
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Duncan J. Howe
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Hugh P. Ryan
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jeanne L. Bolliger
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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