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Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N, Renaud B, Kruse CJ, François AC, Wouters CP, Boemer F, Votion DM. Tissue Specific Distribution and Activation of Sapindaceae Toxins in Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2410. [PMID: 37570219 PMCID: PMC10417358 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), the known protoxins of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Various tissues from five atypical myopathy cases were analyzed but only HGA was found. Whether deamination of MCPrG has already occurred in the intestine as the first stage of metabolization has not been investigated. Activation of the protoxins to methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-CoA and methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-CoA, respectively, occurred mainly in the skeletal muscles, as evidenced by very high concentrations of MCPA-carnitine and MCPF-carnitine in this tissue. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of short- and medium-chain as well as branched-chain fatty acids by the toxins led to a strong increase in the corresponding acylcarnitines, again preferentially in skeletal muscles. An accumulation of the long-chain acylcarnitines beyond the level of the control samples could not be detected in the tissues. As a high amount of HGA was always found unmetabolized in the organs, we speculate that targeting the interruption of further metabolization might be a way to stop the progression of intoxication. Inhibition of the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, i.e., the first enzyme responsible for the activation of sycamore maple protoxins, could be a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Caroline-Julia Kruse
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Clovis P. Wouters
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
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Ponnaiah M, Dikid T, Yadav R, Thangaraj JWV, Velusamy S, Vaisakh TP, Babu B, Mishra A, Patel P, Papanna M, Velayudhan A, Sharma R, Shrivastava A, Jain SK, Prasad R, Kumar S, Singh V, Singh SK, Murhekar M. Litchi consumption and missed meals continue to be associated with acute encephalopathy syndrome among children: an investigation of the 2019 outbreak in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:45-49. [PMID: 36107937 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muzaffarpur district in Bihar State of India recorded a resurgence of acute encephalopathy syndrome (AES) cases in the summer of 2019 after no reported outbreak in 3 y. Earlier studies generated evidence that litchi consumption and missing the previous evening's meal were associated with AES. We investigated the recent outbreak to understand the risk factors associated with AES. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study by comparing AES cases with healthy controls from case-households and the neighborhood community for risk factors like missing evening meal and litchi consumption before onset of AES. RESULTS We recruited 61 cases and 239 controls. Compared with the community controls, case-patients were five times more likely to have reported eating litchi in the 7 d preceding the onset of illness (adjusted OR [AOR]=5.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 19) and skipping the previous evening's meal (AOR=5.2; 95% CI 1.4 to 20). Compared with household controls, case-patients were five times more likely to be children aged <5 y (AOR=5.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 22) and seven times more likely to have skipped the previous evening's meal (AOR=7.4; 95% CI 1.7 to 34). CONCLUSIONS Skipping the previous evening's meal and litchi consumption were significantly associated with AES among children in Muzaffarpur and adjoining districts of Bihar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ponnaiah
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanzin Dikid
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Yadav
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saravanakumar Velusamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T P Vaisakh
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Binoy Babu
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | - Purvi Patel
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Mohan Papanna
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajeev Sharma
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | | | - S K Jain
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Prasad
- Sri Krishna Medical College & Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Manoj Murhekar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jahn P, Dobešová D, Brumarová R, Tóthová K, Kopecká A, Friedecký D. Dynamics of acylcarnitines, hypoglycin A, méthylènecyclopropylglycine and their metabolites in a Kladruber stallion with atypical myopathy. Vet Q 2022; 42:183-191. [PMID: 36114619 PMCID: PMC9518284 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2126537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy (AM also referred to as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases deficiency [MADD]) is thought to be caused by toxins metabolized from hypoglycin A (HGA) and méthylènecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG). HGA is contained in the seeds and seedlings of the sycamore tree (Acer pseudoplatanus); MCPrG has so far only been confirmed in seeds. Among other things, these substances can disrupt the fatty acids β-oxidation pathway with the subsequent accumulation of certain acylcarnitines. The tentative diagnosis is based on anamnesis and clinical signs and can be verified by the detection of elevated creatine kinase activity, specific profile of acylcarnitines and the presence of HGA, MCPrG conjugates and/or their metabolites in peripheral blood and/or urine. Dry blood spots were collected for 15 days from a 3.5-year-old stallion which had been affected by AM and, as a control group, from twelve healthy horses. Two mass spectrometry methods were used for the analysis of 31 acylcarnitines, carnitine, HGA, MCPrG and their metabolites. HGA and six increased acylcarnitines were detected in the patient’s blood throughout the monitoring period. Nine acylcarnitines were strongly correlated with HGA. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a clear separation of samples from the AM horse, where the metabolic profile tended to normalization in the later days after intoxication. Due to the longer persistence in the blood, the detection of HGA and elevated acylcarnitines profile appear to be an appropriate tool to confirm the diagnosis of AM, compared to metabolic products of HGA and MCPrG even in advanced cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Jahn
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Dobešová
- Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radana Brumarová
- Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Tóthová
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Kopecká
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Friedecký
- Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080512. [PMID: 35893754 PMCID: PMC9394473 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acer pseudoplatanus is a worldwide-distributed tree which contains toxins, among them hypoglycin A (HGA). This toxin is known to be responsible for poisoning in various species, including humans, equids, Père David's deer and two-humped camels. We hypothesized that any herbivore pasturing with A. pseudoplatanus in their vicinity may be at risk for HGA poisoning. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the HGA exposure from A. pseudoplatanus in species not yet described as being at risk. Animals in zoological parks were the major focus, as they are at high probability to be exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in enclosures. We also searched for a toxic metabolite of HGA (i.e., methylenecyclopropylacetyl-carnitine; MCPA-carnitine) in blood and an alteration of the acylcarnitines profile in HGA-positive animals to document the potential risk of declaring clinical signs. We describe for the first instance cases of HGA poisoning in Bovidae. Two gnus (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in their enclosure presented severe clinical signs, serum HGA and MCPA-carnitine and a marked modification of the acylcarnitines profile. In this study, even though all herbivores were exposed to A. pseudoplatanus, proximal fermenters species seemed less susceptible to HGA poisoning. Therefore, a ruminal transformation of HGA is hypothesized. Additionally, we suggest a gradual alteration of the fatty acid metabolism in case of HGA poisoning and thus the existence of subclinical cases.
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Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Renaud B, François AC, Fortier-Guillaume J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Boemer F, De Tullio P, Richard EA, Votion DM. Metabolomic Signatures Discriminate Horses with Clinical Signs of Atypical Myopathy from Healthy Co-grazing Horses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4681-4692. [PMID: 34435779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs in grazing horses. Despite the presence of toxins in their blood, all horses from the same pasture are not prone to display clinical signs of AM. The objective of this study was to compare the blood metabolomic profiles of horses with AM clinical signs with those of healthy co-grazing (Co-G) horses. To do so, plasma samples from 5 AM horses and 11 Co-G horses were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were evaluated using unsupervised, supervised, and pathway analyses. Unsupervised principal component analysis performed with all detected features separated AM and healthy Co-G horses. Supervised analyses had identified 1276 features showing differential expression between both groups. Among them, 46 metabolites, belonging predominantly to the fatty acid, fatty ester, and amino acid chemical classes, were identified by standard comparison. Fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, organic dicarboxylic acids, and fatty esters were detected with higher intensities in AM horses in link with the toxins' pathological mechanism. The main relevant pathways were lipid metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; and glycine metabolism. This study revealed characteristic metabolite changes in the plasma of clinically affected horses, which might ultimately help scientists and field veterinarians to detect and manage AM. The raw data of metabolomics are available in the MetaboLights database with the access number MTBLS2579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis P Wouters
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.,Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Pommier-Nutrition, 28170 Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Benoit Renaud
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, Metabolomics group, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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