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Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N, Renaud B, Kruse CJ, François AC, Wouters CP, Boemer F, Votion DM. Tissue Specific Distribution and Activation of Sapindaceae Toxins in Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2410. [PMID: 37570219 PMCID: PMC10417358 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), the known protoxins of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Various tissues from five atypical myopathy cases were analyzed but only HGA was found. Whether deamination of MCPrG has already occurred in the intestine as the first stage of metabolization has not been investigated. Activation of the protoxins to methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-CoA and methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-CoA, respectively, occurred mainly in the skeletal muscles, as evidenced by very high concentrations of MCPA-carnitine and MCPF-carnitine in this tissue. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of short- and medium-chain as well as branched-chain fatty acids by the toxins led to a strong increase in the corresponding acylcarnitines, again preferentially in skeletal muscles. An accumulation of the long-chain acylcarnitines beyond the level of the control samples could not be detected in the tissues. As a high amount of HGA was always found unmetabolized in the organs, we speculate that targeting the interruption of further metabolization might be a way to stop the progression of intoxication. Inhibition of the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, i.e., the first enzyme responsible for the activation of sycamore maple protoxins, could be a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Caroline-Julia Kruse
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Clovis P. Wouters
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
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Renaud B, Kruse CJ, François AC, Grund L, Bunert C, Brisson L, Boemer F, Gault G, Ghislain B, Petitjean T, Gustin P, Votion DM. Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:512. [PMID: 35893754 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acer pseudoplatanus is a worldwide-distributed tree which contains toxins, among them hypoglycin A (HGA). This toxin is known to be responsible for poisoning in various species, including humans, equids, Père David's deer and two-humped camels. We hypothesized that any herbivore pasturing with A. pseudoplatanus in their vicinity may be at risk for HGA poisoning. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the HGA exposure from A. pseudoplatanus in species not yet described as being at risk. Animals in zoological parks were the major focus, as they are at high probability to be exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in enclosures. We also searched for a toxic metabolite of HGA (i.e., methylenecyclopropylacetyl-carnitine; MCPA-carnitine) in blood and an alteration of the acylcarnitines profile in HGA-positive animals to document the potential risk of declaring clinical signs. We describe for the first instance cases of HGA poisoning in Bovidae. Two gnus (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in their enclosure presented severe clinical signs, serum HGA and MCPA-carnitine and a marked modification of the acylcarnitines profile. In this study, even though all herbivores were exposed to A. pseudoplatanus, proximal fermenters species seemed less susceptible to HGA poisoning. Therefore, a ruminal transformation of HGA is hypothesized. Additionally, we suggest a gradual alteration of the fatty acid metabolism in case of HGA poisoning and thus the existence of subclinical cases.
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Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Renaud B, François AC, Fortier-Guillaume J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Boemer F, De Tullio P, Richard EA, Votion DM. Metabolomic Signatures Discriminate Horses with Clinical Signs of Atypical Myopathy from Healthy Co-grazing Horses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4681-4692. [PMID: 34435779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs in grazing horses. Despite the presence of toxins in their blood, all horses from the same pasture are not prone to display clinical signs of AM. The objective of this study was to compare the blood metabolomic profiles of horses with AM clinical signs with those of healthy co-grazing (Co-G) horses. To do so, plasma samples from 5 AM horses and 11 Co-G horses were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were evaluated using unsupervised, supervised, and pathway analyses. Unsupervised principal component analysis performed with all detected features separated AM and healthy Co-G horses. Supervised analyses had identified 1276 features showing differential expression between both groups. Among them, 46 metabolites, belonging predominantly to the fatty acid, fatty ester, and amino acid chemical classes, were identified by standard comparison. Fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, organic dicarboxylic acids, and fatty esters were detected with higher intensities in AM horses in link with the toxins' pathological mechanism. The main relevant pathways were lipid metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; and glycine metabolism. This study revealed characteristic metabolite changes in the plasma of clinically affected horses, which might ultimately help scientists and field veterinarians to detect and manage AM. The raw data of metabolomics are available in the MetaboLights database with the access number MTBLS2579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis P Wouters
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.,Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Pommier-Nutrition, 28170 Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Benoit Renaud
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, Metabolomics group, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute seasonal rhabdomyolysis seen primarily in equids, caused by the ingestion of sycamore maple samaras containing hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG). Toxic metabolites inhibit acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and enoyl-CoA hydratases, causing selective hyaline degeneration of type I muscle fibers. Two zoo-kept Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) with a fatal course of AM had sudden onset of muscle pain and weakness, recumbency, and dysphagia, accompanied by increased serum creatine kinase activity and detection in serum of HGA, MCPG, and metabolites. Medical treatment was ineffective. At postmortem examination, sycamore maple tree material was found within the first gastric compartment of the 2-y-old gelding. Although musculature was macroscopically normal, histologically, monophasic hyaline degeneration was marked within type I fibers of intercostal and hypoglossal muscles of the gelding, and in neck, tongue, and masticatory muscles of the cow. The ingestion of sycamore maple material can cause AM in Bactrian camels, and trees of the Sapindaceae family should be avoided in enclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Hirz
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominique M Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Bochnia M, Ziegler J, Glatter M, Zeyner A. Hypoglycin A in Cow's Milk-A Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060381. [PMID: 34073628 PMCID: PMC8230099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bochnia
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Maren Glatter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5522716
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Wimmer-Scherr C, Taminiau B, Renaud B, van Loon G, Palmers K, Votion D, Amory H, Daube G, Cesarini C. Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy and Healthy Co-Grazers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020506. [PMID: 33672034 PMCID: PMC7919468 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds or seedlings of some Acer tree species. Interestingly, not all horses pasturing in the same toxic environment develop signs of the disease. In other species, it has been shown that the intestinal microbiota has an impact on digestion, metabolism, immune stimulation and protection from disease. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare fecal microbiota of horses suffering from AM and healthy co-grazers. Furthermore, potential differences in fecal microbiota regarding the outcome of diseased animals were assessed. This prospective observational study included 59 horses with AM (29 survivors and 30 non-survivors) referred to three Belgian equine hospitals and 26 clinically healthy co-grazers simultaneously sharing contaminated pastures during spring and autumn outbreak periods. Fresh fecal samples (rectal or within 30 min of defecation) were obtained from all horses and bacterial taxonomy profiling obtained by 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify differentially distributed bacterial taxa between AM-affected horses and healthy co-grazers. Fecal microbial diversity and evenness were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in AM-affected horses as compared with their non-affected co-grazers. The relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Akkermansiaceae were higher (p ≤ 0.001) whereas those of the Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.0053), Bacteroidales (p < 0.0001) and Clostridiales (p = 0.0402) were lower in horses with AM, especially in those with a poor prognosis. While significant shifts were observed, it is still unclear whether they result from the disease or might be involved in the onset of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wimmer-Scherr
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Food Sciences–Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Bât. B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Functional Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Gent University, 9820 Gent, Belgium;
| | | | - Dominique Votion
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Hélène Amory
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Food Sciences–Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Bât. B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carla Cesarini
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N. Detection of maple toxins in mare's milk. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:606-609. [PMID: 33336854 PMCID: PMC7848382 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants from the Sapindaceae family that are consumed by horses (maple) and humans (ackee and litchi) are known to contain the toxins hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine which cause seasonally occurring myopathy in horses and entero‐encephalopathic sickness in humans. Vertical transmission of these toxins from a mare to her foal has been described once. However the mare's milk was not available for analysis in this case. We investigated mare's milk in a similar case. Objective We hypothesized that hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine, like other amino acids' are secreted into the milk. Animals Mare with atypical myopathy. Methods A sample of the mare's milk and 6 commercial horse milk samples were extracted with a methanolic standard solution and analyzed for hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylglycine, and metabolites using tandem mass spectrometry after column chromatographic separation. Results There were hypoglycin A (0.4 μg/L) and the associated metabolites methylenecyclopropylacetyl glycine and carnitine (18.5 and 24.6 μg/L) plus increased concentrations of several acylcarnitines in the milk. The milk also contained methylenecyclopropylformyl glycine and carnitine (0.8 and 60 μg/L). The latter substances were also detected in 1 of 6 commercial horse milk samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transmission of the maple toxins can occur through mare's milk. Vertical transmission of Sapindacea toxins might also have importance for human medicine, for example, after consumption of ackee or litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Ronnenberg, Germany.,Department of Hygiene, Hanover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Ronnenberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Bochnia M, Ziemssen E, Sander J, Stief B, Zeyner A. Methylenecyclopropylglycine and hypoglycin A intoxication in three Pére David's Deers (Elaphurus davidianus) with atypical myopathy. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:998-1005. [PMID: 33314647 PMCID: PMC8136943 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) from seeds/seedlings of Sycamore maple (SM, Acer pseudoplatanus) causes atypical myopathy (AM) in horses. AM was not known to occur in wild ruminants until several fatalities in milus (Elaphurus davidianus) following the ingestion of HGA in SM seeds. However, a role for MCPrG has not previously been evaluated. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that MCPrG is also a major factor in AM in milus, three milus (M1, M2, M3) from the Zoo Dresden (aged 7-11 years, 2 females and 1 male, in good nutritional condition) that developed AM were studied. METHODS Serum, urine and methanol extracts from the liver, kidney, rumen digesta and faeces were analysed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HGA, MCPrG and for conjugates of carnitine (C) and glycine (G): Methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-G, MCPA-C, Methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-G, MCPF-C, butyryl-C and isobutyryl-C. RESULTS HGA in serum was high (M2 480 nmol/L; M3 460 nmol/L), but MCPrG was not. HGA and MCPrG were found in rumen and faeces extracts, and MCPrG was also identified in the liver. Metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were high in serum, urine and liver, but not in the rumen or faeces. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that MCPrG is involved in the pathophysiology of AM in milus. The metabolism of MCPrG is considered to be faster because, after ingestion, the specific metabolites appear highly concentrated in the serum. The high toxin concentration in the liver suggests that a possible transfer into products for human consumption may pose a risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bochnia
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Stief
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
Ackee fruits (Blighia sapida), an important food source in some tropical countries, can be the cause of serious poisoning. Ackees contain hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine. Experiments were undertaken by a volunteer to elucidate the metabolic details of poisoning. Rapid intestinal absorption of the toxins was followed by their slow degradation to methylenecyclopropylacetyl and methylenecyclopropylformyl conjugates. Impairment of the metabolism of branched chain amino acids and ß-oxidation of fatty acids was found. Reduced enzyme activities were observed for several days after ingestion. A defined dose of fruit material caused significantly higher concentrations of metabolites when consumed 24 h after a previous ingestion than when consumed only once. The accumulation of toxins, toxin metabolites, and products of the intermediate metabolism after repeated consumption may, at least partly, explain the high frequency of fatal cases observed during harvesting. No inhibition of enzymes that degrade long-chain acyl compounds was observed in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Postbox 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Hygiene, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Postbox 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Postbox 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Votion DM, Habyarimana JA, Scippo ML, Richard EA, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Erpicum M, Gustin P. Potential new sources of hypoglycin A poisoning for equids kept at pasture in spring: a field pilot study. Vet Rec 2019; 184:740. [PMID: 31048500 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy in Europe results from hypoglycin A (HGA) exposure through the ingestion of samaras or seedlings of the sycamore maple tree. This pilot study aimed at better defining sources of HGA intoxication in spring. Samaras fallen on the ground and then seedlings were collected at two-week intervals from sycamore, Norway, and field maple trees over the spring 2016. In early April, rainwater from wet seedlings collected after a rainy night was harvested to be analysed. Mid-May, samaras of the box elder, common ash, and inflorescences of sycamore maples were collected on the tree. Quantification of HGA in samples was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography. Hypoglycin A was detected in all samples from sycamore including rainwater but tested negative for Norway, field maples. The samaras of the box elder found in the present study area did not contain a seed within their husk and thus tested negative. From the maximum HGA concentrations found, it may be extrapolated that at some periods and locations, about 20 g of samaras, 50 seedlings, 150 g of inforescences or 2 liters of water that has been in contact with seedlings would contain the maximum tolerated dose per day for a horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Adelite Habyarimana
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric A Richard
- Animal Health Department, Frank Duncombe Laboratory, Caen, France
| | | | - Michel Erpicum
- Department of Geography, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gustin
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
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González-Medina S, Montesso F, Chang YM, Hyde C, Piercy RJ. Atypical myopathy-associated hypoglycin A toxin remains in sycamore seedlings despite mowing, herbicidal spraying or storage in hay and silage. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:701-704. [PMID: 30629759 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several pasture management strategies have been proposed to avoid hypoglycin A (HGA) intoxication in horses, but their efficacy has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of mowing and herbicidal spraying on HGA content of sycamore seedlings and the presence of HGA in seeds and seedlings processed within haylage and silage. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Groups of seedlings were mowed (n = 6), sprayed with a dimethylamine-based (n = 2) or a picolinic acid-based herbicide (n = 1). Seedlings were collected before intervention, and at 48 h, 1 and 2 weeks after. Cut grass in the vicinity of mowed seedlings was collected pre-cutting and after 1 week. Seeds and seedling (n = 6) samples processed within haylage and silage were collected. HGA concentration in samples was measured using a validated LC-MS-based method. RESULTS There was no significant decline in HGA content in either mowed or sprayed seedlings; indeed, mowing induced a temporary significant rise in HGA content of seedlings. HGA concentration increased significantly (albeit to low levels) in grass cut with the seedlings by 1 week. HGA was still present in sycamore material after 6-8 months storage within either hay or silage. MAIN LIMITATIONS Restricted number of herbicide compounds tested. CONCLUSIONS Neither mowing nor herbicidal spraying reduces HGA concentration in sycamore seedlings up to 2 weeks after intervention. Cross contamination is possible between grass and sycamore seedlings when mowed together. Mowing followed by collection of sycamore seedlings seems the current best option to avoid HGA toxicity in horses grazing contaminated pasture. Pastures contaminated with sycamore material should not be used to produce processed hay or silage as both seedlings and seeds present in the bales still pose a risk of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S González-Medina
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - F Montesso
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Y-M Chang
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Hyde
- Bio-Analysis Centre, London, UK
| | - R J Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Karlíková R, Široká J, Mech M, Friedecký D, Janečková H, Mádrová L, Hrdinová F, Drábková Z, Dobešová O, Adam T, Jahn P. Newborn foal with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1768-1772. [PMID: 30216546 PMCID: PMC6189353 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The case of atypical myopathy (AM) in newborn Haflinger foal with clinical signs of depression and weakness appearing 6 hours after birth resulting in recumbency 12 hours after birth is described. The foal's dam was diagnosed with AM in the 6th month of gestation based on clinical signs of a myopathy, elevated serum activity of creatine kinase, metabolomic analysis and the presence of methylenecyclopropyl acetyl carnitine (MCPA‐carnitine) in the blood. At the time of delivery, the mare was grazing on a pasture near sycamore trees but was free of clinical signs of AM. Metabolomic analysis of the foal's blood revealed increased concentrations of acylcarnitines and MCPA‐carnitine consistent with metabolic profiles of blood from AM affected horses. Two theories could explain this observation (a) hypoglycin A or its metabolites accumulated in the mare's placenta with consequent transfer to fetus or (b) these compounds were secreted into mare's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radana Karlíková
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Široká
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mech
- Private Veterinary Practice, Jistebník, Czech Republic
| | - David Friedecký
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital, and Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Janečková
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital, and Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Mádrová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Františka Hrdinová
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Drábková
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Dobešová
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Adam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Laboratory for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital, and Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jahn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Krägeloh T, Cavalleri JMV, Ziegler J, Sander J, Terhardt M, Breves G, Cehak A. Identification of hypoglycin A binding adsorbents as potential preventive measures in co-grazers of atypical myopathy affected horses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:220-227. [PMID: 28715146 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal absorption of hypoglycin A (HGA) and its metabolism are considered major prerequisites for atypical myopathy (AM). The increasing incidence and the high mortality rate of AM urgently necessitate new therapeutic and/or preventative approaches. OBJECTIVES To identify a substance for oral administration capable of binding HGA in the intestinal lumen and effectively reducing the intestinal absorption of the toxin. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. METHODS Substances commonly used in equine practice (activated charcoal composition, di-tri-octahedral smectite, mineral oil and activated charcoal) were tested for their binding capacity for HGA using an in vitro incubation method. The substance most effective in binding HGA was subsequently tested for its potential to reduce intestinal HGA absorption. Jejunal tissues of 6 horses were incubated in Ussing chambers to determine mucosal uptake, tissue accumulation, and serosal release of HGA in the presence and absence of the target substance. Potential intestinal metabolism in methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA)-conjugates was investigated by analysing their concentrations in samples from the Ussing chambers. RESULTS Activated charcoal composition and activated charcoal were identified as potent HGA binding substances with dose and pH dependent binding capacity. There was no evidence of intestinal HGA metabolism. MAIN LIMITATIONS Binding capacity of adsorbents was tested in vitro using aqueous solutions, and in vivo factors such as transit time and composition of intestinal content, may affect adsorption capacity after oral administration. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study identifies substances capable of reducing HGA intestinal absorption. This might have major implications as a preventive measure in cograzers of AM affected horses but also in horses at an early stage of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krägeloh
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Halle, Germany
| | - J M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Halle, Germany
| | - J Ziegler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - J Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Halle, Germany
| | - A Cehak
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Halle, Germany
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14
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Sander J, Terhardt M, Sander S, Janzen N. Quantification of Methylenecyclopropyl Compounds and Acyl Conjugates by UPLC-MS/MS in the Study of the Biochemical Effects of the Ingestion of Canned Ackee (Blighia sapida) and Lychee (Litchi chinensis). J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2603-2608. [PMID: 28290200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of ackee (Blighia sapida) and lychee (Litchi chinensis) fruit has led to severe poisoning. Considering their expanded agricultural production, toxicological evaluation has become important. Therefore, the biochemical effects of eating 1 g/kg canned ackee, containing 99.2 μmol/kg hypoglycin A, and 5 g/kg canned lychee, containing 1.3 μmol/kg hypoglycin A, were quantified in a self-experiment. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylacetyl-glycine, and methylenecyclopropylformyl-glycine, as well as the respective carnitine conjugates, were found in urine after ingesting ackee. Hypoglycin A and its glycine derivative were also present in urine after eating lychee. Excretion of physiological acyl conjugates was significantly increased in the ackee experiment. Ingestion of ackee led to up to 15.1 nmol/L methylenecyclopropylacetyl-glycine and traces of methylenecyclopropylformyl-carnitine in the serum. These compounds were not found in the serum after eating lychee. Hypoglycin A accumulated in the serum in both experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School , Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Sander J, Cavalleri JMV, Terhardt M, Bochnia M, Zeyner A, Zuraw A, Sander S, Peter M, Janzen N. Rapid diagnosis of hypoglycin A intoxication in atypical myopathy of horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:98-104. [PMID: 26965229 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715624736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (2-amino-3-(2-methylidenecyclopropyl)propanoic acid) is the plant toxin shown to cause atypical myopathy in horses. It is converted in vivo to methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid, which is transformed to a coenzyme A ester that subsequently blocks beta oxidation of fatty acids. Methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid is also conjugated with carnitine and glycine. Acute atypical myopathy may be diagnosed by quantifying the conjugates of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid plus a selection of acyl conjugates in urine and serum. We describe a new mass spectrometric method for sample volumes of <0.5 mL. Samples were extracted with methanol containing 5 different internal standards. Extracts were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry focusing on 11 metabolites. The total preparation time for a series of 20 samples was 100 min. Instrument run time was 14 min per sample. For the quantification of carnitine and glycine conjugates of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in urine, the coefficients of variation for intraday quantification were 2.9% and 3.0%, respectively. The respective values for interday were 9.3% and 8.0%. Methylenecyclopropyl acetyl carnitine was detected as high as 1.18 µmol/L in serum (median: 0.46 µmol/L) and 1.98 mmol/mol creatinine in urine (median: 0.79 mmol/mol creatinine) of diseased horses, while the glycine derivative accumulated up to 1.97 mmol/mol creatinine in urine but was undetectable in most serum samples. In serum samples from horses with atypical myopathy, the intraday coefficients of variation for C4-C8 carnitines and glycines were ≤4.5%. Measured concentrations exceeded those in healthy horses by ~10 to 1,400 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Mandy Bochnia
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Aleksandra Zuraw
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Stefanie Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Michael Peter
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, Germany (J Sander, Terhardt, S Sander, Peter, Janzen)Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Cavalleri)Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Janzen)Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (Bochnia, Zeyner)Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie, Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Zuraw)
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16
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Isenberg SL, Carter MD, Hayes SR, Graham LA, Johnson D, Mathews TP, Harden LA, Takeoka GR, Thomas JD, Pirkle JL, Johnson RC. Quantification of Toxins in Soapberry (Sapindaceae) Arils: Hypoglycin A and Methylenecyclopropylglycine. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5607-5613. [PMID: 27367968 PMCID: PMC5098216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) and hypoglycin A (HGA) are naturally occurring amino acids found in some soapberry fruits. Fatalities have been reported worldwide as a result of HGA ingestion, and exposure to MCPG has been implicated recently in the Asian outbreaks of hypoglycemic encephalopathy. In response to an outbreak linked to soapberry ingestion, the authors developed the first method to simultaneously quantify MCPG and HGA in soapberry fruits from 1 to 10 000 ppm of both toxins in dried fruit aril. Further, this is the first report of HGA in litchi, longan, and mamoncillo arils. This method is presented to specifically address the laboratory needs of public-health investigators in the hypoglycemic encephalitis outbreaks linked to soapberry fruit ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Isenberg
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melissa D. Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shelby R. Hayes
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leigh Ann Graham
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas P. Mathews
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leslie A. Harden
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Albany, CA
| | - Gary R. Takeoka
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Albany, CA
| | - Jerry D. Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - James L. Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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McKenzie RK, Hill FI, Habyarimana JA, Boemer F, Votion DM. Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and box elder (A. negundo) in New Zealand; the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy. N Z Vet J 2015; 64:182-7. [PMID: 26593855 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS During April and May 2014 four horses aged between 5 months and 9 years, located in the Canterbury, Marlborough and Southland regions, presented with a variety of clinical signs including recumbency, stiffness, lethargy, dehydration, depression, and myoglobinuria suggestive of acute muscle damage. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia and two recovered. In all cases seeds of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) or box elder (A. negundo) were present in the area where the horse had been grazing. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION The samaras (seeds) of some Acer spp. may contain hypoglycin A, that has been associated with cases of atypical myopathy in Europe and North America. To determine if hypoglycin A is present in the samaras of Acer spp. in New Zealand, samples were collected from trees throughout the country that were associated with historical and/or current cases of atypical myopathy, and analysed for hypoglycin A. Serum samples from the four cases and four unaffected horses were analysed for the presence of hypoglycin A, profiles of acylcarnitines (the definitive diagnosis for atypical myopathy) and activities of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase.Markedly elevated serum activities of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase, and increased concentrations of selected acylcarnitines were found in the case horses. Hypoglycin A was detected in the serum of those horses but not in the healthy controls. Hypoglycin A was detected in 10/15 samples of samaras from sycamore maple and box elder from throughout New Zealand. DIAGNOSIS Cases of atypical myopathy were diagnosed on properties where samaras containing hypoglycin A were also found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sycamore and box elder trees in New Zealand are a source of hypoglycin A associated with the development of atypical myopathy. If pastured horses present with clinical and biochemical signs of severe muscle damage then the environment should be checked for the presence of these trees. Horses should be prevented from grazing samaras from Acer spp. in the autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McKenzie
- a Matamata Veterinary Services , 26 Tainui St, Matamata 3400 , New Zealand
| | - F I Hill
- b Gribbles Veterinary Pathology , PO Box 536, Palmerston North 4440 , New Zealand
| | - J A Habyarimana
- c Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Liège , Belgium
| | - F Boemer
- d Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU Liège , University of Liège , Belgium
| | - D M Votion
- e Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Liège , Belgium
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18
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Baise E, Habyarimana JA, Amory H, Boemer F, Douny C, Gustin P, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Patarin F, Weber M, Votion DM. Samaras and seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus are potential sources of hypoglycin A intoxication in atypical myopathy without necessarily inducing clinical signs. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:414-7. [PMID: 26278545 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Ingestion of sycamore seeds (Acer pseudoplatanus) is the likely source of hypoglycin A in atypical myopathy (AM) but ingestion of seedlings in spring might also contribute to intoxication. OBJECTIVES To test for hypoglycin A in seeds and seedlings collected on pastures where AM cases were reported and compare its concentration in serum of affected and healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN Field investigation of clinical cases. METHODS Whenever present, samaras (the winged nuts that each contain one seed) and/or seedlings were collected from pastures of 8 AM cases and 5 unaffected horses from different premises. Two AM cases were each co-grazing with an apparently healthy horse. Acylcarnitines and hypoglycin A were quantified in blood samples of all horses involved in the study. RESULTS Hypoglycin A was detected in serum of AM (5.47 ± 1.60 μmol/l) but not in healthy controls pasturing where A. pseudoplatanus trees were not present. However, hypoglycin A was detected at high concentrations (7.98 μmol/l) in serum of a clinically healthy horse grazing a pasture with seedlings and samaras and also in the 2 healthy horses co-grazing with AM cases (0.43 ± 0.59 μmol/l). Hypoglycin A was detected in all samples of seeds and spring seedlings of A. pseudoplatanus. CONCLUSIONS Atypical myopathy can be associated with the ingestion of sycamore samaras and also ingestion of seedlings. Hypoglycin A can be detected in the blood of horses with no detectable clinical signs at pasture in which there is A. pseudoplatanus. Determination of hypoglycin A concentration in blood is useful for screening for exposure in suspected cases of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baise
- Department of Animal Productions: Biostatistics, Economy and Animal Selection, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - J A Habyarimana
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - H Amory
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - F Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - C Douny
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - P Gustin
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - C Marcillaud-Pitel
- Réseau d'EpidémioSurveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE), Caen, France
| | - F Patarin
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - M Weber
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - D-M Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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